2015-04-12Reading八世纪日本建筑变化+太阳系起源+太平洋岛动植物(词句整理)

Architectural Change in Eighth-Century Japan

Words & Phrases

1.Several factors contributed to this, in particular with respect to the creation of two new

capital cities.

with respect to: 关于，至于，谈到…

几个因素对此作出贡献，尤其是涉及到两个新的首都城市的建立

2.To elaborate, before the eighth century, the elite marriage practice, which was an important

instrument of political alliance making, had encouraged rulers to maintain multiple palaces: elaborate：v. 详细说明，详细阐述；adj. 精细复杂的

elite: n. 贵族；精英

“贵族”这个词在托福古代人类社会话题经常出现，表示贵族的单词还有：aristocrat，noble

practice: n. 通常做法，惯例

political alliance making: 政治联盟的缔结

maintain multiple palaces：维持许多宫殿

3.spouse: n. 配偶

espouse：v. 支持

4.encouraging frequent changes in royal residence as children matured and marriage alliances

changed：随着孩子成熟和婚姻联盟发生变化而促使皇家住所发生频繁变化

royal residence：皇室的住所

mature：v. 成熟

marriage alliances：婚姻联盟

5.The customs of multiple palaces were feasible as long as a ruling group was modest in size：

多个宫殿的习俗是可行的只要统治集团规模大小适中

feasible：adj. 可行的，做得到的=doable

If something is feasible, it can be done, made, or achieved.

modest：adj. 大小适中的，不大的偏小的You use modest to describe something such as an amount, rate, or improvement which is fairly small

modest考过词汇题，选moderate或small

6.The practical necessity of replacement was given religious sanction：拆迁搬家的实际必要

性被给予宗教的许可

practical: adj. 实际的，实用的The practical aspects of something involve real situations and events, rather than just ideas and theories

sanction：n. 许可，批准

7.they acquired more and more underlings, weaponry, and tribute goods：他们获得越来越多

的下属、武器和贡品。

8.to have these people and resources close at hand where they could be more easily

controlled and utilized：去让这些人和资源近在手边，近在手边它们可以被更容易地控制和利用。

utilize：v. 利用=exploit，make use of (考过词汇题)

9.became more costly, even prohibitive：变得更加代价昂贵，甚至价格高的离谱令人望而

生畏

10.tile roofs that largely eliminated the problem of rot and the consequent need for

replacement：

瓷瓦屋顶，很大程度上清除了腐烂的问题以及因此产生的需要替换的问题

11.effectively precluded periodic replacement or the transfer of a royal headquarters from site

to site

有效地阻止了周期性的替换问题或者皇室总部从一个地方转移到另一个地方的问题12.the notion of grand buildings：宏大建筑物的理念

notion: n. 概念，观念，理念A notion is an idea or belief about something

13.constituted an expression of political triumph, a legitimizing symbol of the first order

构成了一种政治胜利的表达，一种第一秩序的合法化象征

14.the architecture was an integral part of Buddhism：这种建筑是佛教的必要组成部分

integral：adj. 构成整体所必须的，基本的Something that is an integral part of something is an essential part of that thing.

衍生：integer：整数；integrate：v. 将…整入整体中

15. a compromise system was devised：一个妥协系统被设计出来

16.Traditional shrines：传统的圣殿/佛堂

17.To accommodate religious concerns and taboos: 去考虑到宗教的关注和禁忌

Accommodate：v. 容纳；考虑到，顾及If something is planned or changed to accommodate a particular situation, it is planned or changed so that it takes this situation into account.

taboo：n. 禁忌，忌讳If there is a taboo on a subject or activity, it is a social custom to avoid doing that activity or talking about that subject, because people find them embarrassing or offensive

Syntax

1.In essence, changes then occurring in Japanese political life were rendering past

arrangements for the rulers’ headquarters obsolete

名词后面是对名词的修饰，所以原句中的“then occurring in Japanese political life”是对前面changes的修饰

整句话意思是：本质上来看，当时发生在日本政治生活中的变化正导致关于统治者总部的过去的布局过时了。

In essence：从本质上来看，实际上

render : v. 致使，造成You can use render with an adjective that describes a particular state to say that someone or something is changed into that state. For example, if someone or something makes a thing harmless, you can say that they render it harmless

obsolete：adj. 废弃的，淘汰的，过时的Something that is obsolete is no longer needed because something better has been invented.

2.Buildings using the traditional construction of thatched roofs and wooden poles placed

主语后面有很长的修饰，修饰结束后才出谓语，典型的主谓分离句

整句话意思为：使用传统的建造方法（茅草屋顶和直接放在地面上的木头柱子）建设起来的楼房二十年左右就腐朽掉了。