留学生论文翻译
论文 英文文翻译
Guidance Notes for completing application formPart 1 Personal InformationEligibility to work at the British CouncilWe are only able to accept applications from individuals who have the right to work in the country to which they have applied.Personal InformationThe British Council’s normal retirement age is 65. If you are over this age, or within 6 months of it, at the time you apply to join us, in line with the Equality (Age) Regulations 2006, we will consider your application but reserve the right to reject it if we consider that we would be unlikely to derive sufficient benefit from your appointment in the period before your retirement.Criminal Convictions (UK)Subject to certain exempted occupations, convictions that are ‘spent’ under the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 need not be mentioned. Please be aware that declaring a conviction will not automatically disqualify you from being employed unless this post is subject to a Criminal Records Bureau Check.If the post is subject to a Criminal Records Bureau Check, British Council is committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and young people and expects all of its partners to share this commitment. Appointment to these roles are subject to enhanced Criminal Records Bureau (CRB) checks in the UK, and, where appropriate, equivalent systems overseas.Data ProtectionThe British Council will use the information you provide in this form to process your application. If your application is successful and you take up employment with the British Council, this form will be kept on your personnel file and some details from it will be held electronically by Human Resources in line with the Data Protection Act (1998). If your application is unsuccessful, this form willbe kept on file for one year after completion of the recruitment exercise and then securely destroyed.The British Council will treat all personal details in accordance with UK law and its own privacy policy. Under Data Protection law you have the right to ask for a copy of the information we hold on you, for which we may charge a fee, and the right to ask us to correct any inaccuracies in that information. If you do want more information about this please contact your local British Council office or the Data Protection Team dataprotection@. Part 2 Job-Related InformationDisabilityThe UK Disability Discrimination Act 1995 defines a person with a disability as someone who has a physical or mental impairment (including a learning or sensory impairment) that has a substantial and long term adverse effect on his/her ability to carry out normal day to day activities. In any country, it is British Council policy to interview all applicants who are disabled and who meet the essential criteria for an advertised job.Employment and professional informationPlease give details of your employment for the last 10 years, or since leaving full-time education if this is sooner, starting with the most recent employment. Account for all your time, including voluntary work or other periods away from work. Please be aware that it will not prejudice your application if you disclose a period of ill health or a period out of formal employment (e.g. time spent at home bringing up children).Other relevant experiencePlease note that this does not need to be limited to work experience. It can include experience of volunteering or of roles held within the community e.g. youth worker, community worker or leader etc..。
本科毕业论文外文翻译
本科毕业论文外文翻译Undergraduate Thesis External Translation (700 Words)Title: The Impact of Social Media on Consumer Behavior Abstract:With the rapid development of social media, its influence on consumer behavior has drawn increasing attention from scholars and marketers. This paper aims to explore the impact of social media on consumer behavior from the perspective of information acquisition, interpersonal communication, and brand evaluation. Through a literature review and analysis, it is found that social media has a significant impact on consumer behavior by providing easy access to information, facilitating communication between consumers, and influencing brand perception. This research provides valuable insights for marketers in understanding and utilizing social media platforms to effectively engage with consumers and influence their purchasing decisions.1. IntroductionSocial media has become an integral part of people's daily lives, and its impact on consumer behavior cannot be ignored. This paper aims to investigate the impact of social media on consumer behavior and provide practical implications for marketers. The research question is: How does social media influence consumer behavior in terms of information acquisition, interpersonal communication, and brand evaluation?2. Information Acquisition2.1 Social media provides a platform for consumers to easilyaccess information about products and services. Through social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, consumers can obtain product reviews, comparisons, and recommendations from peers. This information influences consumers' purchasing decisions and enhances their knowledge about products.2.2 Social media also serves as a source of entertainment and inspiration, enabling users to discover new trends and products. Influencers and celebrities, who gain popularity through social media, often endorse products and create consumer desire for these items. This form of indirect advertising through social media has a significant impact on consumer behavior.3. Interpersonal CommunicationSocial media platforms enable users to interact with friends, family, and even strangers. This communication aspect of social media hasa direct influence on consumer behavior.3.1 Word-of-mouth (WOM) communication through social media is prevalent. Consumers often share their positive or negative experiences with products on social media platforms, which influence others' opinions and purchasing decisions. These online conversations have a wide reach and can greatly impact brand perception.3.2 Social media facilitates communication between consumers and brands. Consumers can directly communicate with brands through social media channels, providing feedback, asking questions, and seeking assistance. This two-way communicationimproves customer satisfaction and loyalty.4. Brand Evaluation4.1 Social media plays a crucial role in brand evaluation. Consumers often seek information about brands, their values, and their reputation on social media platforms. Positive or negative brand mentions and reviews on social media greatly influence consumers' perceptions of brands, leading to either increased or decreased brand trust and loyalty.4.2 Social media influencers and celebrities endorsing particular brands also impact brand evaluation. These individuals' recommendations and opinions can greatly influence consumers' perceptions and preferences for specific brands.5. ConclusionIn conclusion, social media has a significant impact on consumer behavior by influencing information acquisition, interpersonal communication, and brand evaluation. Marketers should utilize and engage with social media platforms to effectively reach and influence their target customers. This research provides insights for marketers to enhance their social media strategies and create effective brand-consumer interactions.。
毕业论文外文译文
毕业论文外文译文Due to the increasing globalization and internationalization of the business world, the ability to communicate effectively in a foreign language has become a crucial skill for graduates. However, many studies have shown that traditional language education methods are not always effective in developing this skill. This paper explores the use of communicative language teaching (CLT) as a more effective approach to foreign language instruction.CLT is an approach to language teaching that emphasizes the importance of communication and interactions in the language learning process. Traditional language education methods often focus on grammar and vocabulary drills, which prioritize accuracy over communicative competence. In contrast, CLT promotes the use of authentic materials and real-life situations to encourage learners to actively engage in meaningful communication.One of the main advantages of CLT is that it enhances learners' motivation and engagement in the language learning process. Traditional language education methods can be dry and repetitive, which can lead to boredom and disinterest among learners. In contrast, CLT provides learners with opportunities to use the language in practical, real-life situations, making the learning experience more meaningful and enjoyable.Furthermore, CLT enables learners to develop not only their linguistic competence but also their communicative competence. Communicative competence refers to the ability to use language appropriately and effectively in different social and cultural contexts. Traditional language education methods often prioritizethe acquisition of grammar rules and vocabulary, neglecting the importance of sociolinguistic and pragmatic aspects of language use. In contrast, CLT emphasizes the importance of developing all aspects of communicative competence, including cultural awareness and interpersonal skills.Another advantage of CLT is that it promotes the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Traditional language education methods often focus on rote memorization and repetition, which limit learners' ability to think critically and apply their knowledge to real-life situations. In contrast, CLT encourages learners to engage in meaningful communication, which requires them to think critically, make decisions, and solve problems in the target language.In conclusion, CLT offers several advantages over traditional language education methods. It enhances learners' motivation and engagement, promotes the development of communicative competence, and fosters critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Therefore, it can be a more effective approach to foreign language instruction in the context of increasing globalization and internationalization.。
论文英文翻译
论文英文翻译Essay 1 - College EducationIn recent years, college education has become a topic of great debate. Some people argue that a college degree is essential for success in today's society, while others believe that it is not necessary. This essay will argue that college education is indeed important and beneficial for several reasons.Firstly, obtaining a college degree can provide individuals with better career opportunities. In today's competitive job market, employers often prioritize candidates with a higher education background. College graduates are more likely to find stable employment and earn higher salaries compared to those without a degree. Furthermore, many professions require specific knowledge and skills that can only be acquired through a college education. For example, doctors, engineers, and lawyers must complete several years of study in order to obtain the necessary qualifications for their respective fields.Secondly, college education can help individuals develop important life skills. During their time at college, students are exposed to a variety of subjects and experiences, which enable them to develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills. College also provides opportunities for students to engage in extracurricular activities and interact with a diverse group of individuals. This fosters social and cultural awareness, as well as teamwork and leadership skills. These skills are valuable not only in the workplace but also in everyday life.Moreover, college education promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. The college environment encourages students to explore new ideas, challenge their assumptions, and discover their passions. It provides a platform for intellectual development and self-discovery. Students are exposed to a wide range of subjects, perspectives, and cultures, which broadens their knowledge and worldview. College education also instills a sense of curiosity and a desire for continuous learning, which are essential qualities in today's rapidly changing world.In conclusion, college education is important and beneficial for several reasons. It provides better career opportunities, helps individuals develop important life skills, and promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. While it is true that college education may not be necessary for everyone, obtaining a degree can significantly enhance one's chances of success in both personal and professional aspects of life.。
论文翻译中译英
论文翻译中译英IntroductionTranslation plays a crucial role in promoting global communication and understanding. In academic settings, researchers often need to translate their papers from their native language to English in order to reach a wider audience. However, translating academic papers from Chinese to English can be a challenging task due to differences in language structure, cultural nuances, and academic conventions. This paper aims to explore the key challenges and strategies in translating academic papers from Chinese to English.Challenges in Chinese-English Translation1. Sentence Structure DifferencesChinese and English have fundamentally different sentence structures. Chinese sentences tend to be longer and more complex, while English sentences are shorter and more concise. Translating Chinese sentences into English requires careful restructuring to ensure clarity and readability. This canbe particularly challenging when technical or specialized terminology is involved.2. Cultural NuancesCultural nuances and idiomatic expressions are often deeply embedded in Chinese academic writing. Translating these expressions into English while retaining their intended meaning can be difficult. Chinese idioms, proverbs, and metaphors often have no direct equivalents in English and may require adaptation or substitution. Translators need to strike a balance between preserving the cultural context of the original text and ensuring that the translated version is relatable to English-speaking readers.3. Academic ConventionsDifferent academic disciplines have their own set of conventions and terminology. When translating academic papers, it is essential to be familiar with the specific terminology and conventions of the respective field. This requires not only linguistic competency but also a deep understanding of the subject matter. Translators must ensure that their translation accurately represents the originalmeaning and intention of the author while adhering to the academic standards of the target language.Strategies in Chinese-English Translation1. Understanding the Source TextBefore beginning the translation process, it is crucial to thoroughly understand the source text. This involves reading the original paper multiple times to grasp the main ideas, arguments, and key terms. Familiarizing oneself with the subject matter and the author's writing style can help in producing a more accurate and faithful translation.2. Translating for the Target AudienceConsideration of the target audience is essential in academic translation. Translators should be aware of the level of expertise and familiarity of the audience with the subject matter. Technical terms and jargon may need to be explained or simplified to ensure readability. Additionally, cultural references should be carefully adapted to the target culture to maintain relevance and avoid confusion.3. Utilizing Translation ToolsTranslation tools such as dictionaries, glossaries, and online resources can be valuable aids in the translation process. Using specialized dictionaries or glossaries for the respective academic field can help with finding accurate and appropriate terminology. Online translation forums and communities can also be useful for seeking advice and clarifications from other translators or subject matter experts.4. Engaging in Continuous LearningTranslation is a lifelong learning process. Translators should actively seek opportunities to improve their language skills and subject knowledge. Keeping up with the latest research and developments in the field can help translators to stay updated with the terminology and conventions. Professional development courses and workshops can also enhance translation skills and provide insights into best practices.ConclusionTranslating academic papers from Chinese to English requires a combination of linguistic proficiency, subject knowledge,and cultural understanding. The challenges in sentence structure, cultural nuances, and academic conventions need to be carefully navigated. By employing the strategies discussed, translators can overcome these challenges and produce high-quality translations that effectively communicate the intended meaning to the target audience.。
毕业论文英文翻译
毕业论文英文翻译Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Employment Abstract:This paper explores the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on employment. The rise of AI technologies has sparked concerns about its potential to replace human jobs. Through an analysis of existing literature and case studies, this study investigates the ways in which AI has affected various industries and job sectors. The findings indicate that while AI has the potential to automate certain tasks and reduce the need for human intervention, it also creates new job opportunities and contributes to economic growth. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of retraining and upskilling workers to adapt to the changing job market. Overall, this research contributes to a better understanding of the complex relationship between AI and employment and provides insights into proactive strategies to address the challenges posed by AI. Introduction:Artificial intelligence has emerged as a powerful technology with the potential to transform various aspects of society, including the workforce. The rapid advancement of AI has raised concerns about potential job losses and increased automation. This study aims to explore the impact of AI on employment and identify strategies to mitigate negative effects. By examining existing literature and case studies, this research provides a comprehensive analysis of AI's influence on different industries and job sectors.Literature Review:The literature offers a wide range of perspectives on the impact ofAI on employment. Some studies suggest that AI will lead to significant job losses in sectors such as manufacturing, transportation, and customer service. They argue that AI technologies, such as autonomous vehicles and chatbots, can perform tasks previously done by humans more efficiently and at a lower cost. On the other hand, other studies argue that AI will create new job opportunities and enhance productivity. For example, the healthcare sector benefits from AI technologies by improving diagnosis accuracy and streamlining administrative processes.Case Studies:This study includes several case studies that examine the impact of AI on specific industries. The manufacturing industry, for instance, has experienced both job losses and job creation due to the introduction of AI. While certain tasks have been automated, new roles related to AI maintenance and programming have emerged. Similarly, the retail industry has witnessed the integration of AI technologies, leading to job displacement in traditional retail jobs but also the creation of new positions in data analysis and online customer support.Mitigation Strategies:To address the challenges posed by AI, strategies should focus on retraining and upskilling the workforce to adapt to the changing job market. Governments and organizations should encourage workers to acquire in-demand skills such as data analysis and AI programming. Additionally, collaboration between academia and industry is crucial to ensure that education and training programs remain relevant and effective. Finally, policies that support jobtransition and income support for displaced workers will help minimize the negative impact of AI on employment. Conclusion:The impact of artificial intelligence on employment is a complex and multifaceted issue. While concerns about job losses are valid, it is important to recognize that AI also creates new job opportunities and contributes to economic growth. By implementing proactive strategies, such as retraining and upskilling, societies can better navigate the changes brought about by AI and ensure a future where humans and machines can coexist harmoniously.。
论文外文翻译
论文外文翻译Title: The Impact of Technology on EducationAbstract:The rapid development of technology has drastically transformed various sectors, including education. This paper aims to explore the impact of technology on education and how it has revolutionized teaching and learning methodologies. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of incorporating technology in classrooms, as well as the role of educators in effectively integrating technology into their teaching practices. The paper also highlights the need for a balance between traditional teaching methods and technology-based learning.Introduction:Technology has become an indispensable tool in modern classrooms, offering numerous opportunities for educators and students. It has enhanced the learning experience by providing interactive and engaging resources. This paper focuses on analyzing the impact of technology in education and how it has influenced teaching methods.Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology in Education:One of the significant advantages of technology in education is the availability of multimedia resources that facilitate active learning. Students can access a wide range of videos, interactive simulations, and virtual laboratories, enabling them to learn complex concepts more effectively. Furthermore, technology allows for personalized learning, where students can progress at their own pace and receive immediate feedback. This method improves students' motivation,engagement, and understanding of the subject matter.However, there are also disadvantages to consider when incorporating technology in education. Firstly, there is a digital divide where not all students have access to technology due to socioeconomic factors. This can create inequality among students and affect their learning outcomes. Additionally, excessive reliance on technology can lead to reduced face-to-face interaction between students and teachers, hindering social development and interpersonal skills.The Role of Educators:To effectively integrate technology into education, educators play a crucial role. They need to be proficient in using technology tools and platforms to create an interactive learning environment. Educators should also focus on guiding students in using technology responsibly and critically evaluating online resources. Furthermore, teachers should adapt their instructional approaches to cater to diverse learning styles and provide individualized support.Balancing Traditional Teaching Methods and Technology:While technology brings numerous benefits, it is essential to strike a balance between traditional teaching methods and technology-based learning. Traditional teaching methods, such as face-to-face interaction and discussions, should not be disregarded, as they promote critical thinking, collaboration, and communication skills. Educators should leverage technology as a complementary tool to enhance the learning experience rather than replacing traditional methods entirely.Conclusion:Technology has revolutionized education by providing numerous advantages, such as interactive resources, personalized learning, and increased engagement. However, challenges such as the digital divide and reduced face-to-face interaction need to be addressed. Educators should play a significant role in effectively integrating technology into teaching practices and maintaining a balance between traditional and technology-based learning. Through strategic implementation, technology can enhance the learning experience and prepare students for the digital age.。
论文外文文献翻译
论文外文文献翻译以下是一篇700字左右的论文外文文献翻译：原文题目：The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Diagnostics: A Review原文摘要：In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of medical diagnostics. AI has the potential to improve the accuracy and efficiency of medical diagnoses, and can assist clinicians in making treatment decisions. This review aims to examine the current state of AI in medical diagnostics, and discuss its advantages and limitations. Several AI techniques, including machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing, are discussed. The review also examines the ethical and legal considerations associated with the use of AI in medical diagnostics. Overall, AI has shown great promise in improving medical diagnostics, but further research is needed to fully understand its potential benefits and limitations.AI在医学诊断中发挥的作用：一项综述近年来，人工智能（AI）在医学诊断领域的应用引起了越来越多的关注。
毕业论文的英文翻译
毕业论文的英文翻译Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Modern Society Abstract:Artificial intelligence (AI) is a rapidly advancing field that has made significant contributions to various aspects of modern society. This paper aims to explore the impact of AI on society, including its benefits, challenges, and ethical considerations. The research methodology includes a comprehensive review of relevant literature and analysis of case studies.1. Introduction:Artificial intelligence refers to the simulation of human intelligence by computer systems. Advances in AI have led to the development of technologies such as machine learning, natural language processing, and computer vision. These technologies have found applications in diverse sectors, ranging from healthcare and finance to transportation and entertainment.2. Benefits of AI:AI has brought several benefits to society. One significant advantage is the automation of repetitive and mundane tasks, which has increased efficiency and productivity in various industries. For example, in manufacturing, AI-powered robots can complete complex tasks with precision and speed, reducing the need for human intervention. Additionally, AI has improved the accuracy and speed of medical diagnoses, leading to better patient outcomes.3. Challenges of AI:Despite its numerous benefits, AI also poses several challenges. One major concern is the potential loss of jobs due to automation. The displacement of workers by AI-powered machines raises questions about unemployment rates and income inequality. Moreover, the ethical implications of AI in decision making, privacy and security, and the potential for bias also need to be addressed.4. Ethical considerations:AI raises ethical concerns related to privacy, transparency, and accountability. As AI systems collect and analyze vast amounts of personal data, there is a need for strict regulations and safeguards to protect individuals' privacy. Furthermore, issues of transparency and accountability arise when AI algorithms make decisions that impact people's lives. The development of ethical frameworks and guidelines is crucial to ensure responsible AI usage.5. Case studies:The paper includes case studies to highlight the real-world impact of AI. One example is the use of AI in autonomous vehicles. Self-driving cars equipped with AI technology promise safer and more efficient transportation. However, accidents involving autonomous vehicles have raised concerns about liability and accountability. 6. Conclusion:Artificial intelligence has revolutionized various aspects of modern society, offering benefits such as increased productivity and improved healthcare outcomes. However, challenges related to job displacement, ethical considerations, and potential biases need to be addressed. To fully harness the benefits of AI whilesafeguarding society's interests, it is essential to develop and implement comprehensive regulations and ethical frameworks.。
大学毕业论文英文翻译及原文
大学毕业论文英文翻译中文译文计算机网络每个一个世纪都有一种主导地位的技术。
18世纪伴随着工业革命的到来的是大型机械系统的时代；19世纪是蒸汽机的时代，而20世纪的发展历程中，关键的技术是信息收集、处理和分发。
在其他的发展方面，我们还可以看到：遍布全球的电话网络的建立起来了，无线电广播和电视的出现了，计算机工业诞生了，并且以超乎想象的速度在成长；另外通信卫星也发射上天了。
技术的快速发展的一个直接结果是，这些领域正在快速地融合，信息收集、传输、存储和处理之间的差别正在迅速地消失。
对于具有数百个办公室的大型组织来说，尽管这些办公室分布在广阔的地理区域中，但未来期望的情景是，工作人员只要单击一下按钮，就可以查看最远处分部的状态。
随着信息收集、处理和分发能力的不断提高，我们对于更加复杂的信息处理技术的需求也增长得更快。
与其他的工业(比如汽车和航空运输业)相比，计算机工业还是非常年轻，尽管如此，计算机技术却在很短的时间内有了惊人的进展。
在计算机诞生之初的20年间，计算机系统是高度集中化的，通常位于一个很大的房间中。
该房间通常配有玻璃墙，参观的人透过玻璃墙可以欣赏到里边伟大的电子奇迹。
中等规模的公司或者大学可能会有一台或者两台计算机，而大型的研究机构最多也就几十台计算机。
要在20年内生产出大量同样功能但是体积比邮票还小的计算机，在当时的人们看来纯属科学幻想。
计算机和通信的结合对于计算机系统的组织方式产生了深远的影响。
把一台大型的计算机放在一个单独的房间中，然后用户带着他们的处理任务去房间里上机，这种"计算机中心"的概念现在已经完全过时了。
由一台计算机来处理整个组织中所有的计算需求，这种老式的模型已经被新的模型所取代，在新的模型下，由大量独立的，但相互连接起来的计算机来共同完成计算任务。
这些系统称为计算机网络(computer networks)。
如何设计这些网络，并且将这些网络组织起来，这就是本书的主题。
毕业论文外文翻译
毕业论文外文翻译Title: The Influence of Technological Advancements on Education Abstract:This paper explores the impact of technological advancements on education. With the rapid development of technology, its introduction into education has revolutionized the way knowledge is acquired and shared. The benefits of technology integration in education include improving learning outcomes, enhancing access to education, and fostering collaboration and communication. On the other hand, potential challenges such as inequality in access to technology and the risk of replacing traditional teaching methods with digital tools are also discussed. To address these challenges, the paper proposes recommendations and strategies for effectively using technology in education. It concludes that while technology has the potential to significantly enhance education, careful planning, teacher training, and continuous evaluation are crucial to ensure its successful integration.1. IntroductionEducation is the foundation of personal and societal development. Over the years, technological advancements have played a significant role in transforming various sectors, including education. The integration of technology in education has opened up new possibilities for teaching and learning.2. Benefits of Technological Integration in Education2.1 Improved Learning OutcomesTechnology has the potential to enhance learning outcomes by providing personalized and engaging learning experiences.Interactive multimedia resources, such as videos, simulations, and virtual reality, can make complex concepts more accessible and understandable for students. Additionally, learning management systems and online platforms enable students to access educational materials anytime and anywhere, facilitating self-paced learning. 2.2 Enhanced Access to EducationTechnology has greatly expanded access to education, especially in remote and underserved areas. Online courses, virtual classrooms, and open educational resources have democratized education, allowing individuals to overcome geographical barriers and access learning opportunities that were previously unavailable. Furthermore, technology has created opportunities for lifelong learning, making education more accessible to adults and professionals.2.3 Collaboration and CommunicationTechnology enables collaboration and communication among students, teachers, and experts from different locations. Online discussion forums, video conferencing, and collaborative tools promote active participation, peer learning, and knowledge sharing. These digital platforms also facilitate communication between teachers and students, providing instant feedback and support outside of the traditional classroom settings.3. Challenges and ConcernsDespite the numerous benefits, there are challenges and concerns associated with technology integration in education.3.1 Inequality in Access to TechnologyThe digital divide creates unequal access to technology, making it difficult for some students to fully benefit from technology in their educational journey. Limited access to devices, stable internet connection, and technology literacy are major barriers that need to be addressed to ensure equal opportunities for all learners.3.2 Potential Over-reliance on TechnologyThere is a risk of over-reliance on technology, leading to the exclusion of effective traditional teaching methods or neglecting essential skills, such as critical thinking and problem-solving. It is important to strike a balance between technology use and traditional teaching approaches, ensuring that technology complements and enhances, rather than replaces, the core aspects of education.4. Recommendations and StrategiesTo harness the potential of technology in education, it is important to consider the following recommendations and strategies:4.1 Infrastructure and AccessEfforts should be made to bridge the digital divide by providing infrastructure, such as devices and internet connectivity, to underserved communities. Schools and educational institutions should prioritize equal access to technology and ensure that students have the necessary skills to utilize it effectively.4.2 Teacher Training and Professional DevelopmentTeachers play a critical role in integrating technology into the curriculum. Adequate training and professional development programs are essential to equip teachers with the skills andknowledge to effectively use technology for teaching and learning purposes. Continuous support and opportunities for collaboration and sharing of best practices should be provided.4.3 Continuous Evaluation and AdaptationRegular evaluation and feedback mechanisms should be in place to assess the impact of technology integration on learning outcomes. This will help identify areas for improvement and adapt teaching practices accordingly. Continuous evaluation will also ensure that the integration of technology remains aligned with educational goals and objectives.5. ConclusionTechnology has the potential to reshape education in unprecedented ways. This paper has highlighted the benefits and challenges of technology integration in education. It is essential to recognize that technology is a tool, not a substitute for quality teaching and learning. Strategic planning, teacher training, and evaluation are necessary to ensure technology's effective integration into education, thus harnessing its full potential to improve learning outcomes, enhance access to education, and foster collaboration and communication.。
毕业论文外文翻译范例
外文原文(一)Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciple s*M. H. HoeflichFriedrich Carl von Savigny, nobleman, law reformer, champion of the revived German professoriate, and founder of the Historical School of jurisprudence, not only helped to revolutionize the study of law and legal institutions in Germany and in other civil law countries, but also exercised a profound influence on many of the most creative jurists and legal scholars in England and the United States. Nevertheless, tracing the influence of an individual is always a difficult task. It is especially difficult as regards Savigny and the approach to law and legal sources propounded by the Historical School. This difficulty arises, in part, because Savigny was not alone in adopting this approach. Hugo, for instance, espoused quite similar ideas in Germany; George Long echoed many of these concepts in England during the 1850s, and, of course, Sir Henry Sumner Maine also espoused many of these same concepts central to historical jurisprudence in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Thus, when one looks at the doctrinal writings of British and American jurists and legal scholars in the period before 1875, it is often impossible to say with any certainty that a particular idea which sounds very much the sort of thing that might, indeed, have been derived from Savigny's works, was, in fact, so derived. It is possible, nevertheless, to trace much of the influence of Savigny and his legal writings in the United States and in Great Britain during this period with some certainty because so great was his fame and so great was the respect accorded to his published work that explicit references to him and to his work abound in the doctrinal writing of this period, as well as in actual law cases in the courts. Thus, Max Gutzwiller, in his classic study Der einfluss Savignys auf die Entwicklung des International privatrechts, was able to show how Savigny's ideas on conflict of laws influenced such English and American scholars as Story, Phillimore, Burge, and Dicey. Similarly, Andreas Schwarz, in his "Einflusse Deutscher Zivilistik im Auslande," briefly sketched Savigny's influence upon John Austin, Frederick Pollock, and James Bryce. In this article I wish to examine Savigny's influence over a broader spectrum and to draw a picture of his general fame and reputation both in Britain and in the United States as the leading Romanist, legal historian, and German legal academic of his day. The picture of this Anglo-American respect accorded to Savigny and the historical school of jurisprudence which emerges from these sources is fascinating. It sheds light not only upon Savigny’s trans-channel, trans-Atlantic fame, but also upon the extraordinarily*M.H.Hoeflich, Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciples, American Journal of Comparative Law, vol.37, No.1, 1989.cosmopolitan outlook of many of the leading American and English jurists of the time. Of course, when one sets out to trace the influence of a particular individual and his work, it is necessary to demonstrate, if possible, precisely how knowledge of the man and his work was transmitted. In the case of Savigny and his work on Roman law and ideas of historical jurisprudence, there were three principal modes of transmission. First, there was the direct influence he exercised through his contacts with American lawyers and scholars. Second, there was the influence he exercised through his books. Third, there was the influence he exerted indirectly through intermediate scholars and their works. Let us examine each mode separately.I.INFLUENCE OF THE TRANSLATED WORKSWhile American and British interest in German legal scholarship was high in the antebellum period, the number of American and English jurists who could read German fluently was relatively low. Even those who borrowed from the Germans, for instance, Joseph Story, most often had to depend upon translations. It is thus quite important that Savigny’s works were amongst the most frequently translated into English, both in the United States and in Great Britain. His most influential early work, the Vom Beruf unserer Zeitfur Rechtsgeschichte und Gestzgebung, was translated into English by Abraham Hayward and published in London in 1831. Two years earlier the first volume of his History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages was translated by Cathcart and published in Edinburgh. In 1830, as well, a French translation was published at Paris. Sir Erskine Perry's translation of Savigny's Treatise on Possession was published in London in 1848. This was followed by Archibald Brown's epitome of the treatise on possession in 1872 and Rattigan's translation of the second volume of the System as Jural Relations or the Law of Persons in 1884. Guthrie published a translation of the seventh volume of the System as Private International Law at Edinburgh in 1869. Indeed, two English translations were even published in the far flung corners of the British Raj. A translation of the first volume of the System was published by William Holloway at Madras in 1867 and the volume on possession was translated by Kelleher and published at Calcutta in 1888. Thus, the determined English-speaking scholar had ample access to Savigny's works throughout the nineteenth century.Equally important for the dissemination of Savigny's ideas were those books and articles published in English that explained and analyzed his works. A number of these must have played an important role in this process. One of the earliest of these is John Reddie's Historical Notices of the Roman law and of the Progress of its Study in Germany, published at Edinburgh in 1826. Reddie was a noted Scots jurist and held the Gottingen J.U.D. The book, significantly, is dedicated to Gustav Hugo. It is of that genre known as an external history of Roman law-not so much a history of substantive Roman legal doctrine but rather a historyof Roman legal institutions and of the study of Roman law from antiquity through the nineteenth century. It is very much a polemic for the study of Roman law and for the Historical School. It imparts to the reader the excitement of Savigny and his followers about the study of law historically and it is clear that no reader of the work could possibly be left unmoved. It is, in short, the first work of public relations in English on behalf of Savigny and his ideas.Having mentioned Reddie's promotion of Savigny and the Historical School, it is important to understand the level of excitement with which things Roman and especially Roman law were greeted during this period. Many of the finest American jurists were attracted-to use Peter Stein's term-to Roman and Civil law, but attracted in a way that, at times, seems to have been more enthusiastic than intellectual. Similarly, Roman and Civil law excited much interest in Great Britain, as illustrated by the distinctly Roman influence to be found in the work of John Austin. The attraction of Roman and Civil law can be illustrated and best understood, perhaps, in the context of the publicity and excitement in the English-speaking world surrounding the discovery of the only complete manuscript of the classical Roman jurist Gaius' Institutes in Italy in 1816 by the ancient historian and German consul at Rome, B.G. Niebuhr. Niebuhr, the greatest ancient historian of his time, turned to Savigny for help with the Gaius manuscript (indeed, it was Savigny who recognized the manuscript for what it was) and, almost immediately, the books and journals-not just law journals by any means-were filled with accounts of the discovery, its importance to legal historical studies, and, of course, what it said. For instance, the second volume of the American Jurist contains a long article on the civil law by the scholarly Boston lawyer and classicist, John Pickering. The first quarter of the article is a gushing account of the discovery and first publication of the Gaius manuscript and a paean to Niebuhr and Savigny for their role in this. Similarly, in an article published in the London Law Magazine in 1829 on the civil law, the author contemptuously refers to a certain professor who continued to tell his students that the text of Gaius' Institutes was lost for all time. What could better show his ignorance of all things legal and literary than to be unaware of Niebuhr's great discovery?Another example of this reaction to the discovery of the Gaius palimpsest is to be found in David Irving's Introduction to the Study of the Civil Law. This volume is also more a history of Roman legal scholarship and sources than a study of substantive Roman law. Its pages are filled with references to Savigny's Geschichte and its approach clearly reflects the influence of the Historical School. Indeed, Irving speaks of Savigny's work as "one of the most remarkable productions of the age." He must have been truly impressed with German scholarship and must also have been able to convince the Faculty of Advocates, forwhom he was librarian, of the worth of German scholarship, for in 1820 the Faculty sent him to Gottingen so that he might study their law libraries. Irving devotes several pages of his elementary textbook on Roman law to the praise of the "remarkable" discovery of the Gaius palimpsest. He traces the discovery of the text by Niebuhr and Savigny in language that would have befitted an adventure tale. He elaborates on the various labors required to produce a new edition of the text and was particularly impressed by the use of a then new chemical process to make the under text of the palimpsest visible. He speaks of the reception of the new text as being greeted with "ardor and exultation" strong words for those who spend their lives amidst the "musty tomes" of the Roman law.This excitement over the Verona Gaius is really rather strange. Much of the substance of the Gaius text was already known to legal historians and civil lawyers from its incorporation into Justinian's Institutes and so, from a substantive legal perspective, the find was not crucial. The Gaius did provide new information on Roman procedural rules and it did also provide additional information for those scholars attempting to reconstruct pre-Justinianic Roman law. Nevertheless, these contributions alone seem hardly able to justify the excitement the discovery caused. Instead, I think that the Verona Gaius discovery simply hit a chord in the literary and legal community much the same as did the discovery of the Rosetta Stone or of Schliemann’s Troy. Here was a monument of a great civilization brought newly to light and able to be read for the first time in millenia. And just as the Rosetta Stone helped to establish the modern discipline of Egyptology and Schliemann's discoveries assured the development of classical archaeology as a modern academic discipline, the discovery of the Verona Gaius added to the attraction Roman law held for scholars and for lawyers, even amongst those who were not Romanists by profession. Ancillary to this, the discovery and publication of the Gaius manuscript also added to the fame of the two principals involved in the discovery, Niebuhr and Savigny. What this meant in the English-speaking world is that even those who could not or did not wish to read Savigny's technical works knew of him as one of the discoverers of the Gaius text. This fame itself may well have helped in spreading Savigny's legal and philosophical ideas, for, I would suggest, the Gaius "connection" may well have disposed people to read other of Savigny's writings, unconnected to the Gaius, because they were already familiar with his name.Another example of an English-speaking promoter of Savigny is Luther Stearns Cushing, a noted Boston lawyer who lectured on Roman law at the Harvard Law School in 1848-49 and again in 1851- 1852.Cushing published his lectures at Boston in 1854 under the title An Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. He devoted a full chapter to a description of the historical school and to the controversy betweenSavigny and Thibaut over codification. While Cushing attempted to portray fairly the arguments of both sides, he left no doubt as to his preference for Savigny's approach:The labors of the historical school have established an entirely new and distinct era in the study of the Roman jurisprudence; and though these writers cannot be said to have thrown their predecessors into the shade, it seems to be generally admitted, that almost every branch of the Roman law has received some important modification at their hands, and that a knowledge of their writings, to some extent, at least, is essentially necessary to its acquisition.译文(一)萨维尼和他的英美信徒们*M·H·豪弗里奇弗雷德里奇·卡尔·冯·萨维尼出身贵族，是一位出色的法律改革家，也是一位倡导重建德国教授协会的拥护者，还是历史法学派的创建人之一。
学术论文翻译
学术论文翻译Academic Article Translation (500 words)Title: The Impact of Technology on EducationIntroduction:Technology has revolutionized various aspects of our lives, including the field of education. The integration of technology in educational institutions has had a profound impact on teaching and learning. This article aims to explore the different ways technology has transformed education and its advantages and disadvantages.Body:1. Enhanced Access to Information:The most significant contribution technology has made to education is the easy access to information. With the internet and various digital resources, students can search for information on various subjects at any time. This has opened up a world of knowledge that was previously inaccessible. However, the credibility and accuracy of online resources must be carefully evaluated.2. Interactive Learning:Technology has transformed the traditional classroom into a dynamic and interactive learning environment. Tools such as smart boards, multimedia presentations, and online collaboration platforms have made learning more interesting and engaging. Students can participate actively in the learning process, which improves their understanding and retention of information.3. Personalized Learning:Technology allows for personalized learning experiences tailored to each student's needs and abilities. Adaptive learning software and online assessments can track individual progress and provide personalized recommendations and feedback. This individualized learning approach ensures that students can learn at their own pace and focus on areas they find challenging.4. Global Connectivity:Technology has connected students and educators from around the world. Through online platforms and video conferencing, students can collaborate with peers from different countries, exchange ideas, and broaden their cultural perspectives. This global connectivity fosters a sense of global citizenship and prepares students for a more interconnected world.5. Challenges and Concerns:Despite the numerous advantages, technology integration in education also poses challenges and concerns. One major concern is the digital divide, where students from economically disadvantaged backgrounds may not have equal access to technology and digital resources. This inequality can further widen the education gap.Another concern is the potential distraction caused by technology. Students may be tempted to engage in non-educational activities using devices, leading to a decrease in focus and productivity. It is essential for educators to find a balance between incorporating technology into the curriculum and minimizing distractions.Conclusion:Technology has undoubtedly transformed education, enhancing access to information, promoting interactive and personalized learning, and connecting students globally. However, it is crucial to address the challenges and concerns that come with the integration of technology. Education institutions should strive to bridge the digital divide and implement proper strategies to maximize the benefits of technology in education.。
毕业论文英文文献翻译
毕业论文英文文献翻译Graduation Thesis: Translation of English LiteratureIntroductionThe process of writing a graduation thesis can be a daunting task, especially when it involves the translation of English literature. Translating literary works requires not only language proficiency but also a deep understanding of the cultural nuances and literary techniques employed by the author. In this article, we will explore the challenges and strategies involved in translating English literature for a graduation thesis.Understanding the Source TextBefore embarking on the translation process, it is crucial to thoroughly understand the source text. This involves a careful reading and analysis of the original work, paying attention to the author's style, tone, and literary devices. By immersing oneself in the source text, the translator gains a deeper understanding of the author's intentions and can effectively convey the essence of the work in the target language.Translating Cultural NuancesOne of the most significant challenges in translating English literature is capturing the cultural nuances embedded in the text. Literature often reflects the social, historical, and cultural context in which it was written. Translating these nuances requires the translator to have a comprehensive knowledge of both the source and target cultures. It is essential to find equivalent expressions, idioms,or metaphors that resonate with the target audience while staying true to the original intent of the author.Maintaining Literary TechniquesEnglish literature is renowned for its rich use of literary techniques such as symbolism, imagery, and wordplay. Translating these techniques poses a considerable challenge as they may not have direct equivalents in the target language. The translator must strive to retain the artistic essence of the original work while adapting it to the linguistic and cultural constraints of the target language. This requires creativity and a keen eye for detail to ensure that the translated work captures the same aesthetic impact as the source text. Adapting to Linguistic DifferencesLanguages differ not only in vocabulary but also in grammatical structures and syntax. Translating English literature into another language often involves adapting the sentence structure and grammar to ensure fluency and coherence in the target language. The translator must strike a delicate balance between staying faithful to the original text and making necessary adjustments to ensure readability and comprehension for the target audience.The Role of the TranslatorA translator of English literature for a graduation thesis is not merely a conduit for transferring words from one language to another. They are responsible for bridging the gap between cultures, enabling readers to experience the essence of the original work in their native language. A successful translator mustpossess a deep appreciation for both the source and target cultures, as well as the literary techniques employed by the author. They must strive to create a translation that captures the spirit of the original work while being accessible and engaging to the target audience.ConclusionTranslating English literature for a graduation thesis is a challenging yet rewarding endeavor. It requires a combination of linguistic proficiency, cultural understanding, and literary sensibility. By carefully analyzing the source text, capturing cultural nuances, maintaining literary techniques, adapting to linguistic differences, and embodying the role of a translator, one can successfully translate English literature for a graduation thesis. Through this process, the translator not only contributes to academic research but also fosters cross-cultural understanding and appreciation for the beauty of literature.。
毕业论文英语翻译
毕业论文英语翻译Graduation Thesis English TranslationIntroductionThe aim of this graduation thesis is to provide an English translation of a Chinese text, focusing on accuracy, clarity, and readability. The translation will be presented in a clean and well-formatted manner, allowing for a smooth and enjoyable reading experience. The following sections will discuss the translation process and strategies employed.Translation ProcessBefore the translation process begins, it is important to thoroughly understand the original text in Chinese. This includes analyzing the content, context, and intended meaning. The translator should also consider any cultural references or nuances that may need to be conveyed in the English translation.Translating the TextThe translation process involves choosing appropriate English equivalents for each Chinese word or phrase, while also ensuring the overall meaning and tone of the text are preserved. It is important to maintain the original flow and rhythm of the Chinese text, making the English version sound natural and coherent.Adapting Sentence StructureChinese sentence structure often differs from that of English. Therefore, it is necessary to adapt the sentence structure while ensuring the meaningremains intact. This may involve reorganizing clauses or adding conjunctions to create grammatically correct English sentences.Cultural ConsiderationsIn order to accurately convey the original meaning, the translator should be mindful of any cultural references or idiomatic expressions used in the Chinese text. It is important to find appropriate English equivalents that can effectively convey the intended message to the target audience, taking into account any cultural differences.Proofreading and EditingOnce the initial translation is complete, it is crucial to proofread and edit the text thoroughly. This includes checking for any grammatical errors, inconsistencies, or awkward phrasing. The translated text should be polished and cohesive, ensuring a seamless reading experience.ConclusionIn conclusion, the process of translating a graduation thesis from Chinese to English requires careful consideration of various factors such as content, context, and cultural nuances. It is important to select appropriate English equivalents while maintaining the original meaning and tone of the text. The final translated version should be accurate, clear, and engaging, ensuring an optimal reading experience for the target audience.。
毕业论文外文翻译报告范文
毕业论文外文翻译报告范文AbstractThis report presents a translation of an academic article titled "The Impact of Technology on Education." The article discusses the various ways in which technology has transformed the field of education, particularly in terms of teaching methods, student engagement, and access to educational resources. The translation aims to accurately convey the content and meaning of the original article, while ensuring clarity and coherence for the readers.IntroductionTechnology has revolutionized nearly every aspect of our lives, including the field of education. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the use of technology in classrooms and educational institutions worldwide. This article explores the impact of technology on education, highlighting its benefits and potential challenges.Teaching MethodsOne of the key effects of technology on education is the transformation of traditional teaching methods. With the introduction of interactive whiteboards, online learning platforms, and educational apps, teachers now have access to a wide range of tools and resources to enhance their teaching. These technologies enable teachers to create dynamic and engaging lessons, integrating multimedia content and interactive activities, which enhance student understanding and participation.Student EngagementTechnology has also had a profound impact on student engagement in the learning process. With the use of digital tools, students can now actively participate in their education and take ownership of their learning. Interactive quizzes, online discussions, and collaborative projects allow students to actively engage with the subject matter, promoting critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Moreover, technology enables personalized learning experiences, catering to individual student needs and preferences.Access to Educational ResourcesAnother significant benefit of technology in education is the increased access to educational resources. Online libraries, open educational resources, and digital textbooks provide students with a vast amount of information at their fingertips. This access to a wide range of resources goes beyond what traditional textbooks and classrooms can offer, empowering students to explore and learn at their own pace.Challenges and ConsiderationsWhile the impact of technology on education is largely positive, there are also some challenges and considerations that need to be addressed. One concern is the potential for technology to create a divide between students who have access to technology and those who do not. It is essential to ensure equitable access to technology and training for all students to prevent further disparities in education.Additionally, the integration of technology in the classroom requires teachers to adapt and acquire new technological skills. Adequate training and support must be provided to empower teachers to effectively incorporate technology into their teaching practices.ConclusionIn conclusion, technology has had a transformative impact on education. It has revolutionized teaching methods, enhanced student engagement, and provided increased access to educational resources. However, it is important to address the challenges and considerations that arise with the integration of technology in education. By doing so, we can ensure that technology continues to benefit and enhance the learning experience for all students.References:[Original Article Reference]。
论文外语翻译
H. Blaise Nguendo Yongsi.Suffering for Water, Suffering from Water: Access to Drinking-water and Associated Health Risks in National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health .2010 October .PMCID: PMC2963764Suffering for Water, Suffering from Water: Access to Drinking-water and Associated Health Risks in CameroonH. Blaise Nguendo YongsiAbstractAlthough many African countries, along the equator, receive a great amount of rainfall and possess a dense hydrographic network, access to drinking-water remains a great challenge. In many households, water is used for various purposes, including domestic and crafts activities. According to the World Health Organization, an estimated four billion cases of diarrheoa occurs worldwide, of which 88% are ascribed to unsafe drinking-water. This study aimed at evaluating health risks in the usage of contaminated drinking-water and its relationship with the prevalence of diarrhoeal diseases in Yaoundé, Cameroon. In this cross-sectional epidemiological design, 3,034 households with children aged less than five years were investigated. Households were selected from among 20 representative neighbourhoods out of 105 that made up the city. The study revealed a diarrheoa prevalence of 14.4% (437 diarrheoa cases out of 3,034 children tested). Among various risk factors examined, water-supply modes and quality of drinking-water were statistically associated with diarrheoa cases. Moreover, levels of diarrheoa attacks varied considerably from one neighbourhood to the other. The spatial analysis helped determine neighbourhoods of higher and lower prevalence of diarrheoa in the city.Key words: Cross-sectional studies, Diarrhoea, Disparity, Drinking-water, Risk factors, Water quality, Water pollution, Water supply, CameroonINTRODUCTIONThe availability of safe drinking-water is an increasing major concern for the interventional community, especially in light of changing climate-depleting biodiversity. Access to safe drinking-water for domestic use has become a major challenge for contemporary societies with its increased demand. Demand for clean and safe water has become more acute in the context of growing global population, particularly in less-developed countries (1). While developed countries invest heavily on the supply of fresh water to their entire population, developing countries are struggling to cater to the water needs of their citizens, especially in the context of rapid population growth and urbanization. Hence, urbanization has been phenomenal and puzzling with a rapid shift from 15% in 1950 to about 41% in 2007. It is estimated that, by 2030, the continent may attain 54% of urban proportion (2). This phenomenal growth has been qualified as sudden and wild to express the uncontrolled nature of urban growth and the implications it may have on the well-being of city-dwellers. Sub-Saharan Africa is ranked among the world's regions which aremostly at a disadvantage. It is confronted with acute ‘water problems’ (a threat in water shortage in sufficient and satisfactory quantity for human needs), which has negative impacts on a large number of people. It is estimated that close to 300 million people do not have access to drinking-water (3). Results of research showed that water used in most households in developing countries are unsafe for consumption (4–6). It is also evident that, each year, contaminated drinking-water contributes to the death of millions of the poorest people of the world from preventable diseases (7). More importantly, vulnerable groups, such as children, women, and the elderly, are the main victims. Empirical evidence also shows the nexus sanitation, polluted drinking-water, and health. In particular, two types of relationship are often stressed. First, contamination by human or animal faeces is the most regular and pervasive health risk associated with drinking-water; when such defect is recent and when those responsible for it include carriers of communicable enteric diseases, microorganisms that cause these diseases may be present in the water. Second, contaminated drinking-water may result in waterborne diseases, such as cholera, dysentery, and other diseases that may cause diarrhoeas (8).Globally, it is estimated that 88% of diarrheoal disease cases are attributable to unsafe water. In fact, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that about 1.1 billion people globally drink unsafe water (9,10). According to the WHO/United Nations Children's Fund, diarrheoal diseases account for 4.3% of the total global burden of disease (62.5 million disability-adjusted life-years) (11). Despite the number of studies carried out, relatively little is known about the key contribution of unsafe drinking (reference is made here to pathogens found in water) in the occurrence of diarrhoeal diseases. Among the regions of the world, sub-Saharan Africa has been poorly covered despite being the fastest-growing urban population and the majority of city-dwellers having the least access to urban infrastructure and services. Within the context of cities in Cameroon which are witnessing constant population growth (12), access to water through taps is a luxury which only a few inhabitants can afford. With the population growth and the urban sprawling, connecting running water throughout the city requires expanding the water supply network, which the city councils and the government cannot afford. Therefore, many urban dwellers resort to various water sources of poor quality. Unsafe water is often contaminated with faecal material, domestic and industrial wastes. Such polluted water results in an increased risk of transmission of disease to individuals (13). Diarrhoeal diseases are often caused by contaminated water, poor sanitation, and poor hygiene. In Cameroon, diarrhoeal diseases are the most prevalent waterborne diseases among children aged less than five years. In Yaoundé, for example, the prevalence of diarrhoea is increasing. Results of studies conducted in the city among children aged less than five years showed that the rate of prevalence increased from 10.8% in 1998 to 13.1% in 2004 (14).Epidemiological investigations can provide strong evidence linking exposure to the occurrence of diseases in a population and also estimate the magnitude of risk related to a particular exposure. This study, therefore, sought to assess the problem of access to drinking-water in Yaoundé. The objectives were three-fold: (a) to examine patterns of water supply in the Cameroonian capital to illustrate the complexity of the situation; (b) to assess the microbial quality of water used for consumption so as to evaluate its implication on the occurrence of diarrhoeal diseases; and (c) to gain an understanding of the geographic variations or patterns based on the prevalence of diagnosed morbidity.MATERIALS AND METHODSStudy area and sampling sitesThe study was conducted in Yaoundé, the capital city of Cameroon, situated in Central Africa, between latitudes 3 °47’ and 3 °56’ North and 11 °10’ and 11 °45’ East (Fig. 1). Yaoundé displays the classical equatorial climate, with regular and abundant rainfall of more than 1,600 mm per annum and a fairly high average annual temperature of 23 °C. Divided into four watershed basins, the Yaoundé watershed network is dense. The city is drained by the Mfoundi river and its many tributaries (Fig. 2). Like many sub-Saharan African cities, Yaoundé is currently experiencing very rapid urbanization. The first population census in 1926 estimated that Yaoundéhad 100,000 inhabitants. With an estimated annual growth rate of 4.5% since 1980, its population has grown from 812,000 inhabitants in 1987 to 1,500,000 inhabitants in 2000 and to about 2,100,000 inhabitants in 2007. However, this population growth has not been monitored by the city planners and decision-makers. Consequently, local authorities have failed to provide neighbourhoods with adequate utilities, services, and infrastructure. Therefore, city-dwellers are facing difficulties, such as getting access to water-supply systems.Period of study: This interdisciplinary research programme was initiated in 2002 with sociodemographic and environmental surveys. However, microbiological and medical investigations were conducted in June 2005 and updated in July 2008 during the rainy season in Yaoundé.Data-collection methodsTarget population: To minimize the risk of confusion between infectious diarrhoea and soft stools normally observed in infants, the study only targeted children aged 6-59 months. Households with no children or whose children did not meet the age criterion were not considered for sampling purposes. In households with several children within this age range, a random age table was used for selecting one single infant.Survey frame and type: The survey covered neighbourhoods and households in Yaoundé and used a stratified random-sampling procedure based on two stages. First, 20 of the 105 neighbourhoods that make up the city were selected. Not only were these neighbourhoods necessary to derive a sample- size sufficient for the scientific validation of the results but they were representative of the seven types that Yaoundédisplays (housing estates, communal plots, wealthy residential neighbourhoods, central spontaneous neighbourhoods, subcentral spontaneous neighbourhoods, urban fringes, and semi-rural neighbourhoods) (Fig. 3). In the second stage of the survey, 3,034 households (Fig. 4) were selected based on having a child aged less than five years as they appear to be more vulnerable to infectious diseases.dimensions of this study, namely:The sociodemographic and environmental dimension which aimed at examining sources and methods of collection of drinking-water and storage practices.Assessment of the microbiological quality of drinking-water to determine to which extent water used was safe for consumption. In each targeted household, 500mL of water was sampled in the form usually consumed by inhabitants. Drinking-water stored in bottles or other containers was poured into 500mL sterile bottles. For pipe-borne water, standpipes were allowed to run for at least one minute and thereafter sanitized before water was aseptically collected in sterile wide-mouth glass bottles. Water from wells and springs was collected in pre-sterilized devices and was then poured in sterile polypropylene bottles. All the samples were labelled with different codes for analysis. The samples were sealed and transported (in an ice-cooled box at about 4°C) tothe laboratory and were processed as soon as practicable on the day of collection. Microbiological analyses performed on the samples were total viable count. The total coliforms were enumerated by the membrane filtration (MF) technique described by the American Public Health Association (15). Salmonella and Shigella species were detected by inoculating water samples into selenite F broth, followed by isolation of the typical organism on selective medium xylose lysine deoxycholate agar (XLD) (16). Pseudomonas was detected by placing filtered cellulose nitrate membrane filters onto basic Pseudomonas agar. The medium xylose lysine deoxycholate agar was incubated at 42 °C for 40-44 hours. Later, the agar was checked under ultraviolet light to detect pigment thought to be Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Pseudomonas spp. To detect Escherichia coli, all colonies of coliforms, which showed characteristic occurrence on endo agar and mFC agar, were subcultured on eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar, incubated overnight at 37 °C and were subjected to biochemical tests to identify E. coli (17). Other enteric bacteria isolated on respective selective or differential media were identified based on their colonial, morphological and biochemical properties, following Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (18). Approved by the National Ethics Committee of Cameroon, the medical dimension aimed at detecting cases of diarrheoa in children within the selected households. Thus, when a case of diarrheoa was reported, a stool sample was collected and dispatched to the bacteriological, virological and parasitological laboratories of the Cameroon Pasteur Institute within the accepted requirements for the confirmation and identification of the causal agents. Each positive sample was linked with the household's sociodemographic and environmental data.DISCUSSIONAccess to drinking-water in Yaoundé is a worrying situation since 80.2% of the city dwellers did not have access to drinking-water supplied by the national company SNEC. This category of people are those living in the outskirts This is so because, with the galloping population growth, it has been difficult for the SNEC to offer reliable services to everyone. Consequently, many households, not just the poorest, resorted exclusively to groundwaters, such as springs (7.4%) and wells (3%). The plastic pipe which is seldom cleaned is used by everyone and is replaced only in the case of loss or damage. These conditions favour contamination of water with germs more so that collection is done by children (64.9%) who are not very conscious of health risks. Water is then transported in containers laid on the head through a weight-lifting movement during which unclean fingers may be soaked in the water. On the head, in an open container, water is directly in contact with the air and is likely to be contaminated. As far as storage conditions are concerned, many households usually store their drinking-water in uncovered devices, such as buckets (45.5%), clay-pots (33.2%), and barrels (15.4%). This is a less rigorous practice that is conducive to the growth of pathogenic bacteria, which could cause diarrhoea. In some cases (5.9%), water is transferred into plastic bottles. It was noted that the duration of storage varied from one day (15.7%) to three days (47.2%) and even more (22.1%) depending on the size of the household. ConclusionsThe findings of the study point to some important policy implications. For instance, access to safe drinking-water for the majority of urban dwellers requires enabling water regulations that will increase access to drinking-water supplied by the National Water Company. Second, as most individuals use water directly from available sources without any form of treatment, and may, therefore, be exposed to various water-related diseases, it seems logical to suggest that currentregulations be revised to include water-quality testing. The control of drinking-water quality remains a major challenge in sub-Saharan urban areas. However, comprehensive planning should be made for continuous monitoring of water sources, especially the contaminated ones. A further study is needed to determine the factors responsible for the presence of coliforms in drinking-water so that effective intervention can be initiated. As far as possible, water sources must be protected from contamination by human and animal wastes. Third, the geographic information system techniques are useful in assessing health risks concerning population-based studies on drinking-water epidemiology. Data on the uneven distribution of diarrhoea within the city indicate that promotional messages in health education should target the vulnerable neighbourhoods.It would also be of value to investigate other neighbourhood-level determinants, such as socioeconomic, cultural, environmental and human behavioural factors, involved in the aetiology of diarrheoal diseases.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis study was carried out within the PERSAN research programme funded by the Institute of Research for Development. The author is grateful to the staff of the Laboratory of Hygiene and Environment of the Pasteur Institute for their technical assistance. He also thanks the reviewers for their valuable suggestions.因为水的痛苦,在喀麦隆来自于获得饮用水和与水相关的健康风险的苦难h·布莱斯Nguendo Yongsi摘要尽管许多非洲国家,沿着赤道,收到大量的降雨和拥有一个密集的水文网络,获得饮用水仍然是一个巨大的挑战。
毕业论文外文翻译样例
1.Briefly on contractsThe law of contracts is concerned with the enforcement of promissory obligations. Contractual liability is usually based on consent freely given in the form of an express promise or one implied in fact from the acts of the parties. In some circumstances, however, the courts will imply a promise （often called implied in law or quasi contract）in order to avoid unjust enrichment in spite of lack of consent by the party who is bound by it。
The subject matter of contract law comprises capacity，formalities, offer and acceptance，consideration, fraud and mistake, legality, interpretation and construction, performance and conditions of performance，frustration and impossibility, discharge，rights of assignees and third party beneficiaries，and remedies。
It has, to a very considerable extent，preserved its unitary quality ，resisting fundamental distinctions between different classes of contracts according to either the subject of the agreement or the nature of the parties。
全球价值链的治理外文翻译 大学论文
本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目：The Governance of Global Value Chains出处：Review of International Political Economy作者：Gary Gereffi, John Humphrey, Timothy Sturgeon译文：全球价值链的治理摘要本文构建了一个理论框架来解释全球价值链的治理模式。
它依据交易成本经济学、生产网络、技术能力和企业层面的学习着三方面的文献，定义了在决定全球价值链的治理和变化中其作用的三个变量。
它们分别是：（1）交易的复杂程度，（2）进行交易的能力，（3）供应基地的容量。
这个理论产生了从高到低不同程度的明确合作和权利不对称的五种类型的全球价值链的治理模式——层级型、领导型、关系型、模块型和市场型。
本文通过对自行车、服装、园艺和电子这四个产业的简单案例的研究，强调了全球价值链治理的动态和重叠的本质。
一、引言在过去的几十年里，世界经济特别是在国际贸易和产业组织领域发生了巨大的变化。
当代经济最重要的两个新特征就是生产和贸易的全球化，以及跨国公司的垂直分工。
前者加速了发展中国家的工业能力的增长，后者使得跨国公司的核心竞争力集中在创新和产品策略、营销、高附加值的制造业和服务业，同时减少其对一般服务和批量生产这些非核心的功能的直接所有权。
这两个变化一方面为各种各样的相邻市场间的网络整理形式奠定了基础，另一方面为大型的垂直一体化公司的产生提供了条件。
本文的目的在于构建一个理论框架，为了更好地理解在全球市场的生产中治理结构的转变，这个结构指的是“全球价值链”。
我们的目的在于为已知领域的各种各样的网络形式提供秩序。
全球规模的产业组织的改革不仅仅对企业命运和产业结构产生影响，而且影响了国家如何以及为什么会在全球经济中前进或者停滞不前。
对全球价值链的研究和政策工作检验了全球生产和分工系统一体化的不同方式，以及发展中国家的企业在全球市场上提高地位的能力。
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各种论文作业来了，留学生们应该迎难而上。
作为英国本土注册的正规机构——留学论文宝，专业服务老师将要解决学生在写作论文方面的困难和疑问。
也许刚出国的学生会感到疑问，写作业为什么要找机构辅导呢？留学论文宝专业老师解答：即使是新留学生，现在也是到了上学期的中间了，平常论文作业会布置很多。
第一，与国内的课程不一样，数目明显增多；第二，课程难度加大；第三，全英文写作，不能带有中式英语的痕迹；第四，导师要求超级严格；第五，留学生醉心于异国优美风光。
鉴于以上原因，尤其是写毕业论文的留学生，选题定方向，找参考资料，整理之后写开题报告拟提纲，论文写作及修改，最后定稿等等环节，这样还不一定能毕业。
而专注于英文论文写作辅导的机构在这方面是很权威的，所以找一家靠谱的机构对于自己完成学业是很有帮助的。
很多学生在写英国论文的时候感受到了找辅导机构的必要性和重要性，但是面对无数的广告，非常疑惑该找个什么样的机构，什么样的机构可信呢？留学论文宝专业老师解答：当然是找个权威专业负责、信誉度高的机构啊。
留学论文宝就是这样的一家机构，权威在于是在英国本地的一家论文辅导机构，而且可以做到高端的研究生博士生，相比较于国内的一些自称很权威的机构，留学论文宝就不解释了。
专业在于留学论文宝的老师全都是国外重点大学毕业的研究生博士生，在学术上都有一定的业绩的人士，甚至还有外国大学的一些教师；而国内的一些机构的老师就是英语专八的学生而已，或是客服本身。
负责在于留学论文宝的客服人员一天24小时在线，这是其他机构做不到的，而且辅导老师会根据学生的自身情况、要求量身定做论文，在前期会拿出outline给学生看。
信誉度高在于通过率高达98%以上，在给学生定稿的时候会有一份用专业的Turn it in 检测系统查重，保证抄袭率在5%以下,甚至原创度是100%，而且保密性极好。
各位留学生以上提出的疑问，留学论文宝专业老师都进行了一一解答，有更多疑问欢迎咨询，以便留学论文宝能更好地服务，客服24小时在线哦！
留学论文宝从2003年开始专注于论文写作，十年很快就过去了，也见证了多少芊芊学子的汗水与喜悦，其中学生毕业前最重要的就是写毕业论文，在这方面留学论文宝也给无数的学子提供了很大的帮助，可以使得很多同学能顺利的毕业，如果您有什么不明白的，赶紧来咨询留学论文宝的老师们吧！。