第7课 case report and citition1

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Official case law publishing may be carried out by a government agency, or by a commercial entity.
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Unofficial law reports, on the other hand, are not officially sanctioned(批准、同意) and are published as a commercial enterprise. In Australia and New Zealand , official reports are called authorised reports - unofficial are referred to as unauthorised reports.
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For the publishers of unofficial reports to maintain a competitive advantage over the official ones, unofficial reports usually provide helpful research aids (e.g., summaries, indexes),
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非官方汇编对法院的判决书作一些编辑 整理，如添加主旨(synopis)和题注 (headnote)，律师更多利用非官方。
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重要的判例汇编： 1 全国判例汇编系统(NRS) (1) 联邦法院判例汇编 Supreme Court Reporter(S.Ct.) Federal Reporter(F.) Federal Supplement(F.Supp.) 联邦补充判例汇编
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Some commercial publishers also provide court opinions in searchable online databases that are part of larger fee-based, online legal research systems, such as Westlaw and Lexis-Nexis.
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Legal English
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判例报告




判例报告活动：Law reporting 遵循先例原则的有效运作有赖于有效的 判例报告制度。 判例报告结果：判例汇编（case reporter） 官方汇编：official reporter 非官方汇编: unofficial reporter
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Federal Appendix(Fed. Appx)(未被 报告的上诉法院判决, unpublished opinions) 联邦判例汇编附录
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1 全国判例汇编系统(NRS)




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This is a relatively low cost publication method compared to paper and makes court decisions more easily available to the public (particularly important in common law countries where court decisions are major sources of law).
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Decisions of courts from all over the world can now be found through the WorldLII Web site, and the sites of its member organizations. These projects have been strongly encouraged by the Free Access to Law Movement.
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But once a court opinion is officially published, case citation rules usually require a person to cite to the official reports.
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wk.baidu.com
And the term still carries that meaning in all English dialects, but in the U.S. today, reporter additionally denotes the books themselves.
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In each state of the United States, there are published reports of all cases decided by the courts having appellate jurisdiction going back to the date of their organization.
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Unofficially published court opinions are also often published before the official opinions, so lawyers and law journals must cite the unofficial report until the case comes out in the official report.
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In common law countries, court opinions are legally binding under the rule of stare decisis. That rule requires a court to apply a legal principle that was set forth earlier by a court of the same jurisdiction dealing with a similar set of facts.
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Open publication on the Internet

The development of the Internet created the opportunity for courts to publish their decisions on Web sites.
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The general public can more readily find court opinions online, whether posted on Web-accessible databases or through general Web search engines.
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The term reporter was originally used to refer to the individual persons who actually compile, edit, and publish such opinions.For example, the Reporter of Decisions for the U.S. Supreme Court is the person authorized to publish the Court's cases in the bound volumes(合 订本)of the United States Reports.
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Furthermore, turning away from （摆脱）the traditional "officialcommercial" print reporter model raises questions about the accuracy, authority, and reliability of case law found on the Web.
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In theory, court decisions posted on the Web expand access to the law beyond the specialized law library collections used primarily by lawyers and judges.
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Law reports or reporters

Law reports or reporters are series of books that contain judicial opinions from a selection of case law decided by courts. When a particular judicial opinion is referenced, the law report series in which the opinion is printed will determine the case citation format.
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Official law reports or reporters are those authorized for publication by statute or other governmental ruling(决定). Governments designate law reports as official to provide an authoritative, consistent, and authentic statement of a jurisdiction's primary law.
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Thus, the regular publication of such opinions is important so that everyone—lawyers, judges, and laymen can all find out what the law is, as declared by judges.
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Questions remain, however, on the need for a uniform and practical citation format for cases posted on the Web (versus the standard volume and page number used for print law reports).
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2 州法院判例汇编

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3 专门联邦法院判例汇编 Federal Rules Decisions 联邦程序规则判决汇编 Bankruptcy Reporter Military Justice Reporter Federal Claims Reporter Veterans Appeals Reporter
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Because a court can post a decision on a Web site as soon as it is rendered, the need for a quickly printed case in an unofficial, commercial reporter becomes less crucial.