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• 现代规制国家的行政管理 机构。
Part 1
• 第二年学生所修的课程是有关工商业活动所引起 的基本法律问题，例如商法和公司法等。同时， 也修读公法的基本科目，如宪法、行政法和税法。 此外，还要学习有关会计方面的课程。第三年的 课程大部分属选修课。
Part 1
• The peripheral subjects: 外围课程\边缘学科 • • • • • Legal wenku.baidu.comhilosophy 法哲学 Legal history 法制史 Legal process 程序法 Clinical education 诊所式教育 ——a kind of playground or finishing school for learning the soial art of self presentation as a lawyer
-Case Method and Socratic Method
Case Method
A system of instruction or study of law focused upon the analysis of court opinions rather than lectures and textbooks; the predominant method of teaching in U.S. law schools today.
• There is no central institution where all lawyers practice, the only institutional experience which lawyers have in common is law school. • 美国没有供所有律师 实习的中心机构，因 此法学院成为所有律 师共同具有的制度上 的经历（机构性的经 历）。
Text
• In 1983, over 125，000 law students were studying in more than 170 ABA accredited law schools • 得到美国律师协会认可的法学院 Public law schools
Private law schools Local or national schools
Christopher Columbus Langdell
•
practiced in New York City from 1854 to 1870; in 1875 he became dean of Harvard law school. Langdell is especially famed for the introduction of the “case method” in the study of law. In his view the principles of law are best learned by inductive study of the actual legal situations (the cases) in which they occur. Langdell's theory was first adopted at Harvard, then at Columbia law school, and in time gained almost universal acceptance.
（1826-1906）American teacher of law. He
Part 1
• The case method looked to the common law as the source of legal principles and focused on the teaching of an abstract conception of the law as a science.
Background
• 3.Curriculum: -First year Required Course -Second year -Third year Elective Course
Background
• 4.Teaching Methodeaching Method
-Lecture method
Background
• • • • • • • 1.大学后教育 没有法学本科生 Political Science Economics Criminal Justice Sociology Journalism
Background
• 2.美国法学院设立的学位——Legal Degree • JD，Juris Doctor =法学本科 ——法律博士 • LLM，Master of Laws ——法学硕士 • SJD，Doctor of Juridical Science ——法学博士
Legal Education
Lesson 3
• One of the most striking and salutary thing in American life is the widespread study of law. ——Alexis de Tocqueville ,French judge 美国人生活中最显著而又有益的事情莫过于对法 律的广泛研究了。 ——法国法官托克维尔 A
Part 1
• • • • • • • Teach law in interdisciplinary contexts: History 历史学 Psychology 心理学 Sociology 社会学 Medicine 医学 Economics 经济学
Part 1
• Law teachers in almost all law schools use to some extent the case method or the Socratic method. • 几乎所有法学院的法律教师都在一定程度上采用 案例教学法或苏格拉底教学法。
Part 1
• Some law schools have expended curricula to include courses and clinical program in environmental law, housing and urban development, women’s right, health in the workplace, welfare rights and consumer protection. • 一些法学院将课程和实习计划拓展到环境法、住 房和城市发展、妇女权利、职业健康、福利权利 和消费者保护。
These criticisms have focused on:
• the curriculum and the dominance of the case method; • 课程与案例教学法的主导地位； • • the distribution of power and prestige reflected in the hierarchy within and among the law schools; • 法学院内部以及法学院之间在等级制度上的权力 与声望的分配；
Part 1
Socratic method
• • • • • • A pedagogical technique in which a teacher does not give information directly but instead asks a series of questions, with the result that the student comes either to the desired knowledge by answering the questions or to a deeper awareness of the limits of knowledge.
These criticisms have focused on:
• the imbalance in terms of women and minorities in the students body and faculty in the law schools. • 法学院学生与教职工中妇女和少数民族人数的不 平衡。
• The criticisms which range from “mild to caustic” of the ways in which law schools have carried out these functions and of the functions themselves have been persistent, diverse and rooted in the historical and political development of the profession. • 对于法学院实现这些功能的方法 以及功能本身的 批评从“温和到尖锐”，这些批评持续不断，内 容各异，根植于律师职业的历史和政治发展。
• 案例教学法将普通法作为法律原则的渊源，将教 授法律的抽象概念作为一门科学。
Part 1
• The legal principles elicited were to be taught divorced from the “grubby world of practice—and also from politics, history, economics, and social contexts”. • 对抽象的法律原则的教学应该与低层次的实践活 动分离开来，也应该与政治学、历史学、经济学 和社会学背景中分离开来。
• As virtually the only way to prepare for membership in the legal profession, • 法学院实质上是为法律职业准备人才的唯一途径。 • Law school fulfill several functions: • Professional training • Socialization of future lawyers • Screening and gatekeeping for entrance to the profession
Part 1
• • • • • • The traditonal first-year program: contracts; torts; property; criminal law; civil procedure.
• ——the ground rules for late 19th century • laissez-faire capitalism. • Duncan Kennedy
Part 1
• The second year and third year course expound the moderate reformist New Deal program and the administrative structure of the modern regulatory state.
Current Situation
• 全美大约有203所法学院，其中被ABA批准的有 178所。
• 法学院分为公立和私立两种，其中公立学院是由 • 州政府设立的。
Famous Private Law Schools
• 哈佛大学法学院（Harvard University Law School） • 耶鲁大学法学院（Yale Law School ） • 哥伦比亚大学法学院（Columbia University Law School） • 芝加哥大学法学院（University of Chicago Law School ） • 斯坦福大学法学院（Stanford University Law School）
Part 1
• 第二年学生所修的课程是有关工商业活动所引起 的基本法律问题，例如商法和公司法等。同时， 也修读公法的基本科目，如宪法、行政法和税法。 此外，还要学习有关会计方面的课程。第三年的 课程大部分属选修课。
Part 1
• The peripheral subjects: 外围课程\边缘学科 • • • • • Legal wenku.baidu.comhilosophy 法哲学 Legal history 法制史 Legal process 程序法 Clinical education 诊所式教育 ——a kind of playground or finishing school for learning the soial art of self presentation as a lawyer
-Case Method and Socratic Method
Case Method
A system of instruction or study of law focused upon the analysis of court opinions rather than lectures and textbooks; the predominant method of teaching in U.S. law schools today.
• There is no central institution where all lawyers practice, the only institutional experience which lawyers have in common is law school. • 美国没有供所有律师 实习的中心机构，因 此法学院成为所有律 师共同具有的制度上 的经历（机构性的经 历）。
Text
• In 1983, over 125，000 law students were studying in more than 170 ABA accredited law schools • 得到美国律师协会认可的法学院 Public law schools
Private law schools Local or national schools
Christopher Columbus Langdell
•
practiced in New York City from 1854 to 1870; in 1875 he became dean of Harvard law school. Langdell is especially famed for the introduction of the “case method” in the study of law. In his view the principles of law are best learned by inductive study of the actual legal situations (the cases) in which they occur. Langdell's theory was first adopted at Harvard, then at Columbia law school, and in time gained almost universal acceptance.
（1826-1906）American teacher of law. He
Part 1
• The case method looked to the common law as the source of legal principles and focused on the teaching of an abstract conception of the law as a science.
Background
• 3.Curriculum: -First year Required Course -Second year -Third year Elective Course
Background
• 4.Teaching Methodeaching Method
-Lecture method
Background
• • • • • • • 1.大学后教育 没有法学本科生 Political Science Economics Criminal Justice Sociology Journalism
Background
• 2.美国法学院设立的学位——Legal Degree • JD，Juris Doctor =法学本科 ——法律博士 • LLM，Master of Laws ——法学硕士 • SJD，Doctor of Juridical Science ——法学博士
Legal Education
Lesson 3
• One of the most striking and salutary thing in American life is the widespread study of law. ——Alexis de Tocqueville ,French judge 美国人生活中最显著而又有益的事情莫过于对法 律的广泛研究了。 ——法国法官托克维尔 A
Part 1
• • • • • • • Teach law in interdisciplinary contexts: History 历史学 Psychology 心理学 Sociology 社会学 Medicine 医学 Economics 经济学
Part 1
• Law teachers in almost all law schools use to some extent the case method or the Socratic method. • 几乎所有法学院的法律教师都在一定程度上采用 案例教学法或苏格拉底教学法。
Part 1
• Some law schools have expended curricula to include courses and clinical program in environmental law, housing and urban development, women’s right, health in the workplace, welfare rights and consumer protection. • 一些法学院将课程和实习计划拓展到环境法、住 房和城市发展、妇女权利、职业健康、福利权利 和消费者保护。
These criticisms have focused on:
• the curriculum and the dominance of the case method; • 课程与案例教学法的主导地位； • • the distribution of power and prestige reflected in the hierarchy within and among the law schools; • 法学院内部以及法学院之间在等级制度上的权力 与声望的分配；
Part 1
Socratic method
• • • • • • A pedagogical technique in which a teacher does not give information directly but instead asks a series of questions, with the result that the student comes either to the desired knowledge by answering the questions or to a deeper awareness of the limits of knowledge.
These criticisms have focused on:
• the imbalance in terms of women and minorities in the students body and faculty in the law schools. • 法学院学生与教职工中妇女和少数民族人数的不 平衡。
• The criticisms which range from “mild to caustic” of the ways in which law schools have carried out these functions and of the functions themselves have been persistent, diverse and rooted in the historical and political development of the profession. • 对于法学院实现这些功能的方法 以及功能本身的 批评从“温和到尖锐”，这些批评持续不断，内 容各异，根植于律师职业的历史和政治发展。
• 案例教学法将普通法作为法律原则的渊源，将教 授法律的抽象概念作为一门科学。
Part 1
• The legal principles elicited were to be taught divorced from the “grubby world of practice—and also from politics, history, economics, and social contexts”. • 对抽象的法律原则的教学应该与低层次的实践活 动分离开来，也应该与政治学、历史学、经济学 和社会学背景中分离开来。
• As virtually the only way to prepare for membership in the legal profession, • 法学院实质上是为法律职业准备人才的唯一途径。 • Law school fulfill several functions: • Professional training • Socialization of future lawyers • Screening and gatekeeping for entrance to the profession
Part 1
• • • • • • The traditonal first-year program: contracts; torts; property; criminal law; civil procedure.
• ——the ground rules for late 19th century • laissez-faire capitalism. • Duncan Kennedy
Part 1
• The second year and third year course expound the moderate reformist New Deal program and the administrative structure of the modern regulatory state.
Current Situation
• 全美大约有203所法学院，其中被ABA批准的有 178所。
• 法学院分为公立和私立两种，其中公立学院是由 • 州政府设立的。
Famous Private Law Schools
• 哈佛大学法学院（Harvard University Law School） • 耶鲁大学法学院（Yale Law School ） • 哥伦比亚大学法学院（Columbia University Law School） • 芝加哥大学法学院（University of Chicago Law School ） • 斯坦福大学法学院（Stanford University Law School）