第三课 讲解-无机化合物命名
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FeCl2 FeCl3 Ferrous chloride Ferric chloride CuCl CuCl2 Cuprous chloride Cupric chloride
Exercises
Try to write down the two systems of nomenclature of Hg2O & HgO Hg2O：mercurous oxide; mercury (Ⅰ)oxide HgO： mercuric oxide； mercury (II) oxide
CaO： calcium oxide FeO: iron(II) oxide, ferrous oxide Fe2O3: iron(III) oxide, ferric oxide
Nonmetal oxides (prefix+element + prefix + oxide) or (element( ) + oxide)
通常有两种体系用于这类化合物的命名：官方体系和传统 命名法……
The official system 官方体系
the oxidation number of the metal in the compound is designated by a Roman numeral written in parentheses immediately after the name of the metal. The negative element is treated in the usual manner for binary compounds.
Names of Cations
• Monatomic cations
• 1. Single valence ions
• Cation’s name = Element • for example:
• Na+ • K+
Sodium Potassium
Al3+ Aluminum Ca2+ Calcium
CN-：cyanide ；OH-：hydroxide
Binary compounds of the Nonmetals
When a pair of nonmetals form only one compound: the name of the element whose symbol appears first in the formula is written first; the second portion of the name is formed by adding the suffix –ide to the stem of the name of the second nonmetal:
HF 、HBr and HCN?
Hydrofluoric acid Hydrobromic acid
Fluorine\bromine cyanogen
Hydrocyanic acid
• Naming ions
• Naming metal oxides, bases, and cyanide • Naming nonmetal oxides • Naming binary acids
• Polyatomic cations: radical
NH4+：ammonium
Names of Anions
• Monatomic anions ： element root + -ide
F-：fluoride （F：fluorine）；Cl-：chloride （Cl：chlorine)； Br-：bromide （Br：bromine）；I-：iodide （I：iodine）
Names of Cations
• Monatomic cations
• 1. Single valence ions
• Cation’s name = Element • for example: • Na+ Sodium Al3+ Aluminum • K+ Potassium Ca2+ Calcium • Hg22+ mercury(I) or mercurous
2.Multivalence ions
• Cation’s name = Element(N)
• For example: • • • • • • Fe2+ Fe3+ Cr2+ Cr3+ Mn4+ Mn2+ Iron(II) Iron(III) Chromium(II) Chromium(III) Manganese(IV) Manganese(II) or Ferrous or Ferric
Formula Cu+ official name Copper (Ⅰ) Classical name cuprous
Cu2+
Fe2+ Fe3+
Copper (II)
Iron (II) Iron (Ⅲ)
cupric
ferrous ferric
(3) Binary compounds containing two nonmetals. 含两种非金属的…
octanonadecaundecadodecatrideca-
8 9 10 11 12 13
Some compounds have their trivial names which are widely or even exclusivelyused
Name of oxides
Metal oxides (element( ) + oxide)
If more than one binary compound can be formed by a pair of nonmetals, the Greek prefixes:
hemi- ½ mono- 1 di2 tri3 tetra- 4 penta- 5 hexa- 6 hepta- 7
The most electropositive element is named first. A Latin or Greek prefix is attached to each element to indicate the number of atoms of that element in the molecule.
（1）… the electropositive element has a fixed oxidation state. 固定氧化态…
aluminium oxide
金属元素名＋ 非金属元素词干＋ide
Table 1 Stems of the more common negative-ionforming elements Stem＋“ide”
Байду номын сангаас
CuCl2 Copper(Ⅱ) chloride
In classical nomenclature 传统命名法
Table 3
When the metallic ion has only two oxidation numbers, the name of the metal is modified with the suffixes ous and ic to distinguish between the two. The lower oxidation state is given the -ous ending, and the higher one is given the -ic ending.
Two systems are commonly used for compounds in this category. The official system, designated by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), is known as the Stock System. In classical nomenclature, …
无机二元化合物命名
公 式
( Positive
part ) + ( Negative Part )
Binary Compounds
(1) Binary (2) Binary (3) Binary (4) Acids
compounds in which the electropositive element has a fixed oxidation state. compounds containing metals of variable oxidation numbers. compounds containing two nonmetals. derived from binary compounds
octanonadeca-
CO 、CO2
Examples
NO nitrogen monoxide
NO2
N2O
nitrogen dioxide
dinitrogen oxide
NF3 →
N2O3
N2O4 N2O5
dinitrogen trioxide
dinitrogen tetroxide dinitrogen pentoxide
Rule: hydro-stem-ic acid
To name a binary acid, place the prefix hydro in front of, and the suffix ic after, the stem of the nonmetal, then add the word acid. H2S—hydrogen sulfide (hydrosulfuric acid)
:
Table 2 Examples of compounds with names ending in -ide
CaBr2→
KCl →
calcium bromide potassium chloride magnesium oxide aluminum nitride
MgO →
AlN →
(2) …containing metals of variable oxidation numbers. 变价金属的…
F → F- : fluorine → fluoride
Cl-: Br-:
chlorine → chloride bromine → bromide
O2-:
S2-: N3-: C
oxygen → oxide
sulfur → sulfide
nitrogen → nitride
carbon → carbide CN-: cyanide
1
mono-
2
3 4 5
di-/bitritetrapentahexahepta-
(tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省去)
6 7
8 9 10
The second element still retains the modified binary ending.
carbon monoxide carbon dioxide
nitrogen fluoride
CCl4? 、PCl5?
Carbon tetrachloride Phosphorus pentachloride
(4) Acids derived from binary compounds 由二元 化合物得到的酸
Certain binary hydrogen compounds, when dissolved in water, form solutions that have acid properties. For example, HCl is a gas and is called hydrogen chloride but its water solution is known as hydrochloric acid.
To distinguish between he two iron chlorides, FeCl2 is named Iron(Ⅱ) chloride and FeCl3 is named Iron(Ⅲ) chloride. FeCl2 FeCl3 Iron(Ⅱ) chloride Iron(Ⅲ) chloride CuCl Copper(Ⅰ) chloride
Exercises
Try to write down the two systems of nomenclature of Hg2O & HgO Hg2O：mercurous oxide; mercury (Ⅰ)oxide HgO： mercuric oxide； mercury (II) oxide
CaO： calcium oxide FeO: iron(II) oxide, ferrous oxide Fe2O3: iron(III) oxide, ferric oxide
Nonmetal oxides (prefix+element + prefix + oxide) or (element( ) + oxide)
通常有两种体系用于这类化合物的命名：官方体系和传统 命名法……
The official system 官方体系
the oxidation number of the metal in the compound is designated by a Roman numeral written in parentheses immediately after the name of the metal. The negative element is treated in the usual manner for binary compounds.
Names of Cations
• Monatomic cations
• 1. Single valence ions
• Cation’s name = Element • for example:
• Na+ • K+
Sodium Potassium
Al3+ Aluminum Ca2+ Calcium
CN-：cyanide ；OH-：hydroxide
Binary compounds of the Nonmetals
When a pair of nonmetals form only one compound: the name of the element whose symbol appears first in the formula is written first; the second portion of the name is formed by adding the suffix –ide to the stem of the name of the second nonmetal:
HF 、HBr and HCN?
Hydrofluoric acid Hydrobromic acid
Fluorine\bromine cyanogen
Hydrocyanic acid
• Naming ions
• Naming metal oxides, bases, and cyanide • Naming nonmetal oxides • Naming binary acids
• Polyatomic cations: radical
NH4+：ammonium
Names of Anions
• Monatomic anions ： element root + -ide
F-：fluoride （F：fluorine）；Cl-：chloride （Cl：chlorine)； Br-：bromide （Br：bromine）；I-：iodide （I：iodine）
Names of Cations
• Monatomic cations
• 1. Single valence ions
• Cation’s name = Element • for example: • Na+ Sodium Al3+ Aluminum • K+ Potassium Ca2+ Calcium • Hg22+ mercury(I) or mercurous
2.Multivalence ions
• Cation’s name = Element(N)
• For example: • • • • • • Fe2+ Fe3+ Cr2+ Cr3+ Mn4+ Mn2+ Iron(II) Iron(III) Chromium(II) Chromium(III) Manganese(IV) Manganese(II) or Ferrous or Ferric
Formula Cu+ official name Copper (Ⅰ) Classical name cuprous
Cu2+
Fe2+ Fe3+
Copper (II)
Iron (II) Iron (Ⅲ)
cupric
ferrous ferric
(3) Binary compounds containing two nonmetals. 含两种非金属的…
octanonadecaundecadodecatrideca-
8 9 10 11 12 13
Some compounds have their trivial names which are widely or even exclusivelyused
Name of oxides
Metal oxides (element( ) + oxide)
If more than one binary compound can be formed by a pair of nonmetals, the Greek prefixes:
hemi- ½ mono- 1 di2 tri3 tetra- 4 penta- 5 hexa- 6 hepta- 7
The most electropositive element is named first. A Latin or Greek prefix is attached to each element to indicate the number of atoms of that element in the molecule.
（1）… the electropositive element has a fixed oxidation state. 固定氧化态…
aluminium oxide
金属元素名＋ 非金属元素词干＋ide
Table 1 Stems of the more common negative-ionforming elements Stem＋“ide”
Байду номын сангаас
CuCl2 Copper(Ⅱ) chloride
In classical nomenclature 传统命名法
Table 3
When the metallic ion has only two oxidation numbers, the name of the metal is modified with the suffixes ous and ic to distinguish between the two. The lower oxidation state is given the -ous ending, and the higher one is given the -ic ending.
Two systems are commonly used for compounds in this category. The official system, designated by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), is known as the Stock System. In classical nomenclature, …
无机二元化合物命名
公 式
( Positive
part ) + ( Negative Part )
Binary Compounds
(1) Binary (2) Binary (3) Binary (4) Acids
compounds in which the electropositive element has a fixed oxidation state. compounds containing metals of variable oxidation numbers. compounds containing two nonmetals. derived from binary compounds
octanonadeca-
CO 、CO2
Examples
NO nitrogen monoxide
NO2
N2O
nitrogen dioxide
dinitrogen oxide
NF3 →
N2O3
N2O4 N2O5
dinitrogen trioxide
dinitrogen tetroxide dinitrogen pentoxide
Rule: hydro-stem-ic acid
To name a binary acid, place the prefix hydro in front of, and the suffix ic after, the stem of the nonmetal, then add the word acid. H2S—hydrogen sulfide (hydrosulfuric acid)
:
Table 2 Examples of compounds with names ending in -ide
CaBr2→
KCl →
calcium bromide potassium chloride magnesium oxide aluminum nitride
MgO →
AlN →
(2) …containing metals of variable oxidation numbers. 变价金属的…
F → F- : fluorine → fluoride
Cl-: Br-:
chlorine → chloride bromine → bromide
O2-:
S2-: N3-: C
oxygen → oxide
sulfur → sulfide
nitrogen → nitride
carbon → carbide CN-: cyanide
1
mono-
2
3 4 5
di-/bitritetrapentahexahepta-
(tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省去)
6 7
8 9 10
The second element still retains the modified binary ending.
carbon monoxide carbon dioxide
nitrogen fluoride
CCl4? 、PCl5?
Carbon tetrachloride Phosphorus pentachloride
(4) Acids derived from binary compounds 由二元 化合物得到的酸
Certain binary hydrogen compounds, when dissolved in water, form solutions that have acid properties. For example, HCl is a gas and is called hydrogen chloride but its water solution is known as hydrochloric acid.
To distinguish between he two iron chlorides, FeCl2 is named Iron(Ⅱ) chloride and FeCl3 is named Iron(Ⅲ) chloride. FeCl2 FeCl3 Iron(Ⅱ) chloride Iron(Ⅲ) chloride CuCl Copper(Ⅰ) chloride