英语写作中的衔接与连贯

例6 综合运用
Walter’s goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies ---in particular, biology, chemistry and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen, as a result, during his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graduate on schedule. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step tow源自文库rd realizing his goal.
2 句子衔接
使用过渡句 It has been said that everyone lives by selling something. In the light of this statement,(概括-具体） teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort. … Everyone has something to sell.(承上启下) Tramps seem t be the only exception to this general rule. Beggars almost sell themselves as human beings to arouse the pity of passers-by. But real tramps are not beggars. They have nothing to sell and require nothing from others.
英语写作中的衔接与连贯
Cohesion and Coherence in English Writing
是文涛
概念与方法
衔接:语篇中的一个成分和对解释它起重要作用的其他成分之间的语义关系 1. 指代reference In 1860, Lincoln was elected President of the United States. He（人 称指代） was the candidate of the new Republic Party. This Party （指示指代）opposed the creation of new slave states. 2. 替代substitution This biscuits are stale. Get some fresh ones.(名词性替代） “ if you have seen them so often, of course you know what they’re like.” “I believe so,” Alice replied thoughtfully.（分句性替代） 3. 省略ellipsis (zero substitution) “how many hours a day did you do lessons? said Alice. ” I did that ten hours the first day,” said Tom.（分句性省略） 4. 连接conjunction A. 通过标点符号衔接 I came, I saw , I conquered.( Julius Ceaser) The sun is growing warm, frogs are waking in the marshes, planting time will be soon here. B. 通过连接词衔接 5. 词汇衔接lexis (Halliday /Hasan :Cohesion in English 1976)
使用信息结构粘连句子 已知信息—新信息—已知信息—新信息 But money is not everything. It is that, with money, we can buy whatever material things we want. However, material things only do not mean a happy life. In a more important sense, life involves spiritual things. People’s spiritual needs usually cannot be fully met with material things. On the contrary, many people who are materially rich are suffering from lacking spiritual ballast. So money alone does not lead to a happy life.
使用平行结构 American, the richest and most powerful nation in the world, can well lead the way in this revolution of values. This is nothing to prevent us from paying adequate wages to schoolteachers,… There is nothing but a lack of social vision to prevent us from paying an adequate wage to every American citizen… This is nothing ,except a tragic death wish, to prevent us from… There is nothing to keep us from …
连贯(coherence)：是整个语篇一致性的抽 象特征。 词汇衔接 句子衔接 段落衔接
1、词汇衔接：连接词、同义词、反义词、上、 下义词、同一语义场等
例1：连接词（conjunction) A student acquires knowledge mainly from the textbook and in class. As a result,（结果）when he graduates from school he can do nothing. For （原因）everything is different from what teachers told him. He may even be disappointed and （并列）frustrated. In the end,（总结） he may be afraid to face the real world.
例2 同义词(synonym) The farm was owned by two brothers. They employed a few farm hands, but no one was willing to work long. Every time a worker gave up his job, he told the same story. Farm laborers said that … 例3 反义词(antonym) Failure is the mother of success. 例4 上 \下义词(hyponymy) It has never been explained why university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than anyone else. Students specialize in a particular type of practical joke: hoax. Inviting the fire brigade to put out a nonexistent fire is a crude form of deception. Students often create amusing situations which are funny to everyone except the victim.
例5 同一语义场(semantic field) Small boats loaded with wares sped to the great liner as she was entering the harbor. Before she had anchored, the men from the boats had climbed on board and the decks were soon covered with colorful …but I decided not to buy anything until I had disembarked.
使用信息结构粘连句子 (1)But money is not everything.(2) It is that, with money, we can buy whatever material things we want. (3)Life,however, is more than just material things. (4) People’s spiritual needs usually cannot be fully met with material things. (5)On the contrary, many people who are materially rich are suffering from lacking spiritual ballast. (6)So money alone does not lead to a happy life.
3 段落衔接
按时间顺序(chronological order)
We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours---it must have been close to noon…;by the time we reached the mountain, it was four o’clock… not realizing the darkness came suddenly in the desert. By six we were struggling… By nine… it had been our lucky day.