胰高血糖素样肽1及其类似物的研究进展
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收稿日期:2010-09-06修回日期:2011-04-15
胰高血糖素样肽1及其类似物的研究进展
卞爱琳△※(综述),陈东升(审校)
(天津市第一中心医院老年病房,天津300192)
中图分类号:R587.1文献标识码:A文章编号:1006-2084(2011)08-1195-03
摘要:胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)是肠道L细胞分泌的肠促胰岛素激素,具有葡萄糖浓度依赖型降糖作用及β细胞保护作用,同时还具有减重、降压和降脂等心血管系统保护作用。艾塞那肽和利拉鲁肽均是天然GLP-1类似物,利拉鲁肽与人GLP-1同源性更高,且为长效制剂,它们克服了天然GLP-1易被降解的特点,保留了GLP-1的各种生理作用和治疗优势,发挥GLP-1的多效作用,降糖、β细胞保护、减重、降压、调脂全面干预多种心血管危险因素,且低血糖风险低,安全性好。
GLP-1在治疗2型糖尿病及防治心血管风险方面具有独特优势。
关键词:胰高血糖素样肽;艾塞那肽;利拉鲁肽;2型糖尿病;心血管疾病
Glucagon-like Peptide1and Its Derivatives in the Treatment of Diabetes—preclinical and Clinical Results BIAN Ai-lin,CHEN Dong-sheng.(Department of Geriatrics,Tianjin First Center Hospital,Tianjin 300192,China)
Abstract:Glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)is an incretin hormone released by the L cell of gut in response to meal intake.It may address many of the needs of diabetes treatment such as glucose concentra-tion-dependent hypoglycemia andβ-cell protection,low risk of hypoglycemia,weight loss,reduction hyper-tension and unique cardiovascular protection.GLP-1receptor agonist(incretin mimetic),exenatide and li-raglutide have long half-live because of their stability to enzymatic inactivation,especially liraglutide has longer half-live and high homology to the native hormone.Preclinical and clinical results showed that ex-enatide and liraglutide significantly improved glucose control and decreased risks of cardiovascular with low rates of hypoglycemia occurrence.GLP-1receptor agonist has unique ad-vantages for type2diabetes mellitus treatment and cardiovascular disease risk prevention.
Key words:Glucagon-like peptide;Exenatide;Liraglutide;Type2diabetes mellitus;Cardiovascu-lar disease
2型糖尿病(type2diabetes mellitus,T2DM)是世
界范围内日益严重威胁人类健康的疾病,T2DM患者
的传统治疗模式一般遵循饮食控制、口服降糖药及
外源性胰岛素替代的阶梯式治疗,其目的均是通过
促进胰岛素分泌、减轻胰岛素抵抗或者延迟糖的吸
收来达到降糖目的。但没有一种药物可以阻止β细
胞功能衰竭,降低胰高血糖素的分泌[1]。胰高血糖
素样肽1(glucagon-like peptide1,GLP-1)来源于胰高
血糖素原,是重要的肠促胰岛素激素,具有促进胰岛
素分泌、胰岛β细胞增殖和分化的功能。它通过刺激
胰岛素分泌、抑制胰高血糖素的分泌、抑制胃排空发挥治疗作用,且不引发低血糖症状,成为近期治疗糖尿病的新亮点。
1GLP-1的作用机制
正常人口服葡萄糖后引起胰岛素分泌增加的效应(肠促胰岛素效应)主要是胃肠道神经内分泌细胞产生的肽类物质的作用,这些肽类物质称为肠道促胰岛激素。GLP-1和糖依赖性胰岛素释放肽,是两种最重要的肠道促胰岛激素。GLP-1包含30个氨基酸,由位于小肠远端和结肠的L细胞分泌,GLP-1受体被激动后作
用于胰岛β细胞,刺激胰岛素的分泌和合成,从而降低血糖,并且这种刺激作用呈葡萄糖依赖性。T2DM 患者的肠促胰岛素效应明显减低,进食后GLP-1分泌受损,但如果持续输注GLP-1,可以降低血浆葡萄糖水平,改善第一时相和第二时相胰岛素分泌,并能降低患者食欲。这些特点使得GLP-1适用于糖尿病的治疗。但是和健康人群相比,T2DM患者的β细胞对GLP-1的反应是减弱的,这是因为高血糖浓度导致了GLP-1受体mRNA表达的下调[2]。
GLP-1的作用,可通过胰岛中GLP-1受体的介导发挥血糖调节作用:①促进葡萄糖浓度依赖的胰岛