高考英语定语从句详细解析

高考英语定语从句详细解析

在句中修饰名词或代词的从句，因其修饰作用相当于形容词，故称形容词性从句，即通常所说的定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，区别定语从句和名词性从句的最简易的办法就是看从句前有无被修饰的先行词。引导定语从句的关系词既起着联系作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成分。这些关系词包括：

1）关系代词：先行词为人：________、_________ 、_______、________。

先行词为物：________、________、________、________ 。

2）关系副词：_________ 、_______、________。

注意：引导定语从句的关系词和引导名词性从句的连接词有许多是共用的，但它们在从句中的作用有所不同，注意区别。尤其要注意的是what只能引导名词性从句，不能引导定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在先行词后，但有时也被一个短语隔开。例如：

I was the only person in my office who was invited.

1．关系代词的用法：关系代词在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或表语等成分。

The comrade ______ visited our class yesterday is our new headmaster.（作主语）

He is no longer the man ______ he used to be. （作表语）

This is the book ______ I referred to in my talk. (作宾语)

Wei Fang is the student ______ home caught fire last week. (作定语)

使用关系代词值得注意以下几点：

①that, which在从句中作主语时，不能省略；作宾语时，在口语和非正式语中经常省略。whom 也常可省略。例如：He is the man (whom) you have been looking for. （作宾语）②that, which在从句中作主语时，如果先行词前面有序数词、最高级以及有the only，the very等修饰时，只能用that, 不能用which。如果先行词是all, everything, anything, nothing, none, few, little, much等不定代词；或是先行词被all, every, some, any, no, few, little等不定代词修饰时,一般要用that，但是something后面既可用that也可用which。例如：

Titanic is the best film ______ has been shown this year.

The only thing ______ matters is to find our way home.

This is the very magazine ______ you are after.

I’ll do all______ I can to help you.

Is there anything______ I can do for you in town?

There is something______ keeps worrying me. “有一件事一直令我不安。

③如果主句是由who，which，what 引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，先行词后的引导词要用that，而不用who或which。例如：

Who is the man ______ is reading the newspaper over there?

Which is the dictionary ______ you bought yesterday?

注意：当先行词是anyone, those, he, she等代词表“人”时，一般用who而不用that。同时要注意主谓一致的问题，即从句中谓语动词的数要由who所指代的“人”所决定.

Anyone who want s a ticket please sign your name here.

Those who want to go to the English party must be at the school gate by 7:30 p.m.

He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.

④whose在定语从句中置于名词之前，充当定语，既可指人，又可指物。whose xx = the xx of which（指物）/whom（指人）。例如：

Please pass me the dictionary whose cover is black. （指物）

=Please pass me the dictionary ___________________ is black.

The doctor, whose name was Johnson, lived in a small town in the north of England. （指人）

=The doctor, _________________ was Johnson, lived in a small town in the north of England.

⑤介词+关系代词的用法

关系代词紧跟在介词后面时，不能用that，也不能省略，常用which或whom。

介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定；也可结合句意，根据先行词确定。该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前，也可放在从句之尾。例如：

The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.

=The palace _______________ I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.

I need a pen ________________ I can write a letter.

a. He was educated at the local high school, ______ he went on to Beijing University. [2007 江苏卷]

A. after which

B. after that

C. in which

D. in that

b. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree ______ they can be controlled on purpose. [2007 重庆卷] A. with which B. to which C. of which D. for which

但遇固定词组时，介词一般紧跟词组主体，不作前置。如：

Is this the book (which/that) you are looking for? ( 这里介词for一般不提前，因为look for是固定词组，意为“寻找”，介词for若被提前，单个的look意为“看”，句意不符。)

⑥先行词既有人又有物时，引导词只用that。例如：

They talked about the persons and things (that) they remembered in the school.

⑦先行词是the way时，且在从句中充当方式状语时，其后的定语从句关系词有三种，例如：

I like the way ______________ the teacher gives his lessons.

Marx told us the way __ we could learn a foreign language well. A. why B. how C. which D. when

2．关系副词的用法