handout for linguistics(scau)
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Chapter 1 Introduction
(1) about language
1. language: a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
Language must be a system.
Language is arbitrary.
Language is symbolic.
Language is primarily vocal.
Language is human-specific.
2. the design features of human language
arbitrariness
productivity
duality of structure
displacement
cultural transmission
3. functions of language
phatic
directive
informative
interrogative
expressive
evocative
performative
4. the origin of language
the divine-origin theory
the invention theory
the evolutionary theory
(2) about linguistics
1.the scope of general linguistics
2.applications of linguistics
3.some important distinctions
descriptive linguistic study vs. prescriptive linguistic study
synchronic linguistics vs. diachronic linguistics
speech and writing
langue and parole
competence and performance
traditional grammar and modern linguistics
Assignment:
1.“Language is human-specific”. How would you argue for/against this statement?
some groups of people who need linguistic knowledge in their work.
Chapter 2 Speech sounds
(1) speech sounds
(2) phonetics
three branches of phonetics
(3) articulatory phonetics
1.speech organs
2.narrow transcription vs. broad transcription
3.some major articulatory variables
4.classification of English speech sounds
Consonants
a.manner of articulation
b.place of articulation
Vowels
a.monophthongs
the part of the tongue that is the highest
the shape of the lips
the length of the vowel
the width of the mouth
b.diphthongs
(4) phonology
1. phone, phoneme, allophone
distinctive features
2.phonemic contrast
complementary distribution
minimal pair
3.some rules of phonology
sequential rules
assimilation rule
4.suprasegmental features
syllable
stress
tone
intonation
Assignment:
1.State the differences and similarities of the underlined sounds in the following pairs of words: bath----bathe heal----health reduce----reduction cats----dogs cool----cold impolite----indecent wife----wives democrat----democracy face----facial mouse--mice
2. The following sets of minimal pairs show that English /p/ and /b/ contrast in initial, medial and final positions: