大学英语四级语法复习重点
英语四级常考语法总结
英语四级常考语法总结摘要:1.引言2.英语四级常考语法点一:动词时态3.英语四级常考语法点二:被动语态4.英语四级常考语法点三:从句5.英语四级常考语法点四:情态动词6.英语四级常考语法点五:虚拟语气7.英语四级常考语法点六:非谓语动词8.英语四级常考语法点七:介词、连词和代词9.英语四级常考语法点八:句子成分和结构10.结论正文:【引言】英语四级考试是很多大学生必须面对的一项重要考试。
为了帮助大家更好地备战四级,本文将总结英语四级考试中经常出现的语法点,希望能够提高大家的学习效率,轻松应对考试。
【英语四级常考语法点一:动词时态】动词时态是英语四级考试中的重点和难点,考生需要掌握各种时态的构成和用法。
主要包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时等。
【英语四级常考语法点二:被动语态】被动语态在英语四级考试中也非常重要,主要有三种形式:一般被动语态、完成被动语态和被动语态的否定形式。
掌握被动语态的用法,有助于提高阅读理解和写作的能力。
【英语四级常考语法点三:从句】从句是英语四级考试中不可或缺的部分,主要包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句和状语从句。
学会识别和运用各种从句,对提高四级成绩至关重要。
【英语四级常考语法点四:情态动词】情态动词在英语四级考试中占有重要地位,如:can、could、may、might、must、should等。
掌握情态动词的用法,有助于提高语法填空和完形填空的正确率。
【英语四级常考语法点五:虚拟语气】虚拟语气在英语四级考试中也有一定的出现频率,主要包括条件句中的虚拟语气、宾语从句中的虚拟语气、主语从句中的虚拟语气等。
学会运用虚拟语气,能让你的句子更加丰富多彩。
【英语四级常考语法点六:非谓语动词】非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词。
在英语四级考试中,非谓语动词的应用范围广泛,如:作主语、作宾语、作定语等。
【英语四级常考语法点七:介词、连词和代词】介词、连词和代词在英语四级考试中贯穿始终,掌握它们的使用方法,能有效提高填空题和选择题的正确率。
大学英语四级语法表(最新版)
大学英语四级语法表(最新版)
本文档是大学英语四级语法表的最新版本,旨在帮助学生系统地研究和掌握英语四级考试中的语法知识。
以下是主要内容:
1. 词类
- 名词:用途、单复数形式、所有格
- 代词:人称代词、指示代词、反身代词、不定代词
- 动词:时态、语态、情态动词
- 形容词和副词:形容词和副词的比较级和最高级、副词修饰动词、形容词修饰名词
- 介词:常见介词及其用法
- 连词:并列连词、从属连词、关联词等
2. 句子结构
- 句子成分:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等
- 句子类型:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句等
- 句子的基本结构:主谓结构、主谓宾结构、主谓宾补结构、主谓双宾结构等
3. 从句和复合句
- 名词性从句:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等
- 定语从句:限制性定语从句、非限制性定语从句
- 状语从句:时间状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句等
- 复合句:主从复合句、并列复合句
4. 语态和时态
- 时态:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时等
- 语态:主动语态、被动语态
5. 其他语法知识点
- 倒装句
- 强调句
- 虚拟语气
- 直接引语和间接引语
以上仅为大纲内容,具体细节请参考教材和相关语法书籍。
注意:本文档仅供参考,语法知识的学习还需结合实际练习进行。
祝你考试顺利!。
(简明版)大学英语四级语法大全
(简明版)大学英语四级语法大全一、名词(Noun)名词是一个词汇类别,用于表示人、动物、事物、地点等。
在句子中,名词可以作为主语、宾语、定语、表语等。
例如:- 主语:Cats are cute animals.Cats are cute animals.- 宾语:I love dogs.dogs.- 定语:The green tree is beautiful.green tree is beautiful.- 表语:My brother is a doctor.doctor.二、代词(Pronoun)代词是一个词汇类别,用于替代名词。
它们可以替代特定的人或事物,以避免重复使用相同的名词。
例如:- 人称代词:I am going to the store.I am going to the store.- 物主代词:That book is mine.mine.- 指示代词:This is my car.This is my car.- 相互代词:They saw each other at the party.each other at the party.三、形容词(Adjective)形容词是用于描述名词或代词的词汇。
它们可以提供关于名词或代词的特征、性质、状态等信息。
例如:- 描述名词:She has a beautiful voice.beautiful voice.- 描述代词:I am so tired.so tired.- 修饰词组:He bought a red sports car.red sports car.四、副词(Adverb)副词是用于描述动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子的词汇。
它们可以提供关于时间、地点、程度等信息。
例如:- 描述动词:She sings beautifully.beautifully.- 描述形容词:He is extremely tall.extremely tall.- 描述副词:She runs very fast.very fast.- 描述整个句子:Certainly, I can help you.Certainly, I can help you.五、动词(Verb)动词是用于表示动作、状态或发生事件的词汇。
英语四级语法总结
英语四级语法总结英语四级语法总结尽管英语的语法知识是触类旁通的,但是在大学英语四级考试里语法的运用确实灵活多样的。
以下是育路教育网为考生搜集的大学英语四级考试语法汇总,相信对考生的复习有所帮助。
1、语法考题的涉及面宽近年考题曾经考到:几乎所有词类,三种动词的非谓语形式,名词从句,形容词从句,副词从句,独立主格,一致,倒装,强调等基本语法知识。
2、语法考试的重点突出语法考试的重点为内容庞杂较难掌握的项目,这些项目还反复出现如:虚拟语气,状语从句,定语从句,独立主格,情态动词。
3、具体考查重点为以上项目中的特殊用法,不常用的情况1)虚拟语气的考点为:would rather+that从句+一般过去时:It is vital/ necessary/ important/ urgent/ imperative/ desirable/ advisable/ natural/ essential +that+动词原形;It is time/about time/high time+that+一般过去时:proposal/suggestion+that+动词原形;lest+that+should+动词原形;if only+that+would+动词原形。
2)状语从句的考点为:非if引导的条件状语从句,此类句子多用at times,provided,so long as,in case, once等来替代if;由evenif/so,now that,for all等引导的让步状语从句;just/hardly…when引导的时间状语从句;more than,as…as,notso much as,the same as,as much as等引导的比较状语从句。
3)独立主格结构多以逻辑主语+分词的形式出现。
4)情态动词多与完成时形式连用。
5)定语从句重点考查介词+关系代词(which)和as作为关系代词。
4、词汇的考查重点为1)动词,名词与介词的搭配如:popular/patient+with;yield/solution/adapt/transfer/access +to;accuse/require+of;charge+for;under+discussion等等。
大学英语四级(cet4)语法讲义
四级语法讲义一:时态:所谓的"时态",就是时间+状态。
谓语动词的时态见下表:1.主动形式2.被动形式CET-4 常考的三种时态:过去完成时;将来完成时;(现在/过去)完成进行时。
时间状语从句当中的时态:一般过去时所有的过去用一般现在时表示现在和将来现在完成时现在完成和将来完成一.非谓语动词一.不定式:一)不定式的常考形式:1)一般形式:He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.语法功能:表示与谓语动词同步发生2)完成形式:He pretended not to have seen me.被动形式:The book is said to have been translated into many languages.语法功能:表示发生在谓语动词之前二)不定式常考的考点:1)不定式做定语----将要发生2)不定式做状语----目的3)不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe.三)不定式的省略1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do表示动作的完整性,真实性;+ doing表示动作的连续性,进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。
(强调"我看见了"这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
(强调"我见他正干活"这个动作)感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词:The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原toI ‘d like to have John do it.I have my package weighed.Paul doesn’t have to be mad e to learn.3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do四)有些动词后只跟不定式如:want,wish,hope,manage,promise,refuse,pretend,plan, offer,decide,agree,expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to doforce sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to dobe ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; besimilarity/similar to.三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。
cet4大学英语四级词汇与语法
cet4大学英语四级词汇与语法《cet4 大学英语四级词汇与语法》对于许多大学生来说,通过大学英语四级考试(CET4)是一项重要的任务。
在备考 CET4 的过程中,词汇和语法无疑是两个关键的部分。
词汇是语言的基石,没有足够的词汇量,理解和表达都会受到很大的限制。
在 CET4 中,要求掌握的词汇量大约在 4500 左右。
这并不是一个小数目,那么如何有效地记忆这些词汇呢?首先,要有系统的学习计划。
可以将词汇按照一定的规律进行分类,比如按照词性、主题等。
比如,把表示情感的词汇放在一起,像“happy(高兴的)”“sad(悲伤的)”“angry(生气的)”等;把与校园生活相关的词汇归为一类,如“classroom(教室)”“library(图书馆)”“professor(教授)”等。
这样分类记忆,能够让我们的思路更加清晰,也更容易联想和回忆。
其次,多种方式结合记忆。
单纯的死记硬背往往效果不佳,可以通过阅读、听力、写作等多种方式来加深对词汇的理解和记忆。
阅读英文文章时,遇到不认识的单词,先根据上下文猜测词义,然后再去查阅词典确认,这样不仅能记住单词,还能了解其用法。
听英语歌曲、看英语电影或剧集也是不错的方法,在轻松愉快的氛围中接触到新的词汇,同时还能感受到英语的语音语调。
再者,要善于利用碎片时间。
比如在等公交、排队的时候,可以拿出手机上的单词 APP 或者小卡片,快速复习几个单词。
积少成多,这些碎片时间利用起来也能积累不少词汇。
说完词汇,再来说说语法。
语法是构建语言的规则,正确的语法能够让我们的表达更加准确、清晰。
CET4 考试中的语法考点众多,包括时态、语态、虚拟语气、从句等。
时态是语法中的基础,比如一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时等等。
要理解每种时态的用法和构成,通过大量的例句来加深印象。
语态方面,要清楚主动语态和被动语态的转换规则。
虚拟语气相对较难,需要重点掌握与现在、过去、将来事实相反的虚拟语气的结构和用法。
大学英语四级CET4语法强化知识点汇总
CET4 语法强化基本概念:1.词性/词类2.句子成分3.词的作用4.时态和语态5.主谓一致6.强调与倒装7.语气8.非谓语动词9.简单句 / 从句 /复合句10. it 的特殊用法11. 形容词的级Part One.名词( n.) P250. 名词的数他接受了父母的建议。
房间里有了几件新的家具。
大量的食物已经送往了灾区。
只剩一块巧克力了。
一瓶牛奶。
一阵掌声。
一块肥皂。
一块面包。
一粒米。
Grain drop一套家具。
一条忠告一件活1.在汉语中属可数范畴,但在英语中属不可数名词的某些词。
(物质名词、抽象名词、气体名词、液体名词、自然现象等均属于不可数名词 )advice 忠告baggage (luggage ) 行李bread 面包equipment furniture information paper population chocolate 巧克力foodhair knowledge progressrice、、、、、、2.可数名词单复数变化的特殊形式可数名词单数变复数通常在词尾加 -s 或 -es,但是有些名词的变化比较特殊。
一.单个名词单复数的特殊形式1.以 -sis 结尾的外来名词变为复数形式为-ses。
He is busy writing his theses which are the requirement to graduate and gain diploma. 他正忙于写论文,这是毕业取得文凭所必需的。
The diagnoses in the two hospitals are the same. 两家医院的诊断结果是相同的。
常这样用的词有:diagnosis-diagnoses analysis-analyses 分诊断析thesis-theses论文axis-axes轴basis-bases基础emphasis-emphases强调2.有些外来词的单复数形式,仍保留原来不规则的复数形式。
2024年大学英语四级考试技巧重点总结
2024年大学英语四级考试技巧重点总结一、了解考试内容和形式1.考试内容:词汇与语法、听力、阅读、写作。
2.考试形式:选择题、填空题、翻译题、写作题。
二、学习词汇和语法1.扩大词汇量:背诵单词、学习常用短语。
2.掌握基本语法知识:重点掌握时态、语态、句型等。
三、听力技巧1.事先了解听力材料内容,准备听力预测题目。
2.注意听力顺序:强调主旨句和过渡信号词。
3.练习听力速度:多听录音和英文广播,提高听力理解速度。
四、阅读技巧1.快速阅读寻找关键词:训练扫读和略读的能力。
2.注意文章结构:了解段落间的逻辑关系,分析作者意图。
3.培养推理能力:通过上下文推断词义和句子含义。
五、写作技巧1.提前准备范文:熟悉各种写作题型的范文,积累句型和表达。
2.注意句子结构和语法:使用多样的句式和语法结构。
3.发挥思维,多角度论述:从多个角度展开观点,加强说理能力。
六、备考时间管理1.制定学习计划:合理分配时间,确定每天的学习目标。
2.多做模拟题和真题:熟悉考试内容和形式,提高应试能力。
3.利用好课余时间:听听力、看长篇阅读材料、练习写作。
七、调整心态,保持自信1.相信自己的能力,肯定自己的努力。
2.积极面对挑战,不轻易放弃。
3.保持良好的心态,保持积极、乐观的心情。
八、多维度备考1.多听多说:多听英文广播、英语课程和英文歌曲,多进行英语口头交流。
2.多读多写:阅读英文文章,扩大词汇量,培养写作能力。
3.多练多做题:进行大量练习,提高应试技巧。
九、注意备考效益1.评估学习情况:及时发现问题,调整学习计划。
2.复习知识点:重点复习易错点和薄弱环节。
3.扩充知识面:广泛阅读相关英语学习资料,培养语感。
十、考前准备1.规划复习内容:制定考前一周的复习计划,合理安排每天的复习内容。
2.模拟考试:模拟考试,熟悉考试流程和时间限制。
3.调整作息和心态:保证充足的睡眠和休息,保持良好的心态。
总结:通过系统的学习和合理的备考安排,相信你一定能够顺利通过____年大学英语四级考试。
大学英语四级常考语法总结
大学英语四级常考语法总结一、虚拟语气。
应着重复习能引起虚拟语气的某些介词、介词短语和连词(如lest, in case, otherwise等);一部分表示建议、主张、命令等概念的词语,由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望,其后的主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句往往采用“should+动词原形”;虚拟倒装句;在would rather, wish, as if, it’s time that等句型中使用适当形式表达主观愿望;混合虚拟句。
二、独立主格题。
一般说来,在句子中没有连接词的情况下,逗号是无力连接两个句子的,其中一个分句要么是非谓语形式,要么是独立主格结构。
两种结构都做状语,不同的是独立主格结构有自己的逻辑主语。
三、时态。
英语中共有16个时态。
四级考试中出现最多的是将来完成时、现在完成时、过去完成时和完成进行时。
四、名词性从句。
形容词性的定语从句是考核的重点,用什么引导词,引导词前面的介词形式,引导词在从句中做什么成分,从句的语序等均有可能成为考点。
此外,主语从句、同位语从句、宾语从句也应适当复习。
五、主谓一致。
这类考题灵活性大,需要根据实际情况判断谓语动词的单复数形式。
一部分具有生命意义的集合名词做主语时谓语动词多采用复数形式,如people, poultry, militia等;用and连接的成分表单一概念时谓语动词用单数;就近原则:主语中含有某些连词(如as well as, besides, in addition to等)时,谓语动词的数同第一个主语保持一致。
六、倒装结构。
分为全部倒装和部分倒装。
那些否定词(组)、介词短语能引起倒装句,部分倒装和全部倒装有和区别,as在倒装结构中的用法及意义等等,都是考生应当重视的地方。
七、非谓语动词。
①根据非谓语动词同其所修饰的名词或逻辑主语的一致关系,确定使用主动语态或被动语态,然后考虑采用现在分词、现在分词被动式或过去分词;②非谓语动词同主句谓语动词动作发生的先后关系。
大学英语四级语法知识讲解
大学英语(CET--4) 语法学习提纲一、词类、句子成分和构词法:1、词类:英语词类分十种:名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。
如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2、代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。
如:who, she, you, it .3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。
如:good, right, white, orange .4、数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。
如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.5、动词(v.):表示动作或状态。
如:am, is,are,have,see .6、副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。
如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。
如:a, an, the.8、介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。
如in, on, from, above, behind.9、连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。
如and, but, before .10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。
如:oh, well, hi, hello.2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。
通常用名词或代词担任。
如:I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。
主要由动词担任。
如:Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。
英语四级考试语法结构与词汇
英语四级考试语法结构与词汇一、语法结构部分。
1. 时态。
- 一般现在时。
- 用法:表示经常发生的动作、存在的状态或客观事实。
- 结构:主语 + 动词原形(第三人称单数主语时动词加 -s或 -es)。
例如:I play football every Sunday.(play,动词原形,[pleɪ])He plays football every Sunday.(plays,动词第三人称单数形式,[pleɪz])- 一般过去时。
- 用法:表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
- 结构:主语+动词的过去式。
例如:I saw a movie yesterday.(saw,see的过去式,[sɔː],动词)- 现在进行时。
- 用法:表示现在正在进行的动作。
- 结构:主语+be动词(am/is/are)+动词的 -ing形式。
例如:She is reading a book.(is,be动词第三人称单数形式,[ɪz];reading,动词的 -ing形式,['ri ːdɪŋ])- 过去进行时。
- 用法:表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。
- 结构:主语+be动词(was/were)+动词的 -ing形式。
例如:He was watching TV at 8 o'clock last night.(was,be动词第一、三人称单数过去式,[wɒz];watching,动词的 -ing形式,['wɒtʃɪŋ])2. 从句。
- 定语从句。
- 概念:在句中作定语,修饰名词或代词。
- 关系代词:who(指人,主格,[huː]),whom(指人,宾格,[huːm]),which(指物,[wɪtʃ]),that(指人或物,[ðæt])。
例如:The boy who/that is standing there is my brother.(这里who/that引导定语从句修饰the boy)- 名词性从句。
大学英语四级语法精要(PDF,已排版)
CET大学英语四级语法精要大学英语四级语法精要Ⅰ动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等)1.时态1)现在完成进行时态(have/has been+-ing分词构成):动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.I’ve been writing letters for an hour.I’ve been sitting in the garden.2)过去完成进行时(由had been+ing分词构成):过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作I’d been working for some time when he called.We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.3)将来完成进行时:将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.By next summer,he will have been working here for twenty years.In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.4)将来完成时(由shall/will have+过去分词构成):将来某时会业已发生的事.I shall have finished this one before lunch.They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.2.语态1)可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.The ship is supposed to have been sunk.担当be supposed to与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:Why are you driving so fast in this area?You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit.(你应该晓得速度限制)2)双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态a)双宾语结构的被动语态:双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.b)宾补结构的被动语态:She was called Big Sister by everybody.Then he was made a squad leader.He was considered quite qualified for the job.The room was always kept clean and tidy.3.短语动词1)Vi+advThe plane took off two hours late.2)Vi+prepThey looked round the Cathedral.3)Vi+prep(有被动语态)She’s looking after her sister’s children.The children were always well looked after.4)Vi+adv+prepI began to look forward to their visits.5)Vt+O+advSome women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.The children were brought up by their mother.They took him on.6)Vt+adv+O(无被动语态)I am trying to give up smoking.7)Vt+O+prepWe talked Donald into agreement.4.省略1)在以as,than,when,if,unless等引导的从句中的省略:在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是it b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.a)Look out for cars when crossing the street.When taken according to the directions,the drug has no side effects.While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.Although not yet six months old,she was able to walk without support.If not well managed,irrigation can be harmful.Though reduced in numbers,they gained in fighting capacity.This viewpoint,however understandable,is wrong.Enemies,once discovered,were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.Fill in the application as instructed.Whenever known,such facts should be reported.The documents will be returned as soon as signed.He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.Once having made a promise,you should keep it.b)If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver)necessary.If possible,I should like to have two copies of it.As scheduled,they met on January20at the Chinese Embassy.2)在以than a)或as b)引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.a)He told me not to use more material than(it is)necessary.We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.b)They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people(did).He is now a vice-manager,but still often works in the kitchen as before.Their training is free,as is all education.We will,as always,stand on your side.3)错误的省略His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.While standing there in her nightgown,two bullets struck the wall beside her.5.一致1)如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with,together with,as well as,as muchas,no less than,more than等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.Terry,along with her friend,goes skating every Saturday.An expert,together with some assistants,was sent to help in this work.The captain,as well as the coaches,was disappointed in the team.2)代词作主语时的一致a)each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待.Each of us has something to say.Is everybody ready?Somebody is using the phone.Neither of us has gone through regular training.Has either of them told you?b)some,few,both,many等作复数c)some可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一.none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念,但none在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数:None of the books are easy enough for usNone of us seem to have thought of it.None(=not a single one)of us has got a camera.None(=nobody)has felt it more keenly than she did.None of this worries me.all和most可后接复数,也可接不可数名词(all of the…,most of the…),动词用单数.3)由and或both…and连接名词词组时,后用复数;由not only…but(also),either…or,neither…nor或or连接的并列主语,谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致.Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuademy daughter to change her mind.如果一个句子是由there或here引导,而主语又不止一个,谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致. There was carved in the board adragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen,a few envelopes and some paper for you.4)people,police,cattle,poultry(家禽),militia(民兵)等通常都用作复数.Cattle are grazing on the pasture.The police are looking for him.有些集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看待,主要根据意思来决定.very large.His family isn’tHis family are all music lovers.The committee meets twice a month.The committee aredivided in opinion.The audience was enormous.The audience were greatly moved at the words.有些名词单复数同形,可根据意思决定谓语动词的数:This new series is beginning next month.These new series are beginning next month.This species is now extinct.These speciesare now extinct.5)表示时间,重量,长度,价值等的名词,尽管仍是复数形式,如果作整体看待,动词也可用单数形式(当然用复数动词也是可以的):Three weeks was allowed for making the necessarypreparations.One hundred li was covered in a single night.6)其他问题a)书名,国家名用单数:Talesfrom Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.b)学科名,如mathematics,economics用单数.c)many a或more than one所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式:Many a person has had that kind of experience.More than one person has involved in the case.a number of后接复数,the number of后接单数:A number of books have been published on the subject.The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.d)one of those后用单数.在“one of+复数名词+关系分句”结构中,关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式,一是根据先行词采用复数形式:Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.当one之前友the only等限定词和修饰语时,关系分句谓语动词根据one而定,即采用单数形式:He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.Ⅱ非谓语动词1.不定式1)形式主动形式被动形式一般式to do to be done完成式to have done to have been done进行式to be doing完成进行式to have beendoinga)完成式:不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示的动作,在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生,就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother(=I am glad I have seenyour mother).(比较:I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seenme.b)进行式:如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时要用不定式的进行式.quite recovered yet.You are not supposedto be working.You haven’texpect you to be waiting for us here.We didn’tHe pretended to be listening attentively.c)完成进行式:在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作,就要用不定式的完成进行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.d)被动式:当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There are a lot of things to be done.She was too young to be assigned such work.2)功用:不定式可以作主语(a),宾语(b),表语(c),定语(d)或是状语(e).a.To scold her would not be just.b.We are planning to build a reservoir here.c.One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d.Do you have anything to declare?e.We have come to learn from you.3)不带to的不定式:a)在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中,如果动词是表示感觉意义的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice等,或是表示“致使”意义的have,make,let等,其后的不定式结构不带to.John made her tell him everything.这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面的不带to的不定式一般还原为带to的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.b)在had better,had best,would rather,would sooner,would just as soon,might(just)as well,cannot but等搭配之后,动词不定式也不带to.I’dr ather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.c)在make do,make believe,let drop,let fall,let fly,let slip,let drive,let go of,let there be,hear say,hear tell,leave go of等固定搭配中,用不带to的动词不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.I’ve heard tell of him.d)在动词help(或help+宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式,也可用带to的不定式.Can I help(to)lift this heavy box?e)在介词except,but之后,如果其前有动词do的某种形式,不定式一般不带to,反之带to. There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.n o choice but to wait till it stops raining.There’sf)连词rather than,sooner than置于句首时,其后的不定式不带to.Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do,he forced himself to pick it up.出现在句中其他位置时,其后的不定式有时带to,有时不带to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.g)用作补语的动词不定式,如果主语是由“all+关系分句”,“thing+关系分句”,“what分句”或“thing+不定式结构”等构成,并带有do的某种形式,这时,作为主语补语的不定式可以省to,也可以不省.What he will do is(to)spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the formThe only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.4)不定式的其他用法a)too…to结构通常表示否定意义:She was too young to understand all that.enough…to结构则表示肯定意义:She was not old enough to understand all that.not too,but too,all too,only too等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:He’sonly too pleased to help her.so…as(to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.b)如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的,可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.在以某些形容词(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid, careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表语时,不定式前可加一个of引起的短语,来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:kind of you to think so much of us.It’s(It is)Awfully good of you to come and meet us.very nice of you to be so considerate.It’sIt’sunwise of them to turn down the proposal.2.V+ing形式(现在分词及动名词)1)形式a)完成式:如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,通常用动名词的完成形式.mention having met me.He didn’tI regret not having taken her advice.在某些动词后(或成语中),常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形式,尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.Excuse me for coming late.remember ever seeing him anywhere.I don’t现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中,表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.Having been there many times,he offered to be our guide.Having found the cause,they were able to propose a remedy.另外,独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式.The guests having left,they resumed their discussion.The children,having eating their fill,were allowed to leave the table.b)被动式:当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时,动名词一般要用被动形式. His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.bear being made fun of like that.He couldn’t但要注意,在want,need,deserve,require等动词后,尽管表示的是被动的意思,却用动名词的主动形式.My pen needsfilling.The point deserves mentioning.This problem requires studying with great care.在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.Her method is worth trying.现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语,宾语补足语,状语及用于独立结构中.This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.You’llfind the topic being discussedeverywhere.very well refuse.Being asked to give aperformance,she couldn’tThese are sold at reduced prices,the defects always being pointed out to the customers.c)完成被动式:如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生,有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.I don’tremember having ever been given a chance to try this method.但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式,而用一般被动形式代替,以免句子显得累赘.现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中.Having been given such a good chance,how could she let it slip away?The decision having been made,the next problem was how to make a good plan.All the compositions having been written and collected,the teacher sent the students home.2)句法功用a)作主语:Walking is good exercise.nice talking to you.It’sThere is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity.b)作宾语:Your shoes needpolishing.d elay sending the tractors over.You mustn’tHe avoided giving us a definite answer.c)作介词宾语:动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多.它常可以用在某些成语后面,常见的有:insist on,persist in,think of,dream of,object to,suspect…of,a ccuse…of,charge…with,hear of, approve of,prevent…from,keep…from,stop…from,refrain from,be engagedin,look forward to, opposed to,depend on,thank…for,feel like,excuse…for,aim at,devote…to,set about,spend…in, get(be)used to,be fond of,be capable of,be afraid of,be tired of,be sick of,succeed in,be interested in,feel(be)ashamedof,be proud of,be keen on,be responsible for.d)作表语:The real problem is getting to know the needsof the people.动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语.一般说来,在表示抽象的一般的行为时多用动名词;在表示具体某词动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式.e)作宾语补足语:分词可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,find,keep,get,have等动词后作宾语补足语.The words immediately set us all laughing.Once we caught him dozing off in class.His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等动词后,及可用现在分词,也可用不定式构成宾语补足语.用现在分词时,表示动作正在发生,用不定式时表示动作发生了.Do you hear someone knocking at the door?Yes,I did.I heard him knock three times.f)作状语:现在分词作状语时,通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作,来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬.I ran out of the house shouting.I got home,feeling very tired.Driving to Chicago that night,I was struck by a sudden thought.现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因,相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.get in touch with her.Not knowing her address,we couldn’tSeeing nobody at home,she decided to leave them a note.want to go to the cinema.Having already seen the film twice,she didn’t现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语,相当于when引起的从句:help thinking of those memorable days they spent together.Seeing those pictures,he couldn’t如果两个动作是完全同时发生的,多用when或while加分词这种结构.Be careful when crossing the street.When leaving the airport,they waved again and again to us.She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.3)前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构:一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词(或名词的所有格结构),来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语.Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.Do you mind my reading your paper?They insisted on my staying there for supper.如果不是在句子开头,这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格(或人称代词宾格),这比用所有格更自然一些.I don’tm ind him going.She hates people losing their temper.help,mind,admit,enjoy,leave off, 4)只能用动名词作宾语的动词:suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can’trequire,postpone,put off,delay,practise,fancy,excuse,pardon,advise,consider,deny,endure, escape,miss5)既可用动名词,也可用不定式作宾语的动词:love,like,hate,dislike,begin,start,continue,intend,a ffordattempt,can’tb ear,propose,want,need,remember,forget,regret,neglect,try,deserve,can’t等.有时两种结构之间意义差别不大,有时却有不同的意思.在remember,regret,want,try等词后差别是比较明显的.I remember seeing her once somewhere.I must remember to take my notebooks with me.I regret not having accepted your advice.I regret to say I haven’tgiven you enough help.want(need)to come.She doesn’tThe house wants(needs)cleaning.We must try to get everything done in time.t ry doing the work some other way.Let’s6)悬垂修饰:分词作状语时,表示的必须是主语的一个动作或状态.Walking through the park,we saw a lot of flowers.(walking是we的动作,正确)Walking through the park,the flowers looked very beautiful.(错误)Standing on the tower,we could see the whole city.(正确)Standing on the tower,the whole village could be seen.(错误)3.分词1)意义:过去分词通常来自及物动词,带有被动意义和完成意义;而现在分词有的来自及物动词,有的来自不及物动词,通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.frozen food a freezing winda bored traveller a boring journeya lost cause a losing battlea conquered army a conquering armya finished article the last finishing touchthe spoken word a speaking birda closed shop the closing houra recorded talk a recording machine来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语,能作这样用的仅限于下面几个词,仅表示完成意义,不表示被动意义.the risen sun,fallen leaves,faded/withered flowers,returned students,retired workers,departed friends,escapedprisoners,the vanished jewels,newly-arrived visitors用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分,在意义上相当于关系分句.Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends.2)句法作用a)作定语:distinguished guest贵宾,unknown heroes无名英雄,armed forces武装部队,cannedfood罐头食品,boiled water开水,steamedbread馒头,stricken area灾区分词还可构成合成词作定语:simply-furnished room陈设简单的房间,clear-cut answer明确的答复, highly-developed industry高度发展的工业,heartfelt thanks衷心的感谢,hand-made goods手工制品,man-made satellite人造卫星b)作补足语:可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有:see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词.I saw the students assembled in the hall.We found her greatly changed.make,get,have,keep等表示”致使”意义的动词:I have my hair cut every ten days.She got her bad tooth pulled out.Please keep us informed of the latest developments.like,want,wish,order等表示希望,要求,命令等意义的动词:want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal.I don’tHe won’tlike such questions(to be)discussed at the meeting.c)过去分词短语常用作状语,修饰谓语,很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况.Guided by these principles,they went on with the work,Delighted with her work,they made her the general manager.过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因,相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Influenced by his example,they performed countless good deeds.有时也可说明动作发生的时间,相当于一个表示时间的状语从句.This method,tried in areas near Shanghai,resulted in a marked rise in total production.间或也可表示一个假设的情况,相当于一个条件从句.Given closer analysis,we can see this is totally wrong.偶尔也可用来代替一个“让步”状语从句.Picked20years a year,it grows tired only after40or50years.d)独立结构:在用分词短语作状语时,它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一.致.但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语,这种结构称为独立结构,一般表示一种伴随的动作或情况.He rushed into the room,his face covered with sweat.有时可以表示时间:Late that autumn,his work finished,he prepared to return to his institute.表示原因:Her eyesdimmed with tears,she did not see him enter.条件:All things considered,her paper is of greater value than yours.Ⅲ虚拟语气1.that从居中:1)wish,would rather(sooner),had better:I wish I were as strong as you.I wish I had paid more attention to our pronunciation.I wish I remembered the address.I would rather they came tomorrow(you had gone there too).I had rather(that)you told him than I did.2)suggest,order,demand,propose,command,request,desire,insist等动词后的宾语从句:The commander ordered that all civilians(should)be evacuated.He asked that he be given an opportunity to try.She urged that he write and accept the post.3)it is desired,it is suggested,it is requested,it was ordered,it was proposed,it is necessary,it isimportant,it hasbeen decided等结构后的主语从句中.It was arranged that they leave the following weekIt will be better that we meet some other time.4)suggestion,motion,proposal,order,recommendations,plan,idea等后面的表语从句和同位语从句:His sole requirement is(was)that thy system be adjusted.2.在某些句型中1)it is time thatIt is time that we went(或should go)to bed.It is high time we(should)put an end to this controversy.2)as if(though)引起的从句:They talked(are talking)as if they had been friends for years.It seems as if it was(were)spring today.He acts(acted)as if(though)he were(was)an expert.3)以lest,for fear that和in case引起的从句(这时谓语多用should+动词原形):He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain.He put his coat over the child for fear that(或lest)he should catch cold.I’ll keep a seat for you in caseyou should needit.4)以whatever,whoever,no matter what这类代词或词组引起的从句(这时,谓语多用may加动词原形构成):Whatever defects he may have,he is an honest man.Come what may,we will go ahead.不管发生什么情况,我们都要干下去.I accept that he is old and frail;be that as it may,he’ss till a good politician.我承认他年老体衰,然而尽管如此,它仍是优秀的政治家.3.条件句1)虚拟条件句主要有下面两类:a)表示现在及将来情况(表示纯然假设或实现的可能性不大的情况):谓语主要形式如下(be多用were这个形式):从句主句过去式would+动词原形If I were you,I wouldn’tl ose heart.How nice it would be if you could stay a bit longer.b)表示过去情况的虚拟条件句(与事实完全相反的假设情况),谓语主要形式如下:从句主句had+过去分词would have+过去分词She would have come if we had invited her.taken your advice,I would havemade a bad mistake,If I hadn’tYou wouldn’th ave caught cold if you had put on more clothes.2)有时候,条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作,发生的时间是不一致的(如一个是过去发生的,一个是现在发生的).这时,动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整.这种句子可以称为错综时间条件句.If he had received six more votes,he would be our chairman now.got everything ready by now,we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.If we hadn’t3)有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示,而是通过一个介词短语来表示.Without music,the world would be a dull place.We could have done better under more favorable conditions.That would have been considered miraculous in the past.But for the storm,we should have arrived earlier.4)如果条件句从句中包含有were,had,should或could,有时可把if省略掉,并把were,had,should或could放在主语前面.Had we made adequatepreparation,we might have succeeded.Should there be a flood,what should we do?Were it not for their assistance,we would be in serious difficulty.Ⅳ介词1.合成介词和复杂介词1)合成介词:inside,into,onto,out of,outside,throughout,upon within,without2)复杂介词:according to,along with,apart from,as for,as to,becauseof,by means of,in frontof,in spite of,instead of,in accordance with,on account of,on behalf of,owing to,due to,together with,up to,with regard to,prior to等2.介词在句末:This is what he is interested in.Does everyone has a seatto sit on?3.名词加介词(n+prep)1)某些名词之后要求用某些介词:solution to,faith in,glance at,needfor2)某些名词之前要求用某些介词:on one’sguard,at one’srequest,in all probability,to mydelight4.动词加介词1)Vi+prep:prevail on,appeal to,fall into,apply for,touch upon2)Vt+O+prep:lay emphasison,take advantage of等3)Vi+adv+prep:I don’tw ish to break in on your thoughts.The family came up against fresh problems.You’re not telling me the whole story.You’re holding out on me.She got off with him soon after she began to work at the institution.4)Vt+O+adv+prep:take your resentment out on me.You shouldn’tput the shortage down to bad planning.We shouldn’t5.形容词加介词about---anxious,careful,careless,certain,considerate,enthusiastic,guilty,happy,mad,particular, sad,sure,timid,unhappy,etcat---awkward,bad,clever,disappointed,disgusted,good,marvellous,quick,skilful,skilled, useless,weak,etcfor---convenient,eligible,grateful,homesick,hungry,necessary,noted,perfect,responsible,etcfrom---evident,exempt,inseparable,safe,tired,etcin---deficient,expert,liberal,quick,rich,successful,weak,etcof---apprehensive,characteristic,critical,destructive,envious,hard,inconsiderate,impatient, dependent,jealous,positive,scared,sensible,short,sick,suspicious,typical,worthy,etcon---dependent,keen,intent,etcto---acceptable,accessible,agreeable,alive,attentive,blind,comparable,courteous,deaf, destructive,essential,favourable,hostile,indifferent,married,obedient,parallel,preferable,related, responsible,sensitive,suitable,unjust,etcwith---awkward,bored,careful,disappointed,generous,identical,ill,impatient,popular,sick, wrong,etcⅤ连词1.并列连词1)表示意义的引申:and,both…and,not only…but(also),as well as,and…as well,neither…nor2)表示选择:or,either…or3)表示转折:but,while,whereas,yet,however/nevertheless(也可认为是副词)4)表示因果:for,so,therefore,hence2.从属连词1)表示时间:when,while,as,after,before,since,until(till),as soon as,once2)表示原因:because,as,since,now that,seeing that3)表示条件:if,unless,in case,provided(that),suppose,as long as,on condition(that),4)表示其他关系:(al)though,than,as/so…as,lest,in order that,so…thatⅥ定语从句1.限制和非限制性定语从句:限制性定语从句是名词词组不可缺少的一个组成部分,去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确;非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质,去掉了不会影响主要意义,通常用逗号与它的先行词分开.The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained.The boys,who wanted to play football,were disappointed when it rained.如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词,或是带有形容词性物主代词(my,his,etc)或形容词性指示代词(this,that,etc)作限定词,其后的定语从句通常都是非限制性的:Mary Smith,who is in the corner,wants to meet you.Her mother,who had long suffered form arthritis,died last night.All these books,which have been donated by visiting professors,are to be used by the postgraduates.在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人,用which指物,通常不用that替代.My father,who had been on a visit to America,returned yesterday.All the books,which had pictures in them,were sent to the little girl.2.定语从句的引导词1)that,who,whom:非限制性定语从句,如果修饰人,一般用who,有时用that(作主语时用who较多).如果关系代词在从句中作宾语,就应当用宾格whom或that,但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉,在口语中可用who代替whom.Here is the man(whom)you’ve been looking for.He is a man(that)you can safely depend on.The people(who/that)you were talking to were Swedes.There are some people here who I want you to meet.但在介词后只能用whom:This is the man to whom I referred.但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去,这时可用that,但省略时更多一些.Have you met the person about whom he was speaking?Have you met the person(that)he was speaking aboutThe girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.The girl(who/that)I spoke to is my cousin.2)限制性定语从句如果修饰“物”,用关系代词that的时候较多,也有时用which..当这个代词在从句中是用作宾语时,在绝大多数情况下都是省略的,特别是口语中(尤其是当被。
大学英语四级必考语法汇总
大学英语四级必考语法汇总大学英语四级考试是学生们普遍参加的考试,语法是其中必考的部分,以下是四级必考语法汇总:1. 时态英语时态有12种,四级考试中要掌握以下几种:- 一般现在时:表示经常性或惯性的动作,或现在的状况。
- 现在进行时:表示现在正在进行的动作。
- 一般过去时:表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。
- 过去进行时:表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作。
- 现在完成时:表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
- 过去完成时:表示过去某个时间之前曾经发生的动作或状态。
- 将来时:表示将来某个时间发生的动作。
2. 从句从句是指一个完整的句子,它在句子中充当某个成分,四级考试中要掌握以下几种:- 定语从句:修饰某个名词或代词。
- 主语从句:作为主语的从句。
- 宾语从句:作为宾语的从句。
- 同位语从句:阐述前面名词或代词的内容。
- 状语从句:修饰或补充主句的内容。
- 结果状语从句:表示结果的从句。
- 让步状语从句:表示让步的从句。
- 条件状语从句:表示条件的从句。
3. 词性和词组四级考试中需要掌握名词、代词、动词、形容词和副词的用法,以及一些固定用法的词组,例如:- be based on:基于。
- be fond of:喜欢。
- as soon as possible:尽快。
- break the ice:打破僵局。
4. 语态英语语态有两种,四级考试中需要了解和区分主动语态和被动语态,以及两种语态在句子中的变化。
5. 语气英语语气有三种,四级考试中需要了解和区分陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。
以上就是大学英语四级必考语法的汇总,希望对大家备考有所帮助。
大学英语四级词汇语法考点讲义
大学英语四级词汇语法考点讲义第一部分(一)第一节、解决四级英语长难句的意义1、阅读,抓不住句子重点,在一个句子上浪费太多时间。
最后根据不完整的理解,碰运气乱猜答案。
2、翻译,提笔不知从哪里下手;胡乱写几行,卷面乱,不知所云,影响印象分。
(一)长难句到底难在哪里?--几句废话般的常识。
1)结构复杂,逻辑层次多;2)单词意思常需根据上下文判断;3)代词的指代关系复杂;4)并列成分多;5)修饰语多,特别是后置定语很长;6)习惯搭配。
注:以上情况有可能单独出现,更多是“团伙作案”。
(二)长难句的破解的几个基本要点·把握规律(按照所讲的基本方法)·充分利用现有语法、词汇知识,提高知识的产出效率。
·破解核心是化繁为简,化难为易。
(三)长难句解决的具体步骤1、抓主干2、理顺主从句子关系。
(四)分析句子成分的详细过程1)找出全句主谓宾或主系表,即句子的主干;2)找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词;3)分析从句和短语的功能,例如,是否为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等;以及词,短语和从句之间的关系;4)分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配、插入语等其他成分。
第二节、长句速读同位语和较长的后置定语(如人物身份,句子中间的非限制性定语从句),很长的专有名词(如机构名称)等。
这些信息需要用跳读(skip)的方法,略去不读。
在文章里,经常会出现此类文字信息,目的是为了干扰视线。
实际,没有必要去弄明白某人是什么大学的什么教授,也不必急着去了解美国一个部门全称或缩写是什么具体意思,因为题目中极少直接考这样的细节信息。
做题时即使需要此类信息,利用人名或其它专有名词都是开头字母大写的特征很容易找到。
例如:People assume that office politics involves some manipulative (工于心计的)behavior,”says Deborah Comer, an assistant professor of management at Hofstra University. (2004年6月)A recent study, published in last week‟s Journal of the American Medical Association, offers a picture of how risky it is to get a lift from a teenage driver. (2003年9月)划线部分的信息可以一扫而过,目光不需要在上面停留细读。
大学英语四级语法
(听说、听到)
d) 在动词help(或help +宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式, 也可用带to的不定式. Can I help (to) lift this heavy box
e) 在介词except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词do的某种 形式, 不定式一般不带to, 反之带to. There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining. Smith will do anything but work on a farm. There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining.
/
过去将来 should/would do
/
should/would have done 用于虚
拟语气 /
过去
现在
将来
过去将来
一般
was/were given am/is/are given
will/shall be given
should/would be given
进行
was/were being am/is/are being given
动名词
具有动作性特征的名词 1)是名词 seeing is believing 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语
一)动名词的形式:
一般形式:I don't like you smoking. 完成形式:I regret not having taken your
advice. 被动形式:This question is far from being
c) 在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不带to的动词不定式. John let fly a torrent of abuse at me. (一顿咒骂)
2023年6月大学英语四级考试语法复习指导(1)
2023年6月大学英语四级考试语法复习指导(1)一、as…as结构的几点用法说明:1.基本用法该结构的基本意思是“与……一样”,其中接形容词或副词的原级,在否定句中,第一个as也可换成so.如:He doesn't study as [so] hard as his brother. 他学习不如他弟弟努力。
2.涉及数量或程度的用法若涉及数量或程度,可用“as much+不可数名词+as”和“asmany+可数名词复数+as”。
如:He doesn‘t pay as much tax as we do / as us. 他没我们交的税款多。
There are not as many restaurants as there were. 现在餐馆没有过去多了。
3.有关词序的一点说明其间接形容词时,有时该形容词还可修饰另一名词,但这个名词应带有不定冠词(注意词序)。
如:I have as good a voice as you. 我的声音和你一样好。
4.该结构的修饰语根据情况可用(not) nearly, almost, just, nothing like, exactly, not quite, half, one-ten, twice, threetimes, 30 per cent等修饰,并且这些修饰语必须置于第一个as之前,而不能置于其后。
如:This room is twice as large as that one. 这个房间是那个房间的两个大。
You‘re not half as clever us you think you are. 你远不是自己想像的那么聪明。
It took three times as long as I had expected. 这件事比我预料的多花了两倍的时间。
二、first与at first用法区别详解:1、从词性上看区别first可用作形容词或副词,有时还可用作代词;而at first作为介词短语,只起副词用作用(在句中用作状语)。
2023年6月英语四级重点语法知识:指示代词
2023年6月英语四级重点语法知识:指示代词指示代词概说表示"这个"、"那个"、"这些"、"那些"等指示概念的代词叫做指示代词。
指示代词有:this这个,that那个,these这些,those那些,it那个,这个,Such 如此的,如此的事物,same同样的,同样的事物。
指示代词this,these,that,those在句中的功用指示代词this,these,that,those在句中的用法相当于名词和形容词,可用作主语、表语、宾语和定语。
如:This is a plane,这是一架飞机。
(作主语)Oh,it’s not that.噢,问题不在那儿。
(作表语)How do you like these你喜欢这些吗(作宾语)This book is about Chinese traditional medicine.这是一本关于中医的书。
(作定语)指示代词ins,these,that,those的其它用法1)This (these)常用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物,that(those)则常用来指时间或空间上较远的事物。
如:This is a sickle and that is an axe.这是一把镰刀,那是一把斧子。
These days are cold.这些天很冷。
In those days the poor people had a hard time.在那些日子里,穷人生活很苦。
2)有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物,this和these则指下面将要讲到的事物。
如:I had a bad cold. That’s why I didn’t come.我伤风很厉害,所以我没有来。
Those two statements are not true.那两种说法是不真实的。
What I want to say is this:Pronunciation is very important in learning English.我所要说的是:语音在英语学习中非常重要。
大学英语四级语法知识
大学英语(CET--4) 语法学习提纲一、词类、句子成分和构词法:1、词类:英语词类分十种:名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。
如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2、代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。
如:who, she, you, it .3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。
如:good, right, white, orange .4、数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。
如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.5、动词(v.):表示动作或状态。
如:am, is,are,have,see .6、副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。
如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。
如:a, an, the.8、介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。
如in, on, from, above, behind.9、连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。
如and, but, before .10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。
如:oh, well, hi, hello.2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。
通常用名词或代词担任。
如:I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。
主要由动词担任。
如:Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。
2023年上半年英语四级语法考点复习:much
2023年上半年英语四级语法考点复习:muchmuch可修饰哪些词语一、much修饰比较级修饰比较是副词much的常见用法,“much + 比较级”的意思是“更……”“……得多”。
如:It‘s much colder today than it was yesterday. 今天比昨天冷得多。
It was much worse than I thought. 它比我想像的还要糟得多。
We will be a much better football team next year. 明年我们将会成为一支更好的足球队。
二、much修饰最高级much修饰最高级应置于最高级前的定冠词之前,而不是之后。
“much + the + 最高级”的意思是“最最……”“绝对是最……”。
如:This is much the most difficult. 这是最最难的。
That‘s much the best plan. 那绝对是最好的计划。
Of the three boys Nick is much the cleverest. 这三个男孩中,尼克最最聪明。
三、much修饰形容词的原级much修饰形容词原级的情形主要见于那些由过去分词转化来的形容词。
如:I was much annoyed. 我很不高兴。
She wasn‘t much surprised. 她并不太惊讶。
注:有个别非分词转化来的形容词有时也可用much修饰,但这种用法很有限,通常只见于good,different等少数几个形容词。
如:I don‘t think this battery is much good. 我并不认为这种电池非常好。
The new school isn‘t much different from the old one. 新学校与老学校区别不太大。
四、much修饰副词toomuch too 为习语,其中的much修饰副词too;much too可视为too的加强说法,其语气比单独用too更强。
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大学英语四级语法复习1、动词的时态和语态阅读时时注意上下文的情景。
大纲要求的八种常用时态都有可能成为考查对象,再此基础上重点关注:进行时、完成时和完成进行时。
同时注意如Hardly…when••等经常考查的表示时间的固定句式。
2、非谓语动词(1)牢记哪些动词后的宾语只能是不定式、动名词,哪些二者兼可。
(2)分词和不定式做宾补的区别。
(3)分词作状语。
3、情态动词与虚拟语气依旧会受到命题人的青睐。
虚拟语气是难点但不是重点,重点注意其在非真实条件句和名词性从句的使用。
4、定语从句和名词性从句定语从句:近五年必考。
注意点:关系代词和关系副词的区别,as和which的区别,限制性和非限制性定语从句的区别、定语从句和同位语从句的区别。
注意名词性从句引导词的选择和语序。
5、状语从句重点关注in case, unless等连词引导的条件状语从句。
注意:while, when, until, not …until, before,引nC的时间状语从句。
同时关注:目的和结果状语从句。
6、特殊句式特殊句式注意倒装句、强调句、反意疑问句、祈使句和省略句。
英语四级复习技巧详解[完形填空]综合全文,着眼细节1.对于首句应该给与足够的重视,因为往往它就是中心句或是引导句,它的时态往往决定了全文的时态,所以多花一点时间看首句是值得的。
2.然后以句子为单位一句一句地读,一句一句地填空,主要考虑语法、句意、逻辑和上下文联系。
暂时填不出来的就空在那里。
3.最后通读一遍,完成没有填的空,再看看填的顺不顺,不顺的地方大胆修改。
[写作]借助阅读善打草稿写作文时要放松情绪,消除恐惧感,必要时可借助深呼吸来缓解紧张的心情。
试卷一、二(作文在试卷2)同时发下来,应在做完听力部分后,迅速地看一下作文题,让其在大脑中留有一席之地,这样便于在做词汇、阅读时随时发现写作可借用的词汇句型而不至于在写作时,大脑一片空白,无从下手。
作文无非就考一下记叙文和说明文,偶尔会考写信图*考试& 大表作文等,但这些都归于记叙文和说明文两大类,这两类能写了就不怕什么题材了。
考试之前自己准备作文的大框架,比如说,大结构为总分总,总分等等,漂亮的连词要用进去。
一定要认真审题,弄清文章及各段主题,实现由提纲到主题句的转换。
可以打一下草稿:摆事实,理清思路,从易于表达,且论证丰富的观点入手,不局限于一种看法、一种表达法或一种句式。
具体写作时最好分段来写,各段之间空二至三行,以利于随时增减或删改。
而且字迹要工整,卷面要保持清洁,给判卷人一个好印象。
写完后仔细检查作文中用词、句法方面有无不准确的地方;句式有无变化;句与句之间,段与段之间有无合适的连接及过渡等.1作文和选择是分开齐的,所以一定要先涂卡,再写作文,否则提前半个小时齐选择题卡的时候很仓促.2最重要的一点,在考试前一个月,把前10次的考试题目集中做一遍,卷纸大同小异,思路,方法,包括很多知识点总是反复出现,一定是有用的•一定不能不做•有时间的话应该至少做3遍.最后一个具体的建议,目前,每周做两套听力,一天一篇真题阅读(不能超过10分钟),一周一篇写作•等到离考试还有20天,每天做一套真题,循环做2次,正好可以做两遍.做题目赢E币,每日一练日积月累,【翻译】大学英语四级考试翻译的复习与应试翻译是一门艺术,同时又是一种实践。
它是对英语综合能力的考查,没有一定的英语基本功,要想在这部分得到高的分数是不可能的。
但是,具有了一定的英语基础,并不等于具有较高的翻译能力。
因此在学习和复习时掌握一些翻译的基本常识和一些常用方法,针对考试中经常出现的一些语言现象,仔细分析一些翻译实例,总结出一些规律性的东西,再加以必要的练习,对考生来说是非常必要的,而且在短时间内提高自己在该部分的得分是完全有可能的。
一、试题与考生应试情况分析通过考试试题的分析,我们发现英译汉试题中的英文句子大致有以下三个特点:1. 句子较长,其中包括定语从句、状语从句等从属结构,致使句子结构复杂,意思不容易把握。
2. 句子虽然不长,但其中包含着较难理解的词、词组或短语,尤其是一些表示抽象意义的词,另外,句子中往往含有比较复杂的语法现象。
3 .考查的翻译技巧主要包括:(1) 定语从句的译法;(2) 被动语态的处理;(3) 长句的处理等等。
形容词和副词比较等级:形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。
比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。
1. 同级比较时常常用as…as…以及not so(as)…as如:I am not s o good a player as you are.2. 可以修饰比较级的词有:much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a li ttle, still,yet, by far,any, a great deal。
3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“themore…the more…”句型。
如:The harder you work,the more progress you will make.4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。
如:I have never spent a more worrying day.5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four time s as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。
如:favourite, exc ellent, extreme, perfect。
介词I. 介词分类:1 简单介词about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on2 合成介词inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, wit hin, without3 短语介词according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owi ng to,thanks to4 双重介词from among, from behind, from under, till after, in bet ween5分词转化成的介词considering就而论),including6 形容词转化成的介词like, unlike, near, next, oppositeII. 常用介词区别:1 表示时间的in, on, at at 表示片刻的时间,in 表示一段的时间,on 总是与日子有关2 表示时间的since, from since 指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用,from 指从时间的某一点开始3 表示时间的in, after in 指在一段时间之后,after 表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中4 表示地理位置的in, on, to in 表示在某范围内,on 指与什么毗邻,to 指在某环境范围之外5表示在…上”的on, in on只表示在某物的表面上,in表示占去某物一部分6 表示“穿过”的through, across through 表示从内部通过,与in 有关,across表示在表面上通过,与on有关7 表示“关于”的about, on about 指涉及到,on 指专门论述8 between与among的区另U between表示在两者之间,among用于三者或三者以上的中间9 besides与except的区别besides指除了…还有再加上” except指“除了,减去什么”,不放在句首10 表示“用”的in, with with 表示具体的工具,in 表示材料,方式,方法,度量,单位,语言,声音11 as与like的区别as意为作为,以…地位或身份” like为象… 一样”,指情形相似12 in 与into 区别in 通常表示位置(静态),into 表示动向,不表示目的地或位置动词I. 动词的时态:1.动词的时态一共有16种,以ask为例,将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下:现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask进行am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be asking should/w ould be asking完成have/has asked had asked shall/will have asked should/would have asked完成进行have/has been asking had been asking shall/will have bee n askingshould/would have been asking2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:1)现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联系,强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“已经”等词。
简言之,利用过去,说明现在。
如:I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过,且了解这本书的内容)2)一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“过”,“了”等词。
简言之,仅谈过去,不关现在。
如:I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住)I lived in Beijing for ten years(. 只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关)3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别:两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”,在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时,多用现在完成时,如着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则多用现在完成进行时。
一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。
I have read that book.我读过那本书了。
I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。
4. 一般将来时的表达方式:将来时用法例句1 will/shall+ 动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态My sister will be ten next year.2 be going to+动词原形含有打算,计划,即将”做某事,或表示很有可能要发生某事It 'gsoing to clear up.We' regoing to have a party tonight.3 be + doing 进行时表示将来go, come, start, move, leave, arrive 等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作He is moving to the s outh.Are they leaving for Europe?4 be about to + 动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作,后面一般不跟时间状语I was about to leave when the bell ran g.The meeting is about to close.5 be to + 动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见We're to meet at the school gate at noon.6 一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情,可用一般现在时表示将来The meeting starts at five o'clock.The plane leaves at ten this evening.II. 动词的被动语态:常用被动语态构成常用被动语态构成1 一般现在时am/is/are asked 6 过去进行时was/were being asked2 一般过去时was/were asked 7 现在完成时have/has been asked3 一般将来时shall/will be asked 8 过去完成时had been asked4 过去将来时should/would be asked 9 将来完成时will/would hav e been asked5 现在进行时am/is/are being asked 10含有情态动词的can/must/ma y be asked注意事项:被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加n ot,短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。