英语语言学总结

语言学概论

nguage—a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication

2.Nature of language

Arbitrary. Systematic. Vocal. Symbolic. human specific for communication

3.Design features of language

①Productivity/creativity. produce or understand indefinite sentences by using

finite set of rules

②Duality. Sounds and meaning system

③Arbitrariness: no connection between words and meanings.

④Displacement. overcome barriers caused by space and time

⑤Transferability. Spoken and read, transfer into each other.

⑥Cultural transmission：Language and culture are closely connected.

Languages are parts of culture，reflect culture and pass on from generation to generation by learning

4.Function of language

①informative function(最重要)

②phatic function—maintain social relationship

③recording function

④performative function带来行为效果

⑤physiological/emotive/expressive function

⑥recreation function(pleasure function)

5.some basic distinctions in linguistic（前三个是老师重点讲的）

⑴langue and parole(语言和言语)

﹡Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a

speech community

Parole refers to particular realization of langue

﹡Langue is the social, conventional side of language

Parle is individualized speech

﹡Langue is relatively stable and systematic, whereas

Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors

﹡Langue and Parole together constitute language

⑵synchronic and diachronic(共识语言学和历识语言学)

﹡Language can be studied at a given point in time or over time

﹡when we study language at one particular time, it is called synchronic

study(synchronic linguistics)[state of language at any point in history]

﹡when we study language developments through time diachronic

study(diachronic/linguistics)[differences of two or more than two languages

over time]

⑶competence and performance(能力和表现)

﹡competence—the knowledge that native speakers have of their language as

a system of abstract formal relations

①what he knows

②the ideal language users knowledge of that language system

③stable

﹡performance—their actual linguistic behavior，the actual use of this

knowledge

①what he does

②the actual realization of the language user’s knowledge

③variable

﹡The language user’s performance is not a true reflection of his competence

⑷prescriptive and descriptive

Prescriptive grammars tell what should be in the language.

Descriptive grammars tell what is in the language.

⑸speech and writing

In the past, spoken language is primary, but not the written, and the spoken

language in some sense dependent upon the standard written language.

However, language is primarily vocal.

6.Scope of phonetics ①articulatory phonetics 发音语言学

（简答题）②acoustic phonetics声学语言学

③auditory phonetics听觉语言学

7.Constant分类

⑴place of articulation

①bilabial双唇音②labiodental 唇齿音③interdental /dental齿间音

④alveolar齿龈音⑤palatal腭音⑥velar软腭音

⑦uvula小舌音⑧glottal声门音

⑵manner of articulation

①stops/plosives爆破音②fricatives摩擦音③affricates塞擦音

④nasals鼻音⑤liquids流音⑥glides滑音

8.Phonemes 音素（定义题）

定义：the minimum phonemic unit that is not further analyzable into smaller units 9.Minimal pairs and sets (定义或者分析题)

﹡Minimal pairs: two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, the two words are called minimal pairs

﹡Minimal sets: more than two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, the words are called minimal sets