the Religion of Native Americans 美国土著的宗教信仰
北美原住民英文作文
北美原住民英文作文Title: The Rich Heritage of North American Indigenous Peoples。
North American Indigenous peoples have an incredibly rich and diverse cultural heritage that spans thousands of years. From the Inuit of the Arctic to the Navajo of the Southwest, each tribe or nation has its own unique traditions, languages, and customs that have been passed down through generations. In this essay, we will explore the history, culture, and contemporary issues facing North American Indigenous peoples.First and foremost, it's essential to acknowledge the deep historical roots of Indigenous peoples in North America. Long before the arrival of European settlers, Indigenous peoples inhabited the land, developing sophisticated societies and complex civilizations. These societies were often organized around principles of communal living, respect for the land, and spiritualconnections to nature. From the Great Plains to the Pacific Northwest, Indigenous peoples thrived in diverse environments, adapting their lifestyles to the resources available to them.One of the defining features of North American Indigenous cultures is their oral traditions. For centuries, knowledge, stories, and teachings were passed down orally from one generation to the next. These oral traditionsserve not only as a means of preserving history but also as a way of maintaining cultural identity and transmitting values and beliefs. Today, efforts are being made to preserve and revitalize Indigenous languages and oral traditions, recognizing their importance in preserving cultural heritage.Another integral aspect of Indigenous culture is spirituality and connection to the land. Many Indigenous peoples hold deeply spiritual beliefs that emphasize the interconnectedness of all living things. Land, water, animals, and plants are often regarded as sacred, and traditional practices such as ceremonies, rituals, anddances are performed to honor and respect the natural world. However, these spiritual practices have often been misunderstood or marginalized by dominant societies,leading to conflicts over land rights and resource extraction.In addition to spirituality, art and craftsmanship are also fundamental components of Indigenous cultures. From intricate beadwork to colorful textiles to expressive pottery, Indigenous artisans have created stunning works of art that reflect their cultural traditions and histories. These art forms not only serve as a means of creative expression but also as a way of preserving cultural knowledge and passing down traditional skills from one generation to the next.Despite the resilience and strength of Indigenous cultures, North American Indigenous peoples continue toface numerous challenges and injustices. Historical traumas such as colonization, forced removal from ancestral lands, and the residential school system have had devastating impacts on Indigenous communities, leading tointergenerational trauma, social disparities, and loss of cultural identity. Additionally, contemporary issues such as environmental degradation, inadequate healthcare, and economic inequality further exacerbate the challenges faced by Indigenous peoples today.However, despite these challenges, Indigenous peoples across North America continue to resist and assert their rights, reclaiming their cultural heritage and advocating for social and environmental justice. Grassroots movements, legal victories, and cultural revitalization efforts areall part of a broader Indigenous resurgence that seeks to empower and uplift Indigenous communities.In conclusion, the cultural heritage of North American Indigenous peoples is a testament to their resilience, creativity, and enduring connection to the land. From their rich oral traditions to their spiritual practices to their vibrant art forms, Indigenous cultures embody a profound sense of identity and belonging that continues to inspire and enrich our world today. As we move forward, it is essential to recognize, respect, and support the rights andsovereignty of Indigenous peoples, ensuring that their voices are heard and their cultures are celebrated and preserved for generations to come.。
the native american 美国原住民
The Native AmericansFebruary 2nd, 2017First Presence●40k years ago●Blankets PA 19k years ago●Fingerprints New Mexico in mud 28k years agoSettlement: How?●Ice Age, created land bridge where the Bering Sea is and it is believed thatAsians most likely following food came to North America●Called Native americans, overs years settled in different regions, distinctlanguages and customs●Contact with Europeans and Africans changed them forever●Estimates are from 700k to 800k up to 8 to 10 million, no census available Life●Environment varies across lands and lifestyles were just as varied●Depending on the area, hunting big game and small game, fishing freshwaterand ocean farming, ate roots, across, and various crops, lived in variety ofvillages and types of humorShared Customs and beliefs●Despite lifestyle differences they had a shared culture, a common socialstructure and religionSocial Structure●Organized according to family relationships- this relationship is calledKinship●Kinship relied on kin or family to fulfill many social needs including serviceswe expect today from the government (medical care, child care, education)●Clan - a group of families all descended from one common ancestor, thesewere the basis of the Kinship groupsReligion●Shared belief that most powerful forces in the world are spiritual●Religious ceremonies that recognized power of these forces●Followed strict religious practices regardless of the activityPreserved their culture●Oral history - passed from generation to generation by word of mouth, songsstories and ceremony instructionsTrade●Traded food within and outside group●Traded for what they needed and also to show friendliness and hospitality●Also bartered - traded one good or another●Often the Native American’s held trade gatherings in the summerNative American’s and land●Never traded land●Land could not be owned●Had right to use and grant right to others to use●Buying and selling land unthinkable。
#131 - 译文Native American Indians Go to War to Protect Their Lands
THE MAKING OF A NATION #131- Native American Indians Go to War to Protect Their Lands与印第安人的战争(1)19世纪中期，美国开始向西部拓殖。
人们迁居到达科他、犹他、怀俄明和加利福尼亚等广袤人稀之地。
西进运动带来了一个必然的问题，就是如何与大量土著印第安人部落打交道。
印第安人已经在西部地区生活了数百年。
但是，不断涌来的新移民和牧场主把他们赶出了家园。
结果，印第安部落与联邦政府之间暴发了一系列冲突。
起初，美国政府对印第安人只有一个非常残忍的政策。
那就是：无论白人什么时候需要印第安人的土地，印第安部落就得向西迁移，如果他们反抗或试图保护自己的土地，就会被武力消灭。
到十九世纪中期，美国东部几乎所有的印第安人都被赶到了密西西比河以西的地方。
政府在现在的俄克拉荷马州内划出一些土地给印第安人，并把这些印第安人称为“良民”。
意思是，这些印第安人已经软弱听话，不会再惹麻烦了。
很多人这样的“良民”也接受了白人的生活方式。
然而，西部平原上的印第安人可不同。
他们拒绝放弃自己固有的生活方式。
这些人靠狩猎美洲野牛为生，所以总要不断迁移。
他们在广袤的草原上逐野牛群而居。
当时，美国西部有数百万头野牛。
印第安人几乎从野牛身上获得生活所需的一切。
许多印第安人骁勇善战。
这些生活在平原上的印第安人不想让白人经过他们的狩猎地区，他们经常试图捣毁那些载着白人向加利福尼亚和俄勒冈迁移的大篷车。
美国军队奉命维持地方和平。
军方派士兵在西部平原上修建道路和堡垒，设法保护西进马车不受印第安人的攻击，并设法让白人不侵犯印第安人的土地。
士兵和印第安人之间多次交战。
士兵们的武器装备更精良，因此他们通常获胜。
有些印第安人想与白人和平共处。
苏族部落的一个分支桑蒂．苏就是这样。
这个部落是西部大平原人最多、最强大的印第安人部落。
桑蒂．苏人居住在大平原的东北边缘，也就是现在的明尼苏达州。
美国文学简介(中文版)---美国大使馆新闻处
第一章早期美国与殖民时代美国文学的基础始于印第安文化的口传神话、传奇、故事与歌词(多为歌曲)。
美洲原住民的口述传统相当多样化，印地安故事对大自然的敬畏精神，以及身体与母亲。
大自然拥有生命并赋予精神力量；主角可能是动物或植物，通常是与部落、族群或与个人有关的图腾。
印第安人对美国的贡献往往大于常人所认为的。
美国英语中有数百个印地安字，包括"独木舟"、"烟"、"马铃薯"、"鹿皮鞋"、"鹿"、"柿子"、"貉"、"战斧"以及"图腾"。
当代印第安写作还包含非常优美的作品，将于第8章讨论。
欧洲第一个关于美洲探险的纪录是斯堪的纳维亚语。
古挪威冒险故事“Vinland Saga”叙述爱冒险的莱弗埃里克松(Leif Eriksson)与一伙四处流浪的古挪威人在11世纪的头十年于美洲东北岸某处短暂定居的故事—可能是在加拿大的新斯科细亚省(Nova Scotia)。
然而，第一位为人熟知并持续在美洲与全世界接触者，始于意大利探险家克里斯托弗哥伦布(Christopher Columbus)的著名航行旅程，由西班牙皇后依莎贝拉(Isabella)所赞助。
哥伦布在其“书信集”(Epistola)中的日志于1493年出版，内容叙述旅程的见闻。
初次的英国殖民是场灾难，第一个殖民地于1585年成立于南北卡罗莱纳沿岸的罗阿诺克(Roanoke)；所有殖民地居民消失。
第2个殖民地更加永久：詹姆士城(Jamestown)成立于1607年，其间忍受了饥饿、暴力与暴政。
然而，此时期的文学将美国描绘成具有财富与机会之地的色彩，殖民叙述便举世闻名。
在17世纪，海盗、探险与探险家开辟了第2波永久殖民者的道路，将老婆、孩子、农具与工匠的工具带来至此。
早期探险文学由日记、书信、旅行日志、船只记录所组成，而探索者向资助者报告内容。
The native Americans美国土著人
Political leadership
• Decisions were made for the group by 49 men that discussed and came up with plans and ideas.
• These men were given the responsibility by the women that could choose who represents them.
Pilgrim legal issues
• As the majority came working as servants many tried to escape this life and run away • Justice was one of the first things the pilgrims did for if this institution did not exist they would have no workers. • Strict punishments were used throughout america especially towards the indians.
The pilgrim society
• Some came to this area on the bequest of the king in exchange for great works to England • Some from less nobler families were sent over as servants for a period of 5 to 7 years and then they gained their freedom. • Most were trained as blacksmith and other trade jobs to help with industrialization.
Unit-10-The-Jeaning-of-America答案综合教程二
Unit 10 The Meaning of America简介本章节主要探讨美国的含义。
美国作为一个国家，除了自身的实际面貌，还承载了许多指代、隐喻和抽象概念。
本章节会通过两篇文章以及书籍《看美国》来分析美国的不同含义。
所阐述的观点本章节所阐述的观点主要包括以下几点：1.美国是一种“乐观主义”的国家精神体现。
2.美国是一个“移民国家”，在这种背景下形成了美国独特的文化。
3.美国有很多具有象征意义的符号和建筑物，如自由女神像、华盛顿纪念碑等等。
4.美国的文化价值观是以个人自由和平等为核心。
文章分析1. “Why Americans Are So Optimistic About Everything” by Derek Thompson此文主要讲述了美国的“乐观主义”和它对美国现代文化的影响。
文章指出，美国的乐观主义源于美国独特的历史和文化传承，以及美国人种的多样性。
美国的乐观主义也激发了美国人对未来的信任和积极的态度，而这恰恰促进了美国的科技和经济的发展。
2. “The Making of Americans” by E.J. Dionne Jr.此文主要探讨了美国作为移民国家的含义以及移民对美国文化的影响。
文章指出，美国历史上的移民是无可替代的，移民们带来了各自独特的文化和价值观念，促进了美国多元文化的发展。
同时，移民的经历也塑造了美国人独特的性格特征，如自助精神、创新精神等等。
3.《看美国》本书作者是像一个人类学家一样，对美国这个国家进行全方位的观察和分析，从美国文化、文艺、媒体、政治等方面都做了深入探讨。
本书从多个方面探讨了美国的含义，非常值得一读。
美国的意义和内涵是多方面的，它包括历史、文化、价值观念等多方面的因素。
本章节所阐述的观点，重点在于探讨美国的乐观主义、移民对美国文化的影响，以及美国文化中的具有象征意义的符号。
只有通过深入了解美国的多重含义，我们才能更好地理解和认识这个富有魅力的国家。
THE MAKING OF A NATION 05
THE MAKING OF A NATION #5 - American Indians（美洲印第安人）By Paul ThompsonVOICE ONE:Scientists believe that the native peoples of America came here thousands of years ago during the last Ice Age. These people settled the land from the cold northern areas to the extreme end of South America. As the groups of people settled different parts of the land, they developed their own languages, their own cultures and their own religions. Each group's story is important in the history of the Americas. However, it is perhaps the tribes of the central part of the United States that are most recognized.科学家们相信，美洲的土著大约在几千年前的上一个冰河时期来到这里。
美洲土著们的足迹从北到南遍布北美洲和南美洲。
由于他们生活在不同的地域，他们拥有不同的语言、文化和宗教信仰。
每一个部落的历史都是美国历史的一部分。
然而，只有生活在美国中部的部落的历史是非常清晰的。
VOICE TWO:In Eighteen-Oh-Four, Merriwether Lewis and William Clark led a group of explorers to the Pacific Ocean. They were the first educated Americans to see some of the native tribes of the Great Plains. And they were the first white people these Native American people had ever seen.When the group of explorers neared the eastern side of the great Rocky Mountains, they met with a tribe of Indians called the Shoshoni. Merriwether Lewis was the first to see them. Let us imagine we are with Merriwether Lewis near the Rocky Mountains almost two-hundred years ago. Across a small hill, a group of sixty Shoshoni men are riding toward us.1804年，一群探险者首次穿越北美大陆来到了太平洋沿岸。
The_American_Scholar
The American Scholar,国外论知识和做学问写的最好的文章Emerson:The American Scholar1837年8月31日，爱默生在美国大学生联谊会上以《论美国学者》为题发表演讲，抨击美国社会中灵魂从属于金钱的拜金主义和资本主义的劳动分工使人异化为物的现象，强调人的价值；他提出学者的任务是自由而勇敢地从表相中揭示真实，以鼓舞人、提高人和引导人；他号召发扬民族自尊心，反对一味追随外国学说。
这一演讲轰动一时，对美国民族文化的兴起产生了巨大影响，被誉为是美国“思想上的独立宣言”。
这是Bantom classic 的版本，也可以算国外论知识和做学问写的最好的文章-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Mr. President and Gentlemen,I greet you on the re-commencement of our literary year. Our anniversary is one of hope, and, perhaps, not enough of labor. We do not meet for games of strength or skill, for the recitation of histories, tragedies, and odes, like the ancient Greeks; for parliaments of love and poesy, like the Troubadours; nor for the advancement of science, like our contemporaries in the British and European capitals. Thus far, our holiday has been simply a friendly sign of the survival of the love of letters amongst a people too busy to give to letters any more. As such, it is precious as the sign of an indestructible instinct. Perhaps the time is already come, when it ought to be, and will be, something else; when the sluggard intellect of this continent will look from under its iron lids, and fill the postponed expectation of the world with something better than the exertions of mechanical skill. Our day of dependence, our long apprenticeship to the learning of other lands, draws to a close.The millions, that around us are rushing into life, cannot always be fed on the sere remains of foreign harvests. Events, actions arise, that must be sung, that will sing themselves. Who can doubt, that poetry will revive and lead in a new age, as the star in the constellation Harp, which now flames in our zenith, astronomers announce, shall one day be the pole-star for a thousand years?In this hope, I accept the topic which not only usage, but the nature of our association, seem to prescribe to this day,--the AMERICAN SCHOLAR. Year by year, we come up hither to read one more chapter of his biography. Let us inquire what light new days and events have thrown on his character, and his hopes.It is one of those fables, which, out of an unknown antiquity, convey an unlooked-for wisdom, that the gods, in the beginning, divided Man into men, that he might be more helpful to himself; just as the hand was divided into fingers, the better to answer its end.The old fable covers a doctrine ever new and sublime; that there is One Man,--present to all particular men only partially, or through one faculty; and that you must take the whole society to find the whole man. Man is not a farmer, or a professor, or an engineer, but he is all. Man is priest, and scholar, and statesman, and producer, and soldier. In the divided or social state, these functions are parceled out to individuals, each of whom aims to do his stint of the joint work, whilst each other performs his. The fable implies, that the individual, to possess himself, must sometimes return from his own labor to embrace all the other laborers. But unfortunately, this original unit, this fountain of power, has been so distributed to multitudes, has been so minutely subdivided and peddled out, that it is spilled into drops, and cannot be gathered. The state of society is one in which the members have suffered amputation from the trunk, and strut about so many walking monsters,--a good finger, a neck, a stomach, an elbow, but never a man.Man is thus metamorphosed into a thing, into many things. The planter, who is Man sent out into the field to gather food, is seldom cheered by any idea of the true dignity of his ministry. He sees his bushel and his cart, and nothing beyond, and sinks into the farmer, instead of Man on the farm. The tradesman scarcely ever gives an ideal worth to his work, but is ridden by the routine of his craft, and the soul is subject to dollars. The priest becomes a form; the attorney, a statute-book; the mechanic, a machine; the sailor, a rope of a ship.In this distribution of functions, the scholar is the delegated intellect. In the right state, he is, Man Thinking. In the degenerate state, when the victim of society, he tends to become a mere thinker,or, still worse, the parrot of other men's thinking.In this view of him, as Man Thinking, the theory of his office is contained. Him nature solicits with all her placid, all her monitory pictures; him the past instructs; him the future invites.Is not, indeed, every man a student, and do not all things exist for the student's behoof? And, finally, is not the true scholar the only true master? But the old oracle said, `All things have two handles: beware of the wrong one.' In life, too often, the scholar errs with mankind and forfeits his privilege. Let us see him in his school, and consider him in reference to the main influences he receives.I. The first in time and the first in importance of the influences upon the mind is that of nature. Every day, the sun; and, after sunset, night and her stars. Ever the winds blow; ever the grass grows. Every day, men and women, conversing, beholding and beholden. The scholar is he of all men whom this spectacle most engages. He must settle its value in his mind. What is nature to him? There is never a beginning, there is never an end, to the inexplicable continuity of this web of God, but always circular power returning into itself. Therein it resembles his own spirit, whose beginning, whose ending, he never can find,--so entire, so boundless. Far, too, as her splendors shine, system on system shooting like rays, upward, downward, without centre, without circumference,--in the mass and in the particle, nature hastens to render account of herself to the mind. Classification begins. To the young mind, every thing is individual, stands by itself. By and by, it finds how to join two things, and see in them one nature; then three, then three thousand; and so, tyrannized over by its own unifying instinct, it goes on tying things together, diminishing anomalies, discovering roots running under ground, whereby contrary and remote things cohere, and flower out from one stem. It presently learns, that, since the dawn of history, there has been a constant accumulation and classifying of facts. But what is classification but the perceiving that these objects are not chaotic, and are not foreign, but have a law which is also a law of the human mind? The astronomer discovers that geometry, a pure abstraction of the human mind, is the measure of planetary motion. The chemist finds proportions and intelligible method throughout matter; and science is nothing but the finding of analogy, identity, in the most remoteparts. The ambitious soul sits down before each refractory fact; one after another, reduces all strange constitutions, all new powers, to their class and their law, and goes on for ever to animate the last fibre of organization, the outskirts of nature, by insight.Thus to him, to this school-boy under the bending dome of day, is suggested, that he and it proceed from one root; one is leaf and one is flower; relation, sympathy, stirring in every vein. And what is that Root? Is not that the soul of his soul?--A thought too bold,--a dream too wild. Yet when this spiritual light shall have revealed the law of more earthly natures,--when he has learned to worship the soul, and to see that the natural philosophy that now is, is only the first gropings of its gigantic hand, he shall look forward to an ever expanding knowledge as to a becoming creator. He shall see, that nature is the opposite of the soul, answering to it part for part. One is seal, and one is print. Its beauty is the beauty of his own mind. Its laws are the laws of his own mind. Nature then becomes to him the measure of his attainments. So much of nature as he is ignorant of, so much of his own mind does he not yet possess. And, in fine, the ancient precept, "Know thyself," and the modern precept, "Study nature," become at last one maxim.II. The next great influence into the spirit of the scholar, is, the mind of the Past,--in whatever form, whether of literature, of art, of institutions, that mind is inscribed. Books are the best type of the influence of the past, and perhaps we shall get at the truth,--learn the amount of this influence more conveniently,--by considering their value alone.The theory of books is noble. The scholar of the first age received into him the world around; brooded thereon; gave it the new arrangement of his own mind, and uttered it again. It came into him, life; it went out from him, truth. It came to him, short-lived actions; it went out from him, immortal thoughts. It came to him, business; it went from him, poetry. It was dead fact; now, it is quick thought. It can stand, and it can go. It now endures, it now flies, it now inspires. Precisely in proportion to the depth of mind from which it issued, so high does it soar, so long does it sing.Or, I might say, it depends on how far the process had gone, of transmuting life into truth. In proportion to the completeness of the distillation, so will the purity and imperishableness of theproduct be. But none is quite perfect. As no air-pump can by any means make a perfect vacuum, so neither can any artist entirely exclude the conventional, the local, the perishable from his book, or write a book of pure thought, that shall be as efficient, in all respects, to a remote posterity, as to contemporaries, or rather to the second age. Each age, it is found, must write its own books; or rather, each generation for the next succeeding. The books of an older period will not fit this.Yet hence arises a grave mischief. The sacredness which attaches to the act of creation,--the actof thought,--is transferred to the record. The poet chanting, was felt to be a divine man: henceforth the chant is divine also. The writer was a just and wise spirit: henceforward it is settled, the book is perfect; as love of the hero corrupts into worship of his statue. Instantly, the book becomes noxious: the guide is a tyrant. The sluggish and perverted mind of the multitude, slow to open to the incursions of Reason, having once so opened, having once received this book, stands upon it, and makes an outcry, if it is disparaged. Colleges are built on it. Books are written on it by thinkers, not by Man Thinking; by men of talent, that is, who start wrong, who set out from accepted dogmas, not from their own sight of principles. Meek young men grow up in libraries, believing it their duty to accept the views, which Cicero, which Locke, which Bacon, have given, forgetful that Cicero, Locke, and Bacon were only young men in libraries, when they wrote these books.Hence, instead of Man Thinking, we have the bookworm. Hence, the book-learned class, who value books, as such; not as related to nature and the human constitution, but as making a sort of Third Estate with the world and the soul. Hence, the restorers of readings, the emendators, the bibliomaniacs of all degrees.Books are the best of things, well used; abused, among the worst. What is the right use? What is the one end, which all means go to effect? They are for nothing but to inspire. I had better never see a book, than to be warped by its attraction clean out of my own orbit, and made a satellite instead of a system. The one thing in the world, of value, is the active soul. This every man is entitled to; this every man contains within him, although, in almost all men, obstructed, and as yet unborn. The soul active sees absolute truth; and utters truth, or creates. In this action, it is genius;not the privilege of here and there a favorite, but the sound estate of every man. In its essence, it is progressive. The book, the college, the school of art, the institution of any kind, stop with some past utterance of genius. This is good, say they,--let us hold by this. They pin me down. They look backward and not forward. But genius looks forward: the eyes of man are set in his forehead, not in his hindhead: man hopes: genius creates. Whatever talents may be, if the man create not, the pure efflux of the Deity is not his;--cinders and smoke there may be, but not yet flame. There are creative manners, there are creative actions, and creative words; manners, actions, words, that is, indicative of no custom or authority, but springing spontaneous from the mind's own sense of good and fair.On the other part, instead of being its own seer, let it receive from another mind its truth, though it were in torrents of light, without periods of solitude, inquest, and self-recovery, and a fatal disservice is done. Genius is always sufficiently the enemy of genius by over influence. The literature of every nation bear me witness. The English dramatic poets have Shakspearized nowfor two hundred years.Undoubtedly there is a right way of reading, so it be sternly subordinated. Man Thinking must not be subdued by his instruments. Books are for the scholar's idle times. When he can read God directly, the hour is too precious to be wasted in other men's transcripts of their readings. But when the intervals of darkness come, as come they must,--when the sun is hid, and the stars withdraw their shining, --we repair to the lamps which were kindled by their ray, to guide our steps to the East again, where the dawn is. We hear, that we may speak. The Arabian proverb says, "A fig tree, looking on a fig tree, becometh fruitful."It is remarkable, the character of the pleasure we derive from the best books. They impress us with the conviction, that one nature wrote and the same reads. We read the verses of one of the great English poets, of Chaucer, of Marvell, of Dryden, with the most modern joy,--with a pleasure, I mean, which is in great part caused by the abstraction of all time from their verses. There is some awe mixed with the joy of our surprise, when this poet, who lived in some past world, twoor three hundred years ago, says that which lies close to my own soul, that which I also hadwellnigh thought and said. But for the evidence thence afforded to the philosophical doctrine of the identity of all minds, we should suppose some preestablished harmony, some foresight of souls that were to be, and some preparation of stores for their future wants, like the fact observed in insects, who lay up food before death for the young grub they shall never see.I would not be hurried by any love of system, by any exaggeration of instincts, to underrate the Book. We all know, that, as the human body can be nourished on any food, though it were boiled grass and the broth of shoes, so the human mind can be fed by any knowledge. And great and heroic men have existed, who had almost no other information than by the printed page. I only would say, that it needs a strong head to bear that diet. One must be an inventor to read well. As the proverb says, "He that would bring home the wealth of the Indies, must carry out the wealth of the Indies." There is then creative reading as well as creative writing. When the mind is braced by labor and invention, the page of whatever book we read becomes luminous with manifold allusion. Every sentence is doubly significant, and the sense of our author is as broad as the world. We then see, what is always true, that, as the seer's hour of vision is short and rare among heavy days and months, so is its record, perchance, the least part of his volume. The discerning will read, in his Plato or Shakespeare, only that least part,--only the authentic utterances of the oracle;-- all the rest he rejects, were it never so many times Plato's and Shakespeare's.Of course, there is a portion of reading quite indispensable to a wise man. History and exact science he must learn by laborious reading. Colleges, in like manner, have their indispensable office,--to teach elements. But they can only highly serve us, when they aim not to drill, but to create; when they gather from far every ray of various genius to their hospitable halls, and, by the concentrated fires, set the hearts of their youth on flame. Thought and knowledge are natures in which apparatus and pretension avail nothing. Gowns, and pecuniary foundations, though of towns of gold, can never countervail the least sentence or syllable of wit. Forget this, and our American colleges will recede in their public importance, whilst they grow richer every year.III. There goes in the world a notion, that the scholar should be a recluse, a valetudinarian,--as unfit for any handiwork or public labor, as a penknife for an axe. The so-called 'practical men'sneer at speculative men, as if, because they speculate or see, they could do nothing. I have heard it said that the clergy,--who are always, more universally than any other class, the scholars of their day,--are addressed as women; that the rough, spontaneous conversation of men they do not hear, but only a mincing and diluted speech. They are often virtually disfranchised; and, indeed, there are advocates for their celibacy. As far as this is true of the studious classes, it is not just and wise. Action is with the scholar subordinate, but it is essential. Without it, he is not yet man. Without it, thought can never ripen into truth. Whilst the world hangs before the eye as a cloud of beauty, we cannot even see its beauty. Inaction is cowardice, but there can be no scholar without the heroic mind. The preamble of thought, the transition through which it passes from the unconscious to the conscious, is action. Only so much do I know, as I have lived. Instantly we know whose words are loaded with life, and whose not.The world,--this shadow of the soul, or other me, lies wide around. Its attractions are the keys which unlock my thoughts and make me acquainted with myself. I run eagerly into this resounding tumult. I grasp the hands of those next me, and take my place in the ring to suffer and to work, taught by an instinct, that so shall the dumb abyss be vocal with speech. I pierce its order; I dissipate its fear; I dispose of it within the circuit of my expanding life. So much only of life as I know by experience, so much of the wilderness have I vanquished and planted, or so far have I extended my being, my dominion. I do not see how any man can afford, for the sake of his nerves and his nap, to spare any action in which he can partake. It is pearls and rubies to his discourse. Drudgery, calamity, exasperation, want, are instructors in eloquence and wisdom. The true scholar grudges every opportunity of action past by, as a loss of power.It is the raw material out of which the intellect moulds her splendid products. A strange process too, this, by which experience is converted into thought, as a mulberry leaf is converted into satin. The manufacture goes forward at all hours.The actions and events of our childhood and youth, are now matters of calmest observation. They lie like fair pictures in the air. Not so with our recent actions,--with the business which we now have in hand. On this we are quite unable to speculate. Our affections as yet circulate through it.We no more feel or know it, than we feel the feet, or the hand, or the brain of our body. The new deed is yet a part of life,--remains for a time immersed in our unconscious life. In some contemplative hour, it detaches itself from the life like a ripe fruit, to become a thought of the mind. Instantly, it is raised, transfigured; the corruptible has put on incorruption. Henceforth it is an object of beauty, however base its origin and neighborhood. Observe, too, the impossibility of antedating this act. In its grub state, it cannot fly, it cannot shine, it is a dull grub. But suddenly, without observation, the selfsame thing unfurls beautiful wings, and is an angel of wisdom.So is there no fact, no event, in our private history, which shall not, sooner or later, lose its adhesive, inert form, and astonish us by soaring from our body into the empyrean. Cradle and infancy, school and playground, the fear of boys, and dogs, and ferules, the love of little maids and berries, and many another fact that once filled the whole sky, are gone already; friend and relative profession and party, town and country, nation and world, must also soar and sing.Of course, he who has put forth his total strength in fit actions, has the richest return of wisdom. I will not shut myself out of this globe of action, and transplant an oak into a flower-pot, there to hunger and pine; nor trust the revenue of some single faculty, and exhaust one vein of thought, much like those Savoyards, who, getting their livelihood by carving shepherds, shepherdesses, and smoking Dutchmen, for all Europe, went out one day to the mountain to find stock, and discovered that they had whittled up the last of their pine-trees. Authors we have, in numbers, who have written out their vein, and who, moved by a commendable prudence, sail for Greece or Palestine, follow the trapper into the prairie, or ramble round Algiers, to replenish their merchantable stock. If it were only for a vocabulary, the scholar would be covetous of action. Life is our dictionary. Years are well spent in country labors; in town,--in the insight into trades and manufactures; in frank intercourse with many men and women; in science; in art; to the one end of mastering in all their facts a language by which to illustrate and embody our perceptions. I learn immediately from any speaker how much he has already lived, through the poverty or the splendor of his speech. Life lies behind us as the quarry from whence we get tiles and copestones for the masonry of to-day. This is the way to learn grammar. Colleges and books only copy the language which the field and the work-yard made.But the final value of action, like that of books, and better than books, is, that it is a resource. That great principle of Undulation in nature, that shows itself in the inspiring and expiring of the breath; in desire and satiety; in the ebb and flow of the sea; in day and night; in heat and cold; and as yet more deeply ingrained in every atom and every fluid, is known to us under the name of Polarity,--these "fits of easy transmission and reflection," as Newton called them, are the law of nature because they are the law of spirit.The mind now thinks; now acts; and each fit reproduces the other. When the artist has exhausted his materials, when the fancy no longer paints, when thoughts are no longer apprehended, and books are a weariness,--he has always the resource to live. Character is higher than intellect. Thinking is the function. Living is the functionary. The stream retreats to its source. A great soul will be strong to live, as well as strong to think. Does he lack organ or medium to impart his truths? He can still fall back on this elemental force of living them. This is a total act. Thinking is a partial act. Let the grandeur of justice shine in his affairs. Let the beauty of affection cheer his lowly roof. Those 'far from fame,' who dwell and act with him, will feel the force of his constitution in the doings and passages of the day better than it can be measured by any public and designed display. Time shall teach him, that the scholar loses no hour which the man lives. Herein he unfolds the sacred germ of his instinct, screened from influence. What is lost in seemliness is gained in strength. Not out of those, on whom systems of education have exhausted their culture, comesthe helpful giant to destroy the old or to build the new, but out of unhandselled savage nature,out of terrible Druids and Berserkirs, come at last Alfred and Shakespeare.I hear therefore with joy whatever is beginning to be said of the dignity and necessity of labor to every citizen. There is virtue yet in the hoe and the spade, for learned as well as for unlearned hands. And labor is everywhere welcome; always we are invited to work; only be this limitation observed, that a man shall not for the sake of wider activity sacrifice any opinion to the popular judgments and modes of action.I have now spoken of the education of the scholar by nature, by books, and by action. It remainsto say somewhat of his duties. They are such as become Man Thinking. They may all be comprised in self-trust. The office of the scholar is to cheer, to raise, and to guide men by showing them facts amidst appearances. He plies the slow, unhonored, and unpaid task of observation. Flamsteed and Herschel, in their glazed observatories, may catalogue the stars with the praise of all men, and, the results being splendid and useful, honor is sure. But he, in his private observatory, cataloguing obscure and nebulous stars of the human mind, which as yet no man has thought of as such, --watching days and months, sometimes, for a few facts; correcting still his old records;--must relinquish display and immediate fame. In the long period of his preparation, he must betray often an ignorance and shiftlessness in popular arts, incurring the disdain of the able who shoulder him aside. Long he must stammer in his speech; often forego the living for the dead. Worse yet, he must accept,--how often! poverty and solitude. For the ease and pleasure of treading the old road, accepting the fashions, the education, the religion of society, he takes the cross of making his own, and, of course, the self-accusation, the faint heart, the frequent uncertainty and loss of time, which are the nettles and tangling vines in the way of the self-relying and self-directed; and the state of virtual hostility in which he seems to stand to society, and especially to educated society. For all this loss and scorn, what offset? He is to find consolation in exercising the highest functions of human nature. He is one, who raises himself from private considerations, and breathes and lives on public and illustrious thoughts. He is the world's eye.He is the world's heart. He is to resist the vulgar prosperity that retrogrades ever to barbarism, by preserving and communicating heroic sentiments, noble biographies, melodious verse, and the conclusions of history. Whatsoever oracles the human heart, in all emergencies, in all solemn hours, has uttered as its commentary on the world of actions,--these he shall receive and impart. And whatsoever new verdict Reason from her inviolable seat pronounces on the passing men and events of to-day,--this he shall hear and promulgate.These being his functions, it becomes him to feel all confidence in himself, and to defer never to the popular cry. He and he only knows the world. The world of any moment is the merest appearance. Some great decorum, some fetish of a government, some ephemeral trade, or war, or man, is cried up by half mankind and cried down by the other half, as if all depended on thisparticular up or down. The odds are that the whole question is not worth the poorest thought which the scholar has lost in listening to the controversy. Let him not quit his belief that a popgun is a popgun, though the ancient and honorable of the earth affirm it to be the crack of doom. In silence, in steadiness, in severe abstraction, let him hold by himself; add observation to observation, patient of neglect, patient of reproach; and bide his own time,--happy enough, if he can satisfy himself alone, that this day he has seen something truly. Success treads on every right step. For the instinct is sure, that prompts him to tell his brother what he thinks. He then learns, that in going down into the secrets of his own mind, he has descended into the secrets of all minds. He learns that he who has mastered any law in his private thoughts, is master to that extent of all men whose language he speaks, and of all into whose language his own can be translated. The poet, in utter solitude remembering his spontaneous thoughts and recording them, is found to have recorded that, which men in crowded cities find true for them also. The orator distrusts at first the fitness of his frank confessions, --his want of knowledge of the persons he addresses,--until he finds that he is the complement of his hearers;--that they drink his words because he fulfill for them their own nature; the deeper he dives into his privatest, secretest presentiment, to his wonder he finds, this is the most acceptable, most public, and universally true. The people delight in it; the better part of every man feels, This is my music; this is myself.In self-trust, all the virtues are comprehended. Free should the scholar be,--free and brave. Free even to the definition of freedom, "without any hindrance that does not arise out of his own constitution." Brave; for fear is a thing, which a scholar by his very function puts behind him. Fear always springs from ignorance. It is a shame to him if his tranquility, amid dangerous times, arise from the presumption, that, like children and women, his is a protected class; or if he seek a temporary peace by the diversion of his thoughts from politics or vexed questions, hiding his head like an ostrich in the flowering bushes, peeping into microscopes, and turning rhymes, as a boy whistles to keep his courage up. So is the danger a danger still; so is the fear worse. Manlike let him turn and face it. Let him look into its eye and search its nature, inspect its origin,--see the whelping of this lion,--which lies no great way back; he will then find in himself a perfect comprehension of its nature and extent; he will have made his hands meet on the other side, and can henceforth defy it, and pass on superior. The world is his, who can see through its pretension.。
美国土著居民的介绍-Native-Americans
There were no forests in the Southwest region. The land was rocky and uneven.
There were many mesas, or large rocks with flat tops. The Indians who lived in this region were farmers. They planted
They took care of the earth and only used what they nee used natural resources to meet their needs.
trees
water
stones
buffalo
Natural resources are things in nature that people can use.
The skins were used for shelters and clothing. The bones were used for tools.
The physical surroundings of the regions affected each culture group’s way of life in other ways, too.
【英语】高考英语易错题专题三阅读理解(含解析)
【英语】高考英语易错题专题三阅读理解（含解析）一、高中英语阅读理解1.阅读理解Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is gaining global popularity. According to a government white paper, TCM has been introduced in 183 countries and regions around the world.Westerners' understanding of TCM, however, may be limited to acupuncture, cupping and massage(#灸，拔罐和按摩).For instance, the purple, injury-like marks left on U. S. swimmer Michael Phelps, back from cupping for the purpose of relaxing his muscles and reducing pain became the center of attention during the Rio Olympics in 2016.As a matter of fact, Chinese herbs play a more important role in getting rid of diseases and keeping the body in good condition in the TCM treatment system than physical treatment. It is therefore disheartening to know that while 103 World Health Organization member countries have given approval to the practice of acupuncture, not many recognize Chinese herbal medicine. TCM falls far behind Western medicine owing partly to the slow development of Chinese herbs.Herbs are made into pills, powder and soup, and the kind of herbs used, their quality and quantity, and the processing of the ingredients (原材料)jointly determine the effectiveness of the prescription. Compared with Western medicine, which has standardized drug production processes and treatment methods, TCM lacks standardization, with the chemical composition and functions of its medicines being unclear and their effects being unstable. Fortunately, standardization has improved in recent decades, with an increasing number of factories producing patented TCM drugs.Another factor that has prevented the development of TCM prescription drugs is the lack of creativity. While Western medicine-making companies come up with new products every year, TCM drug producers tend to make medicines according to prescriptions handed down from the past. Chinese chemist Tu Youyou's winning the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her research into malaria (疟疾)treatment may drive creativity to some extent in China's TCM industry. However, the current state of affairs cannot be changed within a short time.(1)Why does the author mention the example of Michael Phelps?A. Because he was injured in his swimming.B. Because cupping is a kind of important TCM treatment.C. Because westerners know a little about TCM.D. Because westerners attach great importance to TCM.(2)Why don't some member countries of WHO recognize Chinese herbal medicine?A. Because Chinese herbs can get rid of diseases.B. Because they only approve the practice of acupuncture.C. Because Western medicine is more effective.D. Because medicine made out of Chinese herbs develops slowly.(3)Compared with Western medicine, what is the weak point of TCM in Paragraph 4?A. The methods of planting herbs.B. The effectiveness of prescription.C. Lacking in standardization.D. Its stable functions.(4)The lack of creativity in TCM refers to the fact that.A. medicine-making companies lack creativityB. prescriptions are got from the pastC. Western companies are more experiencedD. medicine-making companies lack driving force【答案】(1) C⑵D(3) C(4) B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，街扫了传统中药的好处。
the America religious culture(美国宗教文化)
American Religious Culture美国是一个宗教色彩浓厚的发达国家,其宗教多元化与移民问题有密切关系,宗教信仰已成为美国文化和历史不可分割的组成部分,这种多元宗教文化的传统对美国的社会生活产生了深刻影响。
USA is a developed country with rich religious colors and its multi-religious features are closely connected with itsimmigrants. Religious beliefs are an inseparable part of American culture and history. This deep-rooted multi-religious culture has exerted great influenceon American lives.一、美国的宗教文化背America's religious and cultural background美国向以“民族熔炉”和“宗教联合国”著称。
America is famous as an "Ethnic melting pot" and "religious United Nations".美国人大部分是17和18世纪欧洲移民的后裔,另外,还从拉丁美洲、亚洲、澳洲、非洲甚至加拿大涌入了大量移民。
移民们持续稳定地涌入美国,带来了他们本国的文化和传统,从而使美国社会变得丰富多彩,也对美国多元文化的形成产生了深远的影响。
Americans are mostly descendants of European immigrants of17 and 18th Century. In addition to there are also a large number ofimmigrants from Latin America, Asia, Australia, Africa and Canada. Thesteady influx of immigrants brought their own culture and traditions to America. They make the American society rich and colorful and even impact far-reaching influence on the formation of America’s multicultural.多元文化的沃土滋养出了多元宗教文化。
美国第1章 历史 答案
Chapter 13 Terms1) American Indians, also called the Native Americans, were the first people to live in America. They first arrived during the Ice Age when Nomads followed herds of animals across a land bridge from Asia to North America. They lived in tribes all over the United States, mistakenly called Indians by Christopher Columbus since the new discovery in 1492.2) New England is a region in the northeastern corner of the United States consisting of the six states of Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. Some of the first movements of American literature, philosophy, and education originated in New England. The region played a prominent role in the movement to abolish slavery, and was the first region of the United States transformed by the Industrial Revolution. Today, New England is a major world center of education, high technology, insurance, and medicine. Boston is its cultural, financial, educational, medical and transportation center.3) It is a movement of people from the settled regions of the United States to lands farther west. Between the early 17th and late 19th centuries, American people and their societies expanded from the Atlantic Coast to the Pacific Coast. This westward movement, across what was often called the American frontier, was of enormous significance. By expanding the nation’s borders to include more than three million square miles, the United States became one of the most powerful nations of the 20th century. However, this expansion also resulted in great suffering, destruction, and cultural loss for the Native Americans of North America. This expansion also meant that much of North America was dominated by English institutions and ways of life, instead of Spanish or French ones. The Spanish and French were also exploring and settling North America in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries. For good or ill, the westward movement of these American settlers was one of the most influential forces to shape North American history.4) WASPS are the mainstream Americans, referring to the white Anglo-Saxon Protestants.5) The great lakes are the most important lakes in the United States. They are Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Eire and Lake Ontario.II1) The US Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government. It is the law-making body and the supreme legislative body of the nation. It consists of two houses: the Senate and the House of the Representatives.2) The American constitutional system includes a notion known as the Separation of Powers. In this system, 3 branches of government are created and power is shared between them. At the same time, the powers of one branch can be challenged by another branch. This is what the system of checks and balances is all about. There are three branches in the United States government as established by the Constitution. First, the Legislative branch makes the law. Second, the Executive branch executes the law. Last, the Judicial branch interprets the law. Each branch has an effect on the other.3) The Constitution of the United States is the key instrument of American government and the supreme law of the country. Government was established by following the guidelines laid out in the constitution. Since the founding of America, it has served as the framework for the development of governmental institutions. It is the Constitution that has assured political stability, individual freedom, economic growth, and social progress.4) The government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial,each has part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of government can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This is called “checks and balances”.5) The Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States. The court deals with matters pertaining to the federal government, disputes between states, and interpretation of the Constitution. It can declare legislation or executive action made at any level of the government as unconstitutional, nullifying the law and creating precedent for future law and decisions. The Supreme Court consists of nine Justices: the Chief Justice of the United States and eight Associate Justices. They have equal weight when voting on a case and the Chief Justice has no casting vote or power to instruct colleagues. The Justices are nominated by the President and confirmed with the 'advice and consent' of the Senate. As federal judges, the Justices serve for life and can be removed only by resignation or by impeachment and subsequent conviction.III1) A plantation economy is an economy based on agricultural mass production, usually of a few staple products grown on large farms called plantations. Plantation economies rely on the export of cash crops as a source of income. Prominent plantation crops included cotton, rubber, sugar cane, tobacco, figs, rice, kapok, sisal and indigo. The longer a crop's harvest period, the more efficient plantations are. Scale economies are also achieved by long distances to markets and reduction in the crop's size. Plantation crops also differ in that they need processing immediately after harvesting. Sugar, tea sisal and palm oil are most suited to plantations, coconuts, rubber and cotton to a lesser extent.2) The Federal Reserve System (also known as the Federal Reserve, and informally as the Fed) is the central banking system of the United States. It was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, largely in response to a series of financial panics, particularly a severe panic in 1907. Over time, the roles and responsibilities of the Federal Reserve System have expanded and its structure has evolved. Events such as the Great Depression were major factors leading to changes in the system.3) Wall Street is the financial district of New York City, named after and centered on the eight-block-long, 0.7 miles (1.1 km) long street running from Broadway to South Street on the East River in Lower Manhattan. Over time, the term has become a metonym for the financial markets of the United States as a whole, the American financial sector (even if financial firms are not physically located there), or signifying New York-based financial interests.4) President Roosevelt launched the New Deal to alleviate the most serious economic crisis in the nation’s history, the Great Depression. New Deal legislation extended federal authority in banking, agriculture, and public welfare. It established minimum standards for wages and hours on the job, which served as a catalyst for the expansion of labor unions in industries like steel, automobiles, and rubber. Many of the most important laws and institutions that define American’s modern economy can be traced to the New Deal era.5) In the early years of American history, most political leaders accepted the concept of laissez-faire（法语，自由放任主义, 不干涉主义），a doctrine opposing government interference in the economy except to maintain law and order. This attitude started to change during the late 19th century, when small business, farm, and labor movements began asking the government to intercede on their behalf.IIII3. Terms1) Independence Day, commonly known as the Fourth of July, is a federal holiday in the United States celebrating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain.2) "WASP" stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant. It is considered the basis of the mainstream culture of the United States. The people who settled in the 13 North American colonies were mostly white European Protestant believers. The United States was founded and formed largely by Protestants.3) American football, known in the United States simply as football and often as gridiron or tackle football outside the United States, is a competitive team sport known for combining strategy with physical play. The objective of the game is to score points by advancing the ball into the opposing team's end zone. The ball can be advanced by carrying it or by throwing it to a teammate. Points can be scored in a variety of ways, including carrying the ball over the opponent's goal line, catching a pass thrown over that goal line, kicking the ball through the goal posts at the opponent's end zone, or tackling an opposing ball carrier within his end zone. The winner is the team with the most points when the time expires.4) The "Lost Generation" is a term used to describe the generation of young men and women who came to maturity in the 20s. Some of them fought in World War I. They became disgusted with war and disillusioned with the post-war society. They shared the same sense of dislocation, rootlessness and disillusionment.5) Hollywood is the US film industry centre. It is located in Los Angeles, California. There are big movie companies, including the Warner Bros. Pictures, Universal Studios, Columbia Pictures, and Paramount Pictures. The annual Oscar Award held there attracts the attention of the world; it has become the synonym of American film.IIIII3. Terms1) Community colleges are two-year post-secondary institutions that offer certificate programs, Associate of Arts degree, Associate of Sciences degree, plus many other programs. There are 1,186 community colleges in the United States. Community colleges are centers of educational opportunity, embodying Thomas Jefferson’s belief education should b e practical as well as liberal. They are an American invention that put publicly funded higher education at close-to-home facilities, beginning nearly 100years age with Joliet Junior College. Since then, they have been inclusive institutions that welcome all who desire to learn, regardless of wealth, heritage, or previous academic experience. The process of making higher education available to maximum number of people continues to develop at 1,186 public and independent community colleges. When the branch campuses of community colleges are included, the number totals about 1.600. 2) A college degree is a college or university diploma, often associated with a title and sometimes associated with an academic position, which is usually awarded in recognition of the recipient having either satisfactorily completed a prescribed course of study or having conducted a scholarly endeavor deemed worthy of his or her admission to the degree. The most common degrees awarded today are associate, bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees.3) The Ivy League is an athletic conference comprising eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. The conference name is also commonly used to refer to those eight schools as a group. The eight institutions are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, Princeton University, theUniversity of Pennsylvania, and Yale University. The term Ivy League also has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism. In addition to Cornell, all these schools are establish before American Independence War, the entering standards of every these school are all very strict.4)SAT is a standardized test for most college admissions in the United States. It is owned, published, and developed by the College Board, a nonprofit organization in the United States. It was formerly developed, published, and scored by the Educational Testing Service, which still administers the exam. The test is intended to assess a student's readiness for college. It was first introduced in 1926, and its name and scoring have changed several times. It was first called the Scholastic Aptitude Test, then the Scholastic Assessment Test.5) As industrialization grew, American school system also expanded. Public high schools were pressured by industry and parents to train students for jobs. This had resulted in the construction of two types of high schools: vocational and general. In a vocational school, students are taught the skills needed to perform a particular job. Most high schools offer both types of programs. V ocational courses such as typing, sewing, and mechanical drawing are commonly seen in the high school curriculum.。
天、地、神、人的四元合一-文档资料
天、地、神、人的四元合内容提要：海德格尔天、地、神、人四元合一的哲学思辨是当代深层生态学的思想基础，生态整体观将代表自然的“天地”、代表精神信仰的“神”和栖居在这个世界上的“终有一死的人”紧密联系起来，指导失去自然家园和精神家园的无家可归者与自然万物和谐相处。
莱斯利?西尔科在《仪式》中分析了20世纪后半叶美国社会生活中土著人的艰辛和持续的生命力，而更大的目的则是通过塔尤的故事发掘出“老兵复原与重归族群” 背后所蕴含的印第安文化的生发力，而这种生发力就来源于印第安民族一直拥有的传统生态整体思想。
美国土著传统文学源远流长，虽然从1 8世纪下半叶起就有土著人从事创作活动，但直至20世纪30年代，才出现了第一代真正意义上从本民族的文化视角用英语进行创作的土著作家。
从60 年代末开始，随着美国国内民权运动的深刻影响和人们对印第安文化的关注，斯科特?莫马迪( Scott Momada)y 的《黎明之屋》(House Madeof Dawn 1968)和詹姆斯？韦尔奇(James Welch)的《浴血隆冬》( Winter in the Blood ，1974)等作品引起了读者的极大关注。
以莫马迪荣获普利策文学奖为起点，美国文学史上出现了被著名学者肯尼思?林肯( Kenneth Lincoln )称作美国土著文学复兴”( Native American Renaissance )的新阶段。
在土著作家的文学创作中，读者明显感知到了印第安民族的宗教观和灵学思想与基督教等西方传统宗教理念的不同、土著人的群体意识与白人的个人主义的差异等。
在所有当代美国土著作家的作品中，“莱斯利?马蒙?西尔科( Leslie MarmonSilko ) 的《仪式》(Ceremony 1977)在评论界获得最多赞扬”，迄今已被译作日文、德文等在多国出版，出售逾50 万册。
《美国印第安文学研究》的前主编罗伯特?纳尔逊( RobeaNelson )认为：莱斯利?西尔科可能是最广为人知，当前被最频繁地收录进文学选集的美国印第安作家。
Native Americans in the United States本土美国人修订版
education
• After the American Civil War and Indian wars in the late 19th century, Native American boarding schools were established, which were often run primarily by or affiliated with Christian missionaries(传教士).
Food
• Many of the Eastern Woodland tribes hunted small game such as deer, rabbit, and bear. Since their villages were usually near the ocean, streams, or lakes, they also fished using spears and nets. Berries（浆果）, nuts, and wild plants were important forms of food. Many of these tribes were considered to be excellent farmers. They had large farms which grew corn, beans, and squash. Corn, beans, and squash(南瓜属植物) were the most important crops planted. They were know as “The Three Sisters” as they were also grown together.
Native Aording to 2003 United States Census Bureau estimates, a little over one third of the 2,786,652 Native Americans in the United States live in three states: California at 413,382, Arizona at 294,137 and Oklahoma at 279,559.
英语人文知识
人文知识(1)美国概况1．The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is The Mississippi River.（密西西比河是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线）2．The earliest part in America to be found and taken over by early settlers is The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. ( 最早被早期定居者发现和占领的地方是大西洋及其沿岸平原)3．The largest racial group in the whole population of U.S.A is Non-hispanics white. ( 非西班牙裔的白人是美国最大的种族群体)4．Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is African Americans. ( 2000年以前非裔美国人是美国最大的少数民族群体。
2000年以后，拉丁裔美国人的人数超过了非裔美国人的人数，成为美国第一大少数民族群体)5．America has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party. (美国拥有世界上最古老的宪法和政党)6．The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved by World War II. (第二次世界大战的爆发帮助美国走出了经济困境)7．In the United States, primary education requires Six years. (美国的小学要花费大约六年的时间)8．Most college students in the United States are in Public institutions. (大部分美国大学生都在公立学校就读)9．The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are the United States District Courts; the United States Courts of Appeal ; the United States Supreme Court. (美国的联邦法院系统包括)10．Louisiana (which state )is not governed by the common law. (路易斯安娜州不受共同法的约束)人文知识(2)美国概况1．Of the fifty states of America, 38states now have the death penalty as punishment.（美国现有38个州惩罚罪犯采用死刑）2．The four major regions of the United Sates are Northeast, South, Midwest and West. （美国的主要四大部分不包括北部）3．The New England Region region’s culture character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit. （美国的新英格兰地区，也就是东北部地区深受清教思想的影响）4．California is the largest state in terms of size and population in America. （加利福尼亚州是美国最大的州，拥有人口也最多）5．“Hollywood” is often used as a synonym for American films .(好莱坞是美国著名的电影制造地)6．The most important and largest river in the United States of America is the Mississippi River.(美国最长的河流是密西西比河，也是美国最重要的一条河流。
高一英语阅读理解(社会文化)题20套(带答案)及解析
高一英语阅读理解(社会文化)题20套(带答案)及解析一、高中英语阅读理解社会文化类1．阅读理解The United States is home to 562 recognized American Indian Nations each with its own language.Yet the number of native. Americans with the ability to speak their tribe's language has decreased over the past century.Now, Indian Nations are trying different ways to expand the number of native speakers, and increase interest in their communities to learn tribal languages.Since the late 1800s many American Indian children have attended boarding schools. At that time, Indian children were required to attend schools by law, and the government forced Indian families to send their children to such schools.The children were separated from their families. and given English name The teachers often taught native American students in English, instead of the language of their parents. They were told they needed to learn English in order to get a job, earn money and buy a house or nice things.However, fearing a loss of history and culture, the Indian Nations are experimenting with new ways to increase the language ability of tribal members.At least one organization is turning to modern technology---The Sealaska Heritage Institute, a nonprofit group, has developed two apps for speakers of the Tlingit language.The "Learning Tlingit" app serves as a reference for important language topics such as conversation phrases, number, and letters.The Tlingit tribe has about 10, 000 members. They live mainly in southeastern Alaska. But as of 2013, the tribe had only 125 native speakers left. in addition, very few young people are able to speak Tlingit.Currently there are two apps, called "Learning Tlingit" and "Tlingit Language Games". The "Learning Tlingit" app serves as a language guide. It provides Tlingit words and expressions, the tribal alphabet, as well as a basic list of the words included. With the "Tlingit Language Games" app, users are given a choice of different places of environments, like a house, forest or ocean.（1）What is the problem the native Americans are facing now?A.The number of native Americans has been increasing.B.Fewer and fewer native Americans speak their own language.C.Their native language has been extinct.D.It's hard to increase the interest of hearing native languages.（2）What will be the result if more and more native Americans only speak English?A.They will get better jobs and higher pay.B.They will teach their own children to speak English.C.They will lose their history and culture.D.They will get along well with the government.（3）What can we know about Tlingit?A.It can help the native people know some language topics.B.It can help the: native people earn money and buy a. house or nice thingsC.It is a very popular app among the native speakersD.It is a native language spoken by fewer than 200 people.（4）What is the main idea of the passage?A.American Indian tribes' efforts to increase native speakers.B.Reasons for the disappearance of some American Indian languages.C.Ways to help the native tribes lead a traditional life.D.The popularity of the language learning apps.【答案】（1）B（2）C（3）D（4）A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，美国的印第安人正在使用新的方法来增加本族语言的使用，否则，他们的本族语言将面临严重的危机。
当代美国翻译 The people Native Americans
02.2 The People02.2.1 Native AmericansWhen Europeans arrived in America, they found it already occupied. Through European eyes, the Indians were living upon (=on) the land(=move) upon the earth” (Genesis 1:27–8). Religious immigrants saw the land both as a place where danger lurked (vi.潜伏) and as a source of redemption (救赎) and wealth (=property财富). Soon Euro-Americans were using Royal grants (津贴), legal deeds (证书), squatters’ (擅自占用房屋或土地的人) rights, vigilante [(自发组织的)治安团体的成员] justice (治安和司法), and military force to subdue (征服) Indians and land.In contemporary America, a few million people are [ascent: n. ->ascend: vi.上升<->]descended ) from the Native Americans, but the vast majority of all Americans can trace [n./ vt.追踪] a part or the whole of their ancestry (祖先) to Europe. It can be asserted (宣称) that Europe’s primary export for the last (=past) 400 years has been people and Europeans have been especially prolific (多产的) in rapid ecological change and in reproducing (繁殖) societies which mirrored (=reflected) their own. As soon as they had [trans-: across] transplanted (移植) colonies, those began to transform through the interplay (互动) of other immigrant cultures, the land, and climate.The people who became Native Americans migrated across the Bering Straits (白令海峡) from Asia to settle on land unclaimed (无人认领的) by precedent (范例, 判例) or legal deed (行为)—or even by humans at all. These Asians advanced (vi.推进) yearly ten or so miles until they stretched out in different groups across the North American continent. As time and distance separated them from their roots in Mongolia andSiberia, these immigrants accommodated (=tranplant移植) (=transplanted) their cultures to the land and became “Indians” –as the early Europeans called them.Their cultures also changed rapidly with European contact (接触) as Indians and Europeans together became Americans. Prior to (=Before) the arrival of the European horde (移动着的一大群), thousands of Indian tribes were widely distributed (=spread分布) across America. The Anasazi culture of Colorado built a thousand homes into cliffs at Mesa [平顶山(常见于美国西南部地区)] Verde (角) and Chaco Canyon; the Adena (阿登那文化)-Hopewell culture were mound (丘陵, 土堆) builders (原始印第安人) living in Ohio; in New Mexico, the oldest continuously-occupied town in the United States is the Acoma (艾可玛) Pueblo village near Santa Fe (圣达菲); at Cahokia, near St. Louis, theof 10,000 inhabitants that had to be abandoned (= dessert抛弃) due to overcrowding andpollution problems about the time of Co lumbus’s voyages; from Canada to Georgia, the Iroquoian (易洛魁族) peoples hunted, farmed, and warred against their neighbors for supremacy (最高权力) over the land.In 2004, over 2.1 million people (identity: n.身份->identify: vt.识别->) identified (=considered/ regarded as自认为) themselves primarily as American Indians (Illustration 2.2) or Inuit (因纽特人); millions more have Indian ancestors (祖先). Indians are [similar: adj. 相似的->] assimilated (vt.同化) into the national culture even if one-quarter of them reside (居住) on land set aside exclusively (专门) for their tribe. The other three-quarters live in urban (都市) or suburban (郊区的) areas nationwide. Generally,“Indian” under tribal a nd US government rules.件), with the Cherokee, for example, believing that a person either is or is not a Cherokee –In 2004, there were 562 officially recognized tribes/clans (家族), 1.6 million enrolled (征兵, 招生) members, and 56 million acres of reservation land (Map 2.2) (BIA, 2004). In the last (=past) 20 years, more than one million acres have been added to existing or new Indian reservations (=Indian preserve印第安人保留地). Tribal affairs (事物) are run (=administrate管理) by elected chiefs (酋长) and tribal councils (议会) who act in ways similar to mayors (市长) and city councils across (=all over the country) America. Tribal councils hear (complain: vt.解释->) complaints (n.投诉), settle disputes (平息纠纷), and decide how to spend the money earned by tribal enterprises (企业) or distributed (分配) to them by the federal government under the Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). The BIA had 10,000 employees in 2004 and was headed by Dave Anderson, a member of the Lac Courte Oreilles Band(The Lac Courte Oreilles Tribe are one of seven federally recognized Wisconsin bands of Ojibwe) of Ojibwe of**************************************** Illustration 2.2 Navajo Woman and ChildNavajos (纳瓦霍人) comprise (构成) the largest of the 562 American Indian tribes and are among the most traditional groups. There is a pan-Indian movement [泛印地安人运动] to revive (复苏, 复兴) languages and ceremonies (仪式). Similar figures (numbers) of mother and child can be found at pan-Indian Powwows [巫师,医师,(印地安人的)仪式] held every summer in Indian Country (=countryside).(Ansel Adams Collection, RG 79, Records of the National Park Service, NARA)**************************************** Wisconsin. Anderson is an entrepreneur (企业家) who headed (=ran/ operated管理) a casino (赌场) management company, Grand Casinos Inc., before opening a barbeque (烧烤) restaurant in1994 that has grown to 87 “Famous Dave’s” restaurants in 23 states and $90.8 million in revenues (岁入) (Indians, 2004). Anderson runs the BIA with the philosophy (理念): “We have to believe that we can accomplish (=achieve获得成功->achievement= accomplishment成就) incredible (=unbelievable) things. And I’m very optimistic (乐观的<->pessimistic: adj.悲观的) about what’s happening in Indian Count ry (=countryside) right now” (Frommer, 2004).*************************************** Map 2.2 American Indian Reservations Source:/dmd/www/pdf/512indre.p df**************************************** By 2005, 2 tribes had established community (社区) colleges on their reservations (=preserve 印第安人保留地). Forty-eight tribes are involved in oil or natural gas production and 50 operate various types of mines. Many tribes have opened casino gambling parlors (接待室) – which took ina profit of $14.2 billion in 2003 – or built tourist hotels and golf courses on reservations to attract capital (Casino Gambling, 2003). Some tribes manage all the profits for the collective (集体的) communities and others transfer casino profits directly to tribal members, income amounting to (=reaching高达...) $30,000 per member per year of the Mohave-Apache tribe in Arizona and $72,000 per month to each member of the Shakopee Mdewakanton Dakota Sioux tribe in Minnesota in 1999. The Shakopee Mdewakanton tribe is a charitable (行善的) giver in Indian Country (=countryside); for example, the tribe gave $900,000 to the American Indian College Fund (基金) in 2001–3 (Barry, 2001).Despite these [succeed: vi.->] success stories [成功者的故事案例<->successful stories=well-written stories写得好的故事], most Indian tribes are located on isolated (隔绝) reservations where tourists rarely (=hardly几乎不) travel. Their members remain poorly educated and [property: n. 财产<->poverty: n.贫穷] impoverished (穷困的). They have social problems that far exceed (=surpass超过) the national average in rates (概率) of [alcohol: n. 酒精-> alcoholic drink->] alcoholism (酗酒), lowlife (=life span寿命), high unemployment, and inadequate (=not enough) health care. In 2004, overall (=general总体的) reservation unemployment was 4 percent as compared with the 5.5 percent national average; and of (=among) those employed, percent earned wages below the poverty line (平困线; NCAI, 2004).While Indians are proud to be Americans, the major disputes (=arguments争论) with the federal government are over (=about) the sense (=feeling归属感) of Indianness (印第安人身份) that is tied (=connected with) to the land. Without the land, some have said, there are no Indians. Many of the disputes are over (on/ about) who has the right to the natural resources. Public dams (水坝) redirect (vt.改道) water supplies and conservation policies restrict the number of fishwhich can be caught. Both of these infringe (侵犯) on traditional patterns (=lifestyle) and Indians have mostly won lawsuits (诉讼案) over water and fishing rights. Other land disputes concern (=about) the rich mineral deposits [(1)n.矿藏;(2)vt.存款] and oil under reservation lands which have been leased (租借) to private corporations or, in the name of (以…为名) national security, have been mined under contracts with the US Bureau of Land Management. For example, in January 2002, the Bush administration reversed (推翻) a Clinton administration ban (禁令) on mining gold on the ancestral (祖先的,祖宗传的) lands of the Quechan tribe in California to allow a 1, 600-acre open-pit mine (=strip mining露天采矿) in a desert area (Madigan, 2002).。
加利福尼亚北美原住民历史 英文22页文档
1、合法而稳定的权力在使用得当时很 少遇到 抵抗。 ——塞 ·约翰 逊 2、权力会使人渐渐失去温厚善良的美 德。— —伯克
3、最大限度地行使权力总是令人反感 ；权力 不易确 定之处 始终存 在着危 险。— —塞·约翰逊 4、权力会奴化一切。——塔西佗
5、虽然权力是一头固执的熊，可是金 子可以 拉着它 的鼻子 走。— —莎士 比
பைடு நூலகம்
56、书不仅是生活，而且是现在、过 去和未 来文化 生活的 源泉。 ——库 法耶夫 57、生命不可能有两次，但许多人连一 次也不 善于度 过。— —吕凯 特 58、问渠哪得清如许，为有源头活水来 。—— 朱熹 59、我的努力求学没有得到别的好处， 只不过 是愈来 愈发觉 自己的 无知。 ——笛 卡儿
拉
60、生活的道路一旦选定，就要勇敢地 走到底 ，决不 回头。 ——左
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The "Peyote Road" calls for Native American brotherly love (often taking the form of Native American nationalism), family care, self-support through work, avoidance of alcohol, and avoidance of recreational(娱乐 的，消遣的) drug use.
• Major Native American religions : – – – – – – – – – – Longhouse Religion(长屋教 ) Waashat Religion Indian Shaker Religion(印第安瓶教 ) Drum Religion(鼓教 ) Earth Lodge Religion(地球提出教 ) Ghost Dance Religion(鬼舞教 ) Bole-Maru Religion(伯乐丸教 ) Dream Dance Religion(梦想舞教 ) Feather Religion(羽毛教 ) Peyote Religion(仙人掌教)
Longhouse Religion(长屋教 )
• The Longhouse Religion, founded in 1799 by Seneca Handsome Lake, revitalized（复兴） Native American religion among the Iroquois(易洛魁人). The Longhouse Religion is still practiced by the Iroquois today.
• Turtle Clan Longhouse is the fully remade longhouse containing the hands-on artefacts and replica items of daily Indian life.
Ghost Dance Religion(鬼舞教 )
Wovoka
Central to the religion was the dance itself - dancing in a circular pattern continuously - which induced（诱发） a state of religious ecstasy. The performers of the Ghost Dance theoretically will float in safety above with their ancestors, family, and peoples of the world who follow the extensive spirituality.
Feather Religion(羽毛教 )
• The Feather Religion was a revitalization（复兴） movement of the Pacific Northwest. The religion was founded in 1904 by Jake Hunt. It is also referred to as the Feather Dance or the Spinneca Handsome Lake
• Indian longhouses were sized according to the number of people living in them. The Turtle Clan longhouse in this picture would be home to 30-40 clan members; it's the smallest of the longhouses on site.
• Today the Native American Church, a religious organization, practices Peyotism or Peyote（佩奥特掌， 仙人掌的一种） religion, that was created by Quanah Parker in the 1890s and was formally incorporated in 1918. Quanah Parker
The bird, feather and egg represented the cycle of life to the American Indians, as indeed it did to most of the rest of the world.
Peyote Religion(仙人掌教)
Peyote Road
•
The ritual includes prayer, the eating of peyote, peyote songs, water rituals, and contemplation（ 沉思）. It ends with breakfast on Sunday morning. The peyote ritual is believed to allow communion with Holy deity （神性） or spirits, and to give power, authority, guidance, and healing（治愈 ）（The healing may be emotional or physical, or both.）.
The Ghost Dance is a spiritual movement that came about in the late 1880s when conditions were bad on Indian reservations and Native Americans needed something to give them hope. This movement found its origin in a Paiute Indian（美国西南部 派尤特族印第安人） named Wovoka, who announced that he was the messiah（救世主） come to earth to prepare the Indians for their salvation.
Jake Hunt
Sacred eagle feathers were used in ceremonies, one of which involved ritual（仪式性的 ，例行的） spinning, hence it got another name "Spinning Religion."
Peyotist beliefs vary considerably from tribe to tribe, belief in peyote personified（为......的化身，象 征） as a god called Mescalito by some practitioners, but often include belief in Jesus as a Native American culture hero ; belief in the Bible; and association of Jesus with peyote. Peyotists believe in a supreme God.
the R e ligion of N a tive A m e rica ns (A m e rica n India ns )
• Traditional Native American religions in the past exhibited much diversity, largely due to the relative isolation of the different tribes that were spread out across the entire North American continent for thousands of years, allowing for the evolution of different beliefs and practices between tribes. The membership of Native American religions in the 21st century comprises（包含） about 9000 people.