国际结算复习资料

国际结算复习资料
国际结算复习资料
一、重点词汇英汉互译：
第一章国际结算的介绍
Correspondent Bank 代理行 Control Documents 控制文件Test key 密押Terms and conditions 费率表Specimen of authorized signature 印鉴 SWIFT 环球银行金融电讯协会Debit (for bank) 借记Credit (for bank) 贷记
Nostro account 往户账 Vostro account 来户账
IMF 国际货币基金组织 ICC 国际商会 WBG 世界银行组织
CHIPS 英国同业银行自动支付系统CHAPS 纽约银行同业电子清算系统URC522 《跟单托收统一规则》 UCP 600《跟单信用证统一惯例》国际结算 International Settlement
预付货款 Payment in advance 赊账 Open Account(O/A)
汇款(汇付）Remittance 托收 Collection
跟单信用证Documentary L/C 银行保函 Bank Guarantee
第二章票据
Recourse 追索Non-causation 无因性流通工具Negotiable Instrument
汇票Bill of Exchange/Draft本票Promissory Note支票Check/Cheque
drawer 出票人payer/drawee 付款人payee 收款人endorser 背书人
acceptor 承兑人Holder 持票人Holder for value 对价持票人
Holder in due course/Bona fide holder 正当持票人/善意的持票人
汇票
出票Issue 背书Endorsement）提示（Presentation 承兑（Acceptance
保证Guarantee 付款Payment 拒付Dishonor 追索Recourse 拒绝证书Protest Tenor 付款期限 Usance bill 远期汇票
Blank endorsement 空白背书Acceptance/payment for honor 参加承兑和参加付款
支票
Crossed check 划线支票Uncrossed check 非划线支票Open check 现金支票Rubber check/bad check 空头支票Collecting bank 托收行out of date 过期
第三章
Remittance 汇付，顺汇 Reverse remittance 逆汇
Remitter 汇款人 Remitting bank 汇出行Paying bank 汇入行，解付行Beneficiary or payee 收款人，受益人
Reimbursement of remittance cover 拨头寸
T/T 电汇 M/T 信汇 D/D 票汇 Payment in advance 预付货款
Open account / payment after goods arrival 赊销Consignment 寄售
第四章
Documentary collection 跟单托收Clean collection 光票托收
Direct collection 直接托收 D/P at sight 即期付款交单
D/P after sight 远期付款交单 D/A 承兑交单
D/P.T/R/ 付款交单凭信托收据借单 Outward bills/出口押汇
Inward bills /进口押汇 Principal/委托人
Remitting Bank/托收行 Collecting Bank/代收行
Drawee/付款人Principal’s representative in case of need/需要时的代理
第五章
Applicant 申请人Beneficiary 受益人Issuing Bank 开证行Advising Bank通知行 Confirming Bank 保兑行 Paying Bank 付款行承兑行Accepting Bank 议付行Negotiating Bank 偿付行Reimbursing Bank 索偿行Claiming Bank 寄单行Remitting Bank
in duplicate 一式两份 in triplicate 一式三份
in quadruplicate 一式四份 in quintuplicate 一式五份Confirm 保兑 Negotiate 议付 undertaking 承诺
Primary liability forpayment of the Issuing Bank 开证行承担第一性付款责任
Documentary Credit Nominated Bank指定银行
soft clause软条款
跟单与光票信用证 Documentary and clean L/C
不可撤销与可撤销信用证 Irrevocable and revocable L/C
保兑与不保兑信用证 Confirmed and unconfirmed L/C
即期付款、延期付款、承兑和议付信用证，假远期信用证
Sight、 Usance、 Acceptance and Negotiation L/C
可转让与不可转让信用证 Transferable and Untransferable L/C 循环信用证 Revolving L/C 对开信用证 Reciprocale L/C
背对背信用证Back to back L/C 预支（红条款）信用证）Anticipantory L/C 备用信用证 Standby L/C
二、知识重点：
第一章国际结算的介绍
一、国际结算定义：（Definition）
1、是指处于两个处于不同国家的当事人通过银行办理的两国间货币收付业务。

International settlement refers to the money transfer via banks to settle accounts, debts and claims among different countries.
Three elements in international settlement (国际结算中的三要素)
⑴Person in differen t countries(不同国家)
Buyers and sellers in the international transaction are not competitors,
but corporative partners for seeking long-terms and
common interest.
（买卖双方是朋友）
注：我国内地与港澳台地区尽管不是跨国货币收付，但因处于不同的货币区域，
故在实务中仍作为国际贸易结算来处理。

⑵Bank’s Participation(银行参与)
Facilitating funds transfer efficiently world-wide
(银行参与促进国际间资金转移)
⑶Funds transfer（资金转移）
二、国际结算的类型（Types of IS）
1、International Trade Settlement:
visible trade（有形贸易）→占了国际结算的80%（国际贸易结算）
2、International Non-trade Settlement：（国际非贸易结算）
⑴ invisible trade（无形贸易）
⑵financial transaction (金融交易) ↓
⑶payment between governments 占了国际贸易的20%，但是在快速增长。

三、国际结算的基本方式（Basic method of IS）
1、⑴Settlement on commercial credit：（基于商业信用的结算）
① Payment in advance (预付款/先结后出/先款后货)
② Open Account (赊账交易/赊销/先货后款/先出后结)
③Remittance(汇付)④Collecti on(托收)
⑵Settlement on bank credit：(基于银行信用的结算)
① Letter of Credit(信用证) ② Bank guarantee(银行保函)
2、Correspondent Bank(代理行)：a bank having direct connection of friendly
service relation with another bank.
3、如何建立代理行关系
(1)The factors should be considered when choosing the best bank:
①the reputation of the bank （银行信誉）② size of the bank （规模）
③service offered by the bank（服务）④physical feature and personnel
⑵sign contract and exchanging control documents(控制文件)
①Specimen Signature(印鉴样本) ② Telegraphic test key(密押)
③Terms a nd conditions(条款费率表)
4、A nostro a/c is our account of our money, held by you . (往帐）
本国银行在国外银行持有的外币帐户
A vostro a/c is your account of your money, held by us. （来帐）
国外银行在本国银行持有的本币账户
A credit means a sum of money going into my account. (increase)(贷记）
A debit means a sum of money leaving my account. (decrease) （借记）
▲、重点句子理解
（1）Please Debit the Sum to Our Account with you.
(请将汇款金额贷记你行在我行的账户)
（2）In cover, we have credit the sum to your account with us.
(作为偿付，我行将金额贷记你行在我行的账户)
（3）In cover, we have instructed...Bank to debit our account and credit your account with them.(作为偿付，我行已授权银行将汇款金额借记我行账户并贷记你行在该行的账户。

)
（4）In cover, we have instructed A bank to pay the sum to your account with B bank.(作为偿付，我行已指示A银行将汇款金额
付给你行在B银行的账户)
第二章票据
一、Characteristics of negotiable instruments（流通票据的特征）
1、Right to be paid（设权性)票据发行的目的是设定票据上的权利和义务，以
便票据能代替现金执行支付手段的功能。

2、Negotiability（流通性）Can be effected ONLY by delivery or endorsement 通过直接交付或背书后交付完成转让。

P26 特点：
⑴票据转让不必通知债务人
⑵正当持票人的权利不受前手票据权利缺陷的影响
⑶票据受让人获得全部票据权利
3、Non-causation(无因性）
票据一旦作成，票据权利和义务的执行就与票据原因相分离。

如：票据的转让过程中，不需要调查票据原因是否合理、合法。

4、Requisite in form（要式性）
票据的存在不重视其原因，但却非常强调其形式和内容。

只有形式和内容都符合法律规定的票据，才是合格的票据。

5、Recourse（可追索性）
票据遭到拒付，正当持票人可以向票据债务人追索，要求取得票据权利。

二、 Parties to a negotiable instrument（流通票据的当事人）
1、Main parties（主要当事人）
⑴出票人drawer ⑵付款人paye r/drawee ⑶收款人payee
2、Remote parties（其他当事人/非主要）
⑴背书人endorser ⑵承兑人acceptor ⑶持票人holder
⑷正当持票人/善意的持票人（holder in due course/bona fide holder）
善意地花了对价，取得一张表面完整、合格的未到期票据的持票
人
⑸付对价持票人（holder for value）
a person who possesses an instrument for which value has been given by himself or by some other person prior to him in forms of money, goods,or services.付对价持票人是本人或前手已经付过对价的票据持有人。

例如：甲为清偿乙的债务开出支票一张交与乙，乙作为礼物赠送于丙。

乙为该支票的取得付出了对价而丙取得支票虽并未付出对价，仍是付对价持票人。

汇票
一、定义：
A Bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing, signed by the drawer to drawee,require the drawee to pay on demand or at a definite future time a certain sum of money to or to the order of Payee.
汇票是由一个人（drawer）/出票人向另一个人(drawee)/受票人签发的无条件的unconditonal书面命令order in writing要求其在见票时或在未来某一规定的或可以确定的时间(tenor)将一定金额的款项支付给某一特定的人或指定的人
或持票人(payee)
二、Essential items required in a bill of exchange（汇票的必要项目）▲1、Absolutely nec essary items 绝对必要项目
⑴The word “ bill of exchange/draft”（汇票字样）
⑵An unconditional order to pay （无条件的支付命令）
⑶A fixed amount of money（确定的金额）
⑷Name of the paye e(抬头人名字）P32
①限制性（Restricted Order）不能流通转让,只有汇票上指定的收款人才能接受票款 e.g. pay to ***only; not transferrable
②指示性（Demonstrative Order）可经背书转让
e.g. pay to the order of ***/pay to *** (or order)
③来人抬头（我国不允许）pay to bearer
⑸Date of issue（开立日期）
to determine the expiry date and paying date;
make sure whether the drawer has disposing capacity
⑹Name of drawee（付款人名字）
⑺The signature of the drawer（出票人签名）
without the signature of the drawer or forged signature makes an instrument invalid
2、Relatively necessary items 相对必要项目
Place of issue
Place of payment
Tenor 付款期限 P37
即期付款(pay on demand/at sight)
远期付款：出票后定期certain days after date
见票后定期certain days after sight
定日付款fixed date
提单日后定日付款certain days after B/L
（3）Items at will任意记载
利息、利率及汇率（interest ，interest and exchange rate）
提示期限（Limit of time for presentation）
出票依据（Drawn Clause）
“Drawn under ……”凭**行开出的*号信用证
免作退票通知或放弃拒绝证书（Notice of Dishonor Excused or Protest Waived）
付一不付二
“Second of the same tenor and date unpaid”P33
预备付款人（Referee in case of need）
▲三、Classification of bills of exchange 汇票分类 P37
⑴According to the drawer（出票人）: P40
Banker’s draft and trader’s draft（银行汇票和商业汇票）
⑵According to the acceptor（承兑人）:
Banker’s acceptance and trader’s acceptance（银行承兑和商业承兑）
⑶According to whether commercial documents are attached there to
Clean draft and documentary draft光票和跟单汇票
⑷According to the tenor（汇款时间）
Demand/sight draft and time/usance draft（即期汇票和远期汇票）
四、Acts relating to a bill of exchange (跟汇票相关的行为) P41
1、出票（Issue）
⑴包括： to draw and sign a bill（开出汇票）;
to deliver it to the payee（把汇票送给收款人）
⑵According to the negotiable instrument law：
①The bill should be complete in form stipulated by the negotiable
instrument law in the place of issue；
②By drawing a bill,the drawer engages that on due presentment the bill will be accepted and paid and that, if dishonored, he will compensate the holder。

When dishonored by non-payment or non-acceptance, the holder must give notice to all the parties who remain liable that the draft has been dishonored to preserve their liabilities on the draft.
Acceptance/payment for honor
Acceptance for honor(参加承兑）
When a draft has been protested for non-acceptance, any person not being a party already liable on the draft may,with the consent（同意）of the holder, by writing on the bill, accept the bill for the honor of any party to the draft.
Payment for honor (参加付款）
When a draft has been protested for non-payment, a party not liable on the draft may intervene and pay it for the honor of a party liable on the draft or even the drawer.any person can act as a payer for honor without the consent of the holder.
▲2、背书（Endorsement）P42-44
注意：The payee or holder signs on the back of the bill and delivers it to the endorsee
A valid endorsement should be an endorsement of the entire bill;P42
Endorement is necessory ONLY for Demostrative oder bill . P43Types of EndorsementP42-44
1) Special endorsement 记名背书/特别背书/正式背书/完全背书
Pay to the order of E Co., signed （the endorsee)For ABC.,New York( the
endorser)
2) Blank endorsement 空白背书
Pay to order or without（the endorsee)For ABC.,New York( the endorser) 3) Restrictive endorsement 限制性背书Pay to A only/not transferable/not negotiable/pay to A bank for account of B Co.(the endorsee) For ABC.,New York( the endorser)
4) Endorsement for condition 附条件背书
Pay to the order of E Co. on delivery of B/L to Citibank. .(the endorsee)For A Co.,London( the endorser)
3、提示（Presentation）P45
Presentation must be made within the reasonable time. P45
A sight bill only needs presentation once.（即期汇票只需承兑一次）
Time bill after sight need duly presentation to fix the maturity.
Time bill after date needn’t duly presentation but presentation is advised.
4、承兑（Acceptance）P46
An act by which the drawee promise to make payment at the bill maturity.
Note ： P47
When the bill accepted,the acceptor becomes primarily liable to the bill instead of drawer.
Acceptance is generally to be made at a reasonable hour on A business day subsequent to the presentation of the bill before overdue
5、保证（Guarantee or Aval）
⑴This act is usually performed by a third party called guarantor, who
engages to pay on presentment for a sight bill and accept and pay at maturity for a time bill.
⑵注意：
①the guarantor stands for a debtor such as drawer, endorser,or acceptor
and assumes his indebtedness to the holder
②when the guarantor is compelled to pay, his right of recourse arises
against the guaranteed and all the prior parties of the guaranteed.
6、付款（Payment）
7、拒付（Dishonor）
8、追索（Recourse） P51
⑴In the event of a draft being dishonored, the holder in due course
can sue every person who signed the draft prior to him.
⑵Qualifica tions to exert and preserve the right of recourse:
①Completeness in form of the draft
②Presenting for acceptance and payment on the due time
③Notice of dishonor拒付通知
追索图示
9、参加承兑和参加付款（Acceptance/Payment for honor)
本票
定义：
本票是出票人签发的，承诺自己在见票时无条件支付确定的金额给收款人或持票人的票据。

（见书上样本）
A promissory note is an unconditional promise in writing made by one person to another, signed by the maker, engaging to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time a sum certain in money to or to the order of a specified person or to bearer.
支票
一、定义：
以银行为付款人的即期汇票。

（A check is a bill of exchange drawn on
a bank payable on demand）P57
A check is an unconditional order in writing, signed by the person
giving it, requiring the bank to whom it is addressed（签发）to pay on demand a sum certain in money to, or to the order of ,
a specified person or to bearer.
▲二、Types （类型）0P59
1、Uncrossed check/Open check非划线支票/普通支票/敞口支票/现金支票
Can be cashed or transferred （Note）（可用于支取现金和转账）
2、⑴Crossed check划线支票/转账支票
Can ONLY be transferred,not be cashed（只能转账不能支取现金）
划线：在票面上划有两条平行线，规定只能通过银行收款而不能由持票人直接提取现款。

P60
⑵Purpose for crossed check （划线支票的目的）
a crossing is in effect an instruction by the drawer or holder to the
paying bank to pay the fund to bank only instead of to pay in cash for
uncertain person.（使用划线支票的目的是为了在支票遗失或被人冒领时，还有可能通过银行代收的线索追回票款）。

⑶Types of crossed check（划线支票的类型） P60
①General crossings 一般划线支票
指任何一家银行都可以代收转账的支票
在平行线中加列“公司”（AND COMPANY）字样
②Special crossings 特殊划线支票
指票面上两条平行线中间加注了某一家银行的名称，只有这家银行才可以作为票款的代收银行。

例如“请香港渣打银行收入收款人帐（ACCOUNT PAYEE WITH STANDARD
CHARTERED BANK，HONGKONG）
3、注意: Open check can change to Crossed check; General crossed check
can change tospecial crossed check. （非划线支票可变为划线支
票，一般划线支票可变成特殊划线支票）
第三章汇付Remittance
一、Based on the movement direction of the instruments in relation to the funds, two typies:（根据资金和票据的流向不同，支付方式可以分为顺汇和逆汇，在国际贸易中，汇付是顺汇，托收和信用证都是逆汇）
二、Methods and procedures of remittance P69
1、电汇（telegraphic transfer, T/T）
the remitting bank sends the P.O. to the paying bank by cable, telex, or SWIFT, authorizing the paying bank to make payment to the payee.
fast ; safe ; limited time for banks to keep the funds
2、信汇（mail transfer，M/T）
the remitting bank transfers the funds by mailing a P.O. ,trandiional methods,slow & unsafety
▲ procedures for M/T and T/T
(1)Remittance application with funds and commission;
(汇款人填写电汇申请书，并交款付费给汇出行)
(2)Remitting bank retuns receipt to remitter and debits his a/c
（汇出行汇出行接受申请给汇款人电汇回执并借记其银行账户）
(3)sends P.O. /telex/SWIFT instructing paying bank to make payment （汇出行根据电汇申请人的指示，用电传或SWIFT方式向国外代理行发出汇款委托书）
(4)after authenticating(认证）by paying bank, notifies the
payee with
a copy of receipt
（汇入行收到国外用电传或SWIFT发来的汇款委托书，核对密押相符后，缮制电汇通知书，通知受款人取款）
(5)upon receipt,the payee presents the paying bank the copy receipt （受款人持通知书一式两联到汇入行取款）
(6)Check the identity of the payee then make payment
（汇入行核对收款人的身份然后付款）
(7)Paying bank will claim reimbursements according to the clause in the
cable message
（同时，汇入行将付讫款项的借记通知寄给汇出行，完成一笔电汇汇款）
3、票汇（remittance by banker’s demand draft, D/D）
On the request of the remitter, the remitting bank draws a demand draft on its overseas branch or correspondent bank ordering the latter to pay on demand to the payee upon presentation.
convenient and transferable.
汇出行应汇款人的申请，代汇款人开立以其分行或代理行为解付行的银行即期汇票,可称为银行支票。

如果汇出行与汇入行是联行还可视为银行本票，此票不需拨头寸。

▲procedures for D/D 票汇结算业务程序（D/D）
适用于一手交钱、一手交货的贸易。

Banker’s demand clean draftin D/D
⑴The remitter applies for remittance to remitting bank.
汇款人填写票汇汇款申请书，交款付费给汇出行
⑵The remitting bank will check the remitter’s account .i f it is positive, the remitting bank will debit the account and draw a draft on the paying bank pay or pay to the order of the beneficiary.
汇出行开立一张以汇入行为付款人的银行即期汇票交给汇款人
⑶The remitter will send the draft to the beneficiary.
汇款人将汇票寄给收款人
⑷The remitting bank wi ll keep the paying bank aware of the remittance via inter-bank system.汇出行将汇票通知书寄汇入行
⑸Upon receipt of the draft, the beneficiary will present the draft for payment to the paying bank.收款人提示银行即期汇票给汇入行要求付款
⑹After authentication of the draft against authorized signature ,the paying bank will release the funds to the beneficiary.
汇入行借记汇出行帐户，取出头寸，通过银行印鉴验证汇票的真实性后，解付汇款给收款人draft
六、▲三种支付方式的比较：
第四章托收
一、跟单托收有两种交单方式：付款交单和承兑交单
1、付款交单（documents against payment，D/P)
A.即期付款交单（D/P at sight)
B.远期付款交单（D/P at … days after sight)
▲Procedures of D/P P91
2、承兑交单（documents against acceptance，D/A) P92
二、Basic parties to a collection （当事人）P85
1、委托人 principal--seller(drawer)出口商/卖方（出票人）
↓collection application 托收申请书(P94)
2、托收行 remitting bank/寄单行（出口地银行）
↓collection instruction (开立的依据：托收指示 P95）
3、代收行 collecting bank /提示行presenting bank（进口地银行）
4、付款人 payer - buyer (drawee)（进口商）
5、需要时的代理principal’s representative in case of need
（在托收业务中，如发生付款人拒付，委托人可指定在付款地的代理人代为料理货物存仓、转售、运回等事宜。

)
四、Trade financing under D/P after sight
Q1、How to settle the problem when both goods and documents have arrived but the draft is usance?（如何解决“货已到但汇票尚未到期”？）
⑴Trust Receipt For Importer（信托收据）
Inward Bills ---进口押汇 ,即代收行允许进口商凭T/R借单提货。

So it is collecting bank financial for importer
⑵D/P.T/R (signed in S/C)----- 付款交单，凭信托收据借单,从票据法的角度来看，它还不如D／A好。

So it is exporter financial for importer 信托收据（trust receipt）T/R
在进口商向代收行出具信托收据预借单据又分为两种情形：
第一是进口商在征得代收行同意的情况下，出具信托收据，甚至
可提供抵押品或其他担保，向代收行借出全套单据，待汇票到期时由进口商向代收行付清货款再赎回信托收据。

因为这是代收行凭进口商的信用，抵押品或担保借出单据，是代收行对进口商的授信，不论进口商能否在汇票到期时付款，代收行都必须对出口商承担到期付款的责任和义务。

第二是出口商主动授信代收行可凭进口商的信托收据放单，这是出口商对进口商的授信，一切风险和责任均由出口商承担，进口商能否如期付款，代收行不负任何责任。

这种情形就相当于做D／A（其实从票据法的角度来看，它还不如D ／A好）
⑶Banker’s Guarantee----银行保函
即进口商向承运人出具银行保函先行提货，等付款赎单后凭提单换回银行保函。

适用于货到单未到。

Outward Bills for exporter ---- 出口押汇，托收行给予出口商的融资。

但风险较大，一般托收行不愿意做避免风险。

URC522书上划的内容
第五章信用证
1、信用证审核（见附件题目）
2、翻译信用证Documents Required
3、填写汇票（练习见附件）
一、当事人 P118
1、主要当事人：
⑴applicant (开证申请人)：进口方
⑵issuing(opening) bank(开证行)：进口方所在地银行负有第一性的付款责任
⑶beneficiary(受益人)：出口方
2其他当事人：
⑴advising bank(通知行): 负责通知出口方及鉴别信用证的真实性
⑵ne gotiating bank (议付行):负责审核单据并议付
⑶paying bank(drawee)(付款行):负责在开证行指示下审单付款
⑷reimbursing bank(偿付行):只付款，不审单
⑸confirming bank(保兑行):与开证行相同的付款责任，在开证行资信不明时可
考虑选择
⑹accepting bank(承兑行):在承兑信用证中对受益人提交的远期汇票予以承兑
二、信用证的类型
1、是否随附单据
⑴光票信用证（Clean L/C）
使用背景：光票信用证可以用于贸易结算和非贸易结算两个领域。

在贸易结算中，主要用于贸易从属费用的结算。

在非贸易结算中，主要有旅行信用证。

P218
⑵跟单信用证（Documentary L/C）
2、性质
⑴可撤销信用证（Revocable L/C）----used before 《UCP600》
May be amended or cancelled by the issuing bank without the beneficiary’s consent or even without prior not ice ;used to be for stocks or goods shipped on board。

⑵不可撤销信用证Irrevocable L/C Definite undertaking for beneficiary
书上不讨论是否可撤销问题因为，UCP600删除了信用证“可撤销”内容是为了给予受益人以更大的付款保证。

3、是否有保兑
⑴保兑信用证confirmed L/C--- Only IRREVOCABLE L/C can be confirmed
⑵不保兑信用证 confirmed L/C
⑶缄默保兑silent confirmation
①未经开证行授权的保兑
②代表了保兑行和受益人之间的协议，仅对受益人和保兑行有效
Confirming bank takes the same primary liability of payment for beneficiary.保兑行承担第一性付款责任
4、兑付方式According to the mode of availability application P110
⑴即期信用证Sight payment L/C P131
交单给付款行即付款，付款是终局性的，无追索权。

通常不需要汇票。

某些国家不要求提交汇票只需收据是为了规避印花税
⑵承兑信用证Acceptance L/C-----namely banker’s acceptance L/C
①seller’s usance credit 卖方远期信用证
承兑前，商业汇票，承兑后，银行汇票；承兑后交还受益人，受益人可贴现使用,融资；所须支付的利息由出口商承担。

②buyer’s usance credit / Usance credit payable at sight---买方远期/ 假远期信用证
对出口商：即期付款，对进口商：远期付款
“The usance drafts are payable on the sight basis and discount interest and acceptance commission are for buyer’s account”
使用背景
买卖双方签订的即期付款合同，但若进口商需要融通资金，可要求银行开立承兑信用证，出口方在取得银行承兑后，将汇票贴现。

由于买卖合同是即期付款，进口方有即期付款的责任，所以银行承兑及贴现费用应该由进口商承担。

⑶延期信用证Deferred payment L/C 又称无汇票远期信用证
①对进口方即期交单，远期付款；对受益人远期结汇，没有汇票故不利于融资使用背景 P132
早前多用于资本货物交易，旨在便于进口商在付款前先凭单提货，并安装、调试甚至投入使用后，再支付设备价款。

由于不开汇票，后来多用于逃避印花税。

⑷议付信用证Negotiating L/C -----议付有追索权 P133
Restricted negotiating L/C 限制
Restricted with“***bank for negotiation”branches or correspondent bank near beneficiary location for negotiation 优点是开证银行与限制议付银行往来可靠，手续简便，同时同业银行可收取手续费
Freely （open/unrestricted）negotiating L/C 自由（公开）
“Any bank for negotiation”
More popular use ，low charges
5、是否可转让
⑴可转让信用证transferable L/C《UCP600》Article38 P289
①如果在信用证中未注明“可转让”字样，就是不可转让信用证。

②可转让信用证只能转让一次，第二受益人不得再作转让。

③可转让信用证可以有一个以上受益人。

除非另有规定，所有银行费用必须由第一受益人承担。

④可转让信用证的使用背景
⑤中间商和代理商的存在是transferable L/C 产生的直接原因。

Beneficiary（1st)---实际供货商
Transferee（2nd beneficiary）---中间商
Trasferring bank---负责在 1st beneficiary 付清费用后办理转让
中间商从国外接到订单并收到由国外进口商开具的可转让信用证，以中间商为受益人。

第一受益人将订单交给生产厂，并将信用证金额的全部或部分转让给第二受益人。

第一受益人不愿将提供货源的生产厂的地址及交易条件告知给进口商，为保住商业秘密和商业竞争的机会。

⑵不可转让信用证Untransferable L/C
6、直接信用证（straight L/C) 预支信用证（anticipatory L/C)
背对背信用证(back to back L/C) 循环信用证(revolving L/C)
对开信用证（reciprocal L/C）备用信用证（standby L/C）
7、Straight credit 直接信用证
⑴Non—negotiable credit 不允许议付信用证。

⑵Draft and documents are honored by issuing bank ,L/C expires at the counter of the issuing bank and advised to beneficiary by the issuing bank directly.直接向开证行交单付款
⑶“We hereby engage with you that drafts and all documents drawn under and in strict conformity with the terms of this credit will be honoured on due presentation。

”
“根据本信用证开具的汇票和单据，完全符合本信用证条款并及时提交，本银行保证向贵方履行付款责任。

”
⑷直接信用证的使用背景
若进口商将欲支付的货款，已存入出口商所在地的银行（如通知银行），则开证银行开具的信用证一般来讲，应采用直接信用证项下，付款赎单的方式，以减少汇票及单据的周转程序并可节约银行费用。

8、Back to back L/C---对背信用证
The primary credit doesn’t state transferable.
The beneficiary of an irrevocable credit (primary credit) may
use the credit as security to open a separate credit (back-to-back credit
9、Anticipatory L/C------预支信用证：Namely Red clause credit(红条款
信用证）
⑴It is a credit with a special clause added that issuing bank authorizes the advising bank or any other nominated banks to make advances to the beneficiary before the submission of document.
⑵Issued at the request of the applicant，he is liable for repayment of the advance, plus the interest if the beneficiary fails to present the documents required under credit. P134
⑶预支信用证的使用背景
①是进口商给予出口商或中间商的融资。

出口商或中间商可提前支付工厂原材料或劳动力费用。

P134
②与前T/T的区别 P135
10、Revolving L/C---循环信用证
⑴For regular shipment of the same commodity to the same buyer, by which the amount of the credit is renewed or reinstated
to the original amount after it has been utilized without specific amendments to the credit.
⑵Revolving around Time or Value.
⑶Stated clauses as P140
⑷循环信用证的使用背景
适用于买卖双方订立长期合同，需要在较长时间内分批交货，如包销或专卖，以避免资金占压和重复办理开证手续并减少开证费。

11、对开信用证（Reciprocal L/C)：
⑴交易双方互为开证申请人和受益人、金额大致相等的信用证。

⑵第一份信用证的开证申请人就是第二份信用证的受益人；反之，第二份信用证的开证申请人就是第一份信用证的受益人。

第二份信用证也被称作回头证。

第一份信用证的通知行一般就是第二份信用证的开证行。

⑶对开信用证的使用背景
①广泛用于易货贸易、来料加工贸易、对销贸易、补偿贸易等。

P140
②我国的来料加工贸易中，对原料、配件的进口一般开远期L/C,对成品的出口要求对方开即期付款的L/C。

远期汇票的期限与加工周期吻合。

12、Standby L/C ---备用信用证
Concept and Subject to
An obligation of the part of an issuing bank to pay a beneficiary in the case of non performance of the the applicant. 保证在开证申请人未能履行其应履行的义务时付款 P141
Subject to 《UCP600》 or《ISP98》----《国际备用信用证惯例》P292 Comparison with standby & a commercial L/C
13、备用与一般商业信用证的异同
⑴Simi larities：
based on bank credit；
independence in nature & irrevocable in form；P142
payable by required documents.
⑵Differences：
UCP600 & ISP98；
different documents required:for Standby L/C,the beneficiary only presents draft & a document stating that the applicant has not
fulfilled his obligations towards the beneficiary;(开证申请人未履行义务的声明或证明文件)
Negotiation：For Standby L/C，without nominated bank for negotiation.
fuction:Standby L/C is used for backup payment(备而不用）P141，
commercial L/C is necessary for payment for beneficiary.
14、原证与新证的关系
⑴新开立的信用证金额，单价，到期日，最迟交单期，到期日，装运期等内容可部分或全部减少或缩短。

⑵受益人可以要求信用证中的授权银行（转让行），向第二受益人开出新证，新证由原开证行承担付款责任。