英语语言学重点名词解释汇总
语言学名词解释
语言学名词解释语言学是研究语言的一门学科，涉及语言的结构、功能、变化和发展等方面的研究。
下面是一些常见的语言学名词及其解释。
1. 语音学（Phonetics）：研究语言中各种语音的产生、传播和感知等方面的学科。
2. 语音语言学（Phonology）：研究语音在特定语言中的音位（音素）和音位组合规则的学科。
3. 语法学（Grammar）：研究语言的句法结构、词法结构和语义结构等方面的学科。
4. 句法学（Syntax）：研究语言中句子的结构和组织方式的学科。
5. 语义学（Semantics）：研究语言中词汇和句子的意义、概念和关系的学科。
6. 词汇学（Lexicology）：研究语言中词汇的组成、形态、构词规则等方面的学科。
7. 词义学（Semantics）：研究词汇中词义的构成、关系和词义的变化等方面的学科。
8. 语用学（Pragmatics）：研究语言在具体语境中的使用方式以及语言的上下文相关性等方面的学科。
9. 文法学（Stylistics）：研究语言使用中的文体、修辞手法、语言风格等方面的学科。
10. 母语（Mother tongue）：一个人从小学会并用于日常交际的语言。
11. 第二语言（Second language）：在学习者的母语之外学习的语言。
12. 语言接触（Language contact）：不同语言之间在社会、文化接触中产生的相互影响和借用的现象。
13. 语言变异（Language variation）：指同一个语言在不同社会、地理和使用者间发生的音、词、句法等方面的变化。
14. 语言变化（Language change）：指语言在漫长的时间内逐渐变化和发展的过程。
15. 语言规范（Language standardization）：制定和规范一个语言的正确用法、标准词汇和语法规则的过程。
16. 语言习得（Language acquisition）：指儿童在自然环境中学习母语的过程。
英语 语言学 名词解释
名词解释nguage: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2.Design features of language(语言的区别性特征) :i.Arbitrariness:the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to theirmeaning=language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a word(e.g.pen) and the object it refers to .ii.Duality:the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level. By duality we mean that language system has two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meanings.指拥有两层结构的这种特性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分。
指语言是声音和意义双重结构组成的系统。
举例：Sounds > syllables > words > phrases > clauses > sentences> texts/discoursesiii.Productivity： Language can be used to create new meanings because of its duality .语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子，是由双层结构造成的结果（Understand and create unlimited number with sentences）iv.Displacement：Human languages enable their users to symbolize something which are not present at the moment of communication.v.Cultural transmission: language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct.3.Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It is a scientific study because it is based on thesystematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.4.Psycholinguistics: It is the study of how language is acquired, understood and produced.ngue:F. de Saussure. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.语言指语言系统的整体，这个整体相对是比较稳定的。
英语的知识名词解释
英语的知识名词解释在学习英语的过程中，我们会遇到各种各样的专业术语和知识名词。
这些名词既是学习语言的基础，也是了解语言学的关键。
在本文中，我们将对一些英语知识名词进行解释，希望能够帮助读者更好地理解和掌握英语。
1. 语法（Grammar）语法是语言研究和教育的重要组成部分。
它研究句子的结构、词汇的组织和句子的语义，以及句子的正确构造和使用。
掌握语法可以帮助我们更好地理解和运用英语。
2. 词法（Lexis）词法是研究词汇的学科。
它包括研究词的形态和词义。
掌握词法知识能够帮助我们理解和使用单词的不同形式和含义，提高我们的词汇量。
3. 发音（Pronunciation）发音是指人们发出语音的方式。
正确的发音能够让我们更好地进行口语交流。
在学习英语的过程中，我们需要学习和练习正确的发音规则和技巧。
4. 阅读（Reading）阅读是指理解和解释书面材料的过程。
通过阅读，我们可以扩大词汇量，提高语言理解能力，并了解不同类型的文章和写作风格。
5. 写作（Writing）写作是指用书面语言表达思想和观点的过程。
通过写作，我们可以提高自己的表达能力，培养逻辑思维和批判性思维。
6. 听力（Listening）听力是指理解并准确地接收口语信息的能力。
提高听力能力可以帮助我们更好地理解和交流，同时也是学习口语和口语考试的重要基础。
7. 口语（Speaking）口语是指用口头语言进行交流的能力。
通过练习口语，我们可以提高对话和演讲能力，增强和他人的交流能力。
8. 词汇量（Vocabulary）词汇量指的是一个人所掌握的词汇数量。
丰富的词汇量可以使我们更好地表达自己的思想和观点，更容易理解和使用英语。
9. 社交语言（Sociolinguistics）社交语言是研究语言和社会之间关系的学科。
它研究不同社会群体之间的语言差异、语言规范和口语交际规则等。
10. 语用学（Pragmatics）语用学是研究语言使用和交际意义的学科。
英语语言学名词解释总结
Chapter 6 SemanticsSemantics: it is generally defined as the study of inherence or intrinsic meaning, the meaning in isolation from the context.The naming theory:命名论it is one of the oldest notions concerning meaning proposed by Plato, which holds the view that the relationship between linguistic forms and what they stand for is one of naming. Its defaults: firstly, the theory seems applicable to nouns only. Secondly, even within the category of nouns, there are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world at all or things that do not refer to physical objects, but abstract notions. Finally, some words may have different meanings in different contexts while the same reference may have different names such as “the morning star” and “the evening star”The conceptualist theory: 意念论C. K .Ogden Richard created the semantic triangle to show the indirect relationship between symbols and their supposed referents.Symbol: it refers to the linguistic elements such as word or sentence.Referent: it refers to the object in the world of experience.Context: it refers to what comes before and after a word, phrase, statement, etc. helping to fix the meaning; or refers to circumstances in which an event occurs. Contextualism :情境论、语境论John FirthSituational context: it refers to the particular spatiotemporal situation in which an utterance occurs, the main components of which include, apart from the place and time of the utterance, the speaker and the hearer, the actions they are performing at the time, the various objects and events exists in the situation.The linguistic context: sometimes known as context, it includes a word’s co-occurrence or collocation with another word, which forms part of the “meaning” of a word, and, also the part of text that precedes and follows a particular utterance. For example, the meaning of the word “paper” differs in the two collocations of “a piece of paper” and“a white paper”。
考研资料语言学名词解释汇总
考研资料语言学名词解释汇总在考研的漫漫征途中，语言学是众多考生需要攻克的重要堡垒之一。
而理解和掌握一系列关键的语言学名词，是构建扎实知识体系的基石。
以下为大家汇总了一些常见且重要的语言学名词解释，希望能为您的考研之路助力。
一、语音学（Phonetics）语音学是研究人类语言声音的学科，它关注语音的产生、传播和感知。
具体包括发音语音学（Articulatory Phonetics），研究发音器官如何产生语音；声学语音学（Acoustic Phonetics），探讨语音的声学特征；听觉语音学（Auditory Phonetics），关注人类如何感知语音。
例如，元音（Vowel）和辅音（Consonant）是语音学中的重要概念。
元音是在发音过程中气流不受阻碍发出的音，其音质较为清晰、响亮；辅音则是气流在发音器官的某一部分受到阻碍而发出的音。
二、音系学（Phonology）音系学研究的是语言中的语音系统和模式，关注语音在特定语言中的功能和组织方式。
例如，音位（Phoneme）是能够区别意义的最小语音单位。
在英语中，“pat”和“bat”中的“p”和“b”就是不同的音位，因为它们的替换会导致词义的改变。
三、形态学（Morphology）形态学主要研究词的内部结构和构词规则。
比如，词根（Root）是词的基本部分，承载着主要的词汇意义。
例如，“happy”中的“hap”就是词根。
词缀（Affix）则是加在词根上以改变词义或词性的部分，分为前缀（Prefix）和后缀（Suffix）。
像“unhappy”中的“un”就是前缀。
四、句法学（Syntax）句法学关注句子的结构和组成规则。
比如，句子成分包括主语（Subject）、谓语（Predicate）、宾语（Object）等。
主语通常是句子中表示动作的执行者或主体；谓语则是表达主语的动作或状态；宾语是动作的对象。
五、语义学（Semantics）语义学研究语言符号（词、短语、句子等）与它们所指称的对象之间的关系，即语言的意义。
英语语言学名词解释
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六 语用学
1 pragmatics（语用学）: Pragmatics can be defined as the studyห้องสมุดไป่ตู้of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.
现代语言学
一 绪论
1 Linguisitics :Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language
2 Phonetics（语音） : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants
8 hyponymy（上下义） : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.
9 componential analysis（成分分析） : Componential analysis is a way to analyze wprd meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists.
英语语言学名词解释
英语语言学名词解释
英语语言学是语言学中的一个分支，研究英语的语言结构、语音、语法、语义、语用和历史演变等方面。
以下是一些英语语言学的名词解释：
1. Phonetics（音韵学）：研究语音、发音和声音的学科。
它包括语音学和音系学。
2. Phonology（音系学）：研究语音在语言中的系统性组织和规律性变化的学科。
3. Morphology（形态学）：研究词形变化和词构成的学科。
4. Syntax（句法学）：研究句子结构和语法规则的学科。
5. Semantics（语义学）：研究语言意义的学科，包括词义和句子意义。
6. Pragmatics（语用学）：研究语言在实际使用中的含义和功能的学科。
7. Discourse analysis（语篇分析）：研究语言在实际使用中的连贯性和语篇结构的学科。
8. Historical linguistics（历史语言学）：研究语言的演变和变化的学科。
9. Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）：研究语言和社会、文化、地理和历史等因素之间的关系的学科。
10. Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）：研究语言和心理过程之间的关系的学科，包括语言习得、记忆和理解等。
以上是一些常见的英语语言学名词解释，它们涵盖了英语语言学的主要领域和分支。
英语语言学重点名词解释汇总
Semantics is the study of meaning. More specifically, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the Referential Theory.The naming theory命名说According to it, the linguistic forms or symbols or words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stands for. So words are just names or labels for things.It is also called the referential theory （指称论）.Theory of the context of situation [ J. R. Firth (1890-1960) ]情景语境①The relevant features of the participants, persons, personalities.②The relevant objects.③The effects of the verbal action.The conceptualist view概念理论This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.It is also called ideational theory（观念论）Contextualism语境J. R. Firth 费斯The linguists hold that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context—elements closely linked with language behavior.Behaviorism行为主义This theory, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest. This view of meaning proposed by Bloomfield is illustrated by his story about Jack and Jill.According to Bloomfield, the meaning of a linguistic form should be viewed as “the situation in which the speaker utters it, and the response which it calls forthin the hearer.”The Definition of senseSense refers to the inherent meaning of the linguistic form; it is concerned only with intra-linguistic relations.The definition of referenceReference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world;it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.What is culture?Broadly speaking, it means the total way of life of people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language.In a narrow sense, it refers to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs.Anthropological study of linguistics: study of language in a sociocultural context.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis概念Our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express speakers’ unique ways of understanding the world.Linguistic determinism: L may determine our thinking patterns.Linguistic relativity: different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around.Sociolinguistics The sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.Variationist perspective: 变异视角Variety 的概念People who claim to be users of the same language do not speak the language in the same manner.Dialect概念Varieties (变体)related to the user are normally known as dialects Register概念In linguistics, a register is a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting.1. Regional dialects are linguistic varieties used by people living in different regions.2. Social-class dialect, or sociolect 社会方言, refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.个人方言A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender and age variations.4. Ethnic dialect种族方言A variety of language that is mainly spoken by a less privileged population that has experience some form of social isolation such as racial discrimination or segregation5. Standard dialect:Diglossia: Two distinct varieties of the same language are used, side by side, for two different sets of functionsMonolingual: Speakers of a single language control different varieties of that language.Bilingual: People develop some ability in a second language.High Context Culture:-Cultures that rely heavily on non-verbal and subtle situational cues in communication.Low Context Culture:- Cultures that rely heavily on words to convey meaning in communication.Definition of PragmaticsThe study of language in use. The study of meaning in context.The study of speakers’ meaning, utterance meaning,& contextual meaning.Performatives: utterances which are used to perform acts, do not describe orreport anything at all; the uttering of the sentence is the doing of an action; they cannot be said to be true or false.Constatives: utterances which roughly serves to state a fact, report that something is the case, or describe what something is.Conversational Implicature A type of implied meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the conversational meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims【Herbert Paul Grice (1913-1988)】The Cooperative Principle (CP)Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field of study that identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems In linguistics, the theory of universal grammar holds that there are certain fundamental grammatical ideas which all humans possess, without having to learn them.Krashen’s Input HypothesisLearners acquire language as a result of comprehending input addressed to them.“i+1” principle The language that learners are exposed to should be just far enough beyond their current competence so that they can understand most of it but still be challenged to make progress.The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as interlanguage.Communicative competence{Dell Hymes}What a learners knows about how a language is used in particular situations foreffective and appropriate communicationTypes of syllabus The structural syllabus，The situational syllabus，The communicative syllabus，The task-based syllabusContrastive Analysis A way of comparing the first language and the second language to determine potential errors for the ultimate purpose of isolating what needs to be learned and what does not need to be learned in a second language learning situation. (Gass and Selinker, 2021:72)Error Analysis Many errors made by the second language learners were caused by factors other than the first language interference.Error: learner’s lack of knowledge/ competenceMistake: learner’s failure to perform their competence填空This is best illustrated by the semantic triangle suggested by Ogden and RichardsThere are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, namely, sameness relation (相似关系), oppositeness relation (对立关系)inclusiveness relation (内含)Characteristics of implicature1) Calculability 可推导性2) Cancellability可取消性（依赖语境）3) Non-detachability不可分离性（依赖语义）4) Non-conventionality 非规约性【Two variables concerning the amenability of language elements to focus on form are the relevance of Universal Grammar (UG) and the complexity of language structures.】Leech七分法 1. 概念意义（conceptual）2. 内涵意义（connotative）3. 社会意义（social）4. 情感意义（affective）5. 反射意义（reflective）6. 搭配意义（collocative）7. 主题意义（thematic）。
英语语言学名词解释期末重点
Minimal pair最小语音对: A pair of sound combinations which are identical in every way except one sound, e.g./pit/ and /bit/.synchronic linguistics 共时语言学: the study of language and speech as they are used at a given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time. Displacement移位性:Language can be used to refer to things which are present, or not present, real or imagined matters in the past ,present, or future, or in far away places. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.diachronic linguistics历时语言学: the study of linguistic change over time in contrast to looking at language as it is used at a given moment.Langue and parole：Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.Competence and performance：Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his languagePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. clipping构词法: the process by which parts of a word of more than one syllable have been cut off, and reduced to a shorter form.Phonology音位学: the study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in交流Morphology形态学: the study of the way in which these symbols are arranged and combined to form words has constituted the branch of study.Syntax句法学: the study of these rules governing the sentence formation Semantics语义学: the study of meaningSociolinguistics社会语⾔学: the studies of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society .Psycholinguistics⾔理语⾔学: it relates the study of language to psychology. Morphology形态学：It refers to the part of the grammar that is concerned with word formation and word structure.Pragmatics语用学: It is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. The study of language in use or language communication; the study of the use of context to make inference about meaning. Pragmatics=semantics+contextphonetics语音学: is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. And it is divided into articulatory phonetic发音语音学, auditory phonetics听觉语音学, acoustic phonetics声学语音学and Diacritics变音符号.Phonology音位音段: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication..Phone音素: is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication.Phoneme音位: is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by acertain phone in a certain phonetic context. allophones音位变体：The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called; the of that phoneme.Broad transcription宽式标音：the transcription with letter-symbols onlyNarrow transcription窄式标音：the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.suprasegmental features超音段特征：The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. These are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence.intonation语音语调：When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.Four basic types of intonation-four tones: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone, and the rise-fall tone. hyponymy下义词：It refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms.componential analysis成分分析法：It is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning.context语境：It essential to the pragmatic study of language.It generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.Morpheme词素: It is the most important component of a word structure and the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.Free Morpheme自由词素: Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.Bound morphemes黏着词素: are morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, must be combined with other morphemes to form words that can be used independently.词根Root:the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.词缀Affix: The collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.派生词素Derivational morphemes: the morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words.曲折词素Inflectional morphemes: the morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on; they never change their syntactic category, never add any lexical meaning.同义词Synonymy：lt refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning or words are close in meaning are called synonyms.多义词Polysemy：lt refers to different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning.同音(形)异义Homonymy：lt refers to the phenomenon that words have different meanings have the same form, i.e, different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.ocutionary act语内行为: is the act of uttering words,phrases, and clauses. It is theact of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax,lexicon and phonology. illocutionary act言外行为: is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention;it is the act performed in saying something.Perlocutionary act言后行为: is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.广义的文化Culture，in a broad sense，means integrated pattern of human knowledge，belief and behavior that is both a result of and integral to the human capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis（SWH）language filters people’s perception and the way they categorize their experiences. This interdependence of language and thought is now known as SWHcategories范畴：It refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence，a noun phrase or a verb. syntactic categories句法范畴：A fundamental fact about words in all human languages is that they can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes，called syntactic categories.。
语言学必考名词解释
of a speech community2.arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission, etc.not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kindface that the forms of linguistic signs bear nonatural relationshiptotheir meaning.property of havingtwolevels of are composedof elements of the secondary. Level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space, at the moment of communication.language user’s underlying knowledge about the system ofrules.history.ought to be, . laying down rules for language use.in a particular language.adjacent sound, which is more specifically called.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.properties of the entity a word denotes.properties of the entity a word denotes.in context.situational context.hypothesis, . language determines thought.1the type of language constructed by second or foreignlanguage learners who are still in the process of learning a language,language system between the target language and the learner’s native language.When structures of the two languages are similar, we can get positive transfer of facilitation; when the twolanguages are different in structures, negative transfer ofinference occurs and results in errors.something, it’s the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.20.word (the superordinate) is included in the meaning of another word(the hyponym)allophone of /t/in English. When /t/occurs in words like step, it is unaspirated<t>.Both<Th>and <t>are allophones of the phoneme/t/.and consequence of unsuccessful languageor expressing something aloud the simple utterance of a few platitudes uninterrupted chain of spoken or written languagewhich occurs when an L 1 patter is different from the counterpart pattern of thetarget language.sentence, composedof a subject andpredicate, is a basic unit for meaninganalysisis called predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence“hang together”; to theresources within language that help relate ideas and information and make linksbetween different parts of a textunits.to be more specific,the meaning with which linguistists are concerned is defined as linguistic semantics语言学考试范围1. Does the traffic light have duality Explain the reasons.2. IC analyzes the sentence structure with brackets or a tree diagram.Lovely Jane ran away.3. What are Leech’s seven types of meaningConceptual meaning. Connotative meaning. Social meaning.Affective meaning. Reflected meaning. Collocative meaning.Thematic meaning4. What are the differences between modern linguistics and traditional grammar5. Explain surface structure and deep structure.6. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning7. What are the four maxims of the CP8. Analyze the structure of a syllable. Give one example to illustrate.9. Explain the two terms s“ense” and “reference” and what is their relationship10. What are the differences between errors and mistakesWhat are the major views concerning the study of meaningWhat are the major views concerning the study of meaning(1) The naming theory 命名论----One of the oldest notions converningmeanings, andalsoa very primitive one,was the naming theory proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in alanguage are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. So words arejustnames or label for things. 命名论是最原始的语义理论，该理论是把词看作所指事物的名称。
英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结
英语语言学一、名词解释第一课1.Synchronic共时性: S aid of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” intime.\ A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.ngue语言: The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.nguage: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication.4.Arbitrariness任意性:One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that theforms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.第二课1.Phoneme音位: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. Thebasic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.2.Allophone音位变体: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.3.Minimal pair最小对立体: When two different forms are identical in every way except for onesound segment which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form aminimal pair.第三课1.Morphology形态学: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.Derivational morphemes派生词素:Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical classof words are called…3.Inflectional morphemes曲折词素: Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on.第四课1.Syntax语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentencesand the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2.Syntactic categories句法范畴: Words can be grouped together into a relatively small numberof classes, called syntactic categories.3.Deep structure 深层结构: Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties, is called deep structure or D- structure.4.Surface structure 表层结构: Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence whichresults from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure.第五课1.Reference指称: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world;it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.2.Homonymy同音异义: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings havethe same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.3.Hyponymy 上下义关系: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.第六课1.Pragmatics语用学: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2.Utterance话语: a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication.3.Utterance meaning话语意义: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.4.Illocutionary act言外行为: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.二、简答题第一课1．What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?Phonetics: The study of sounds used in linguistic communication. It describes individual speech sounds and indicates their physical or phonetic properties.Phonology:It studies the ways in which these sounds form patterns and systems and how they work to convey meaning in the system of language.Morphology:A field of linguistics focused on the study of the forms and formation of words in a languageSyntax: A set of rules that govern how words are combined to form phrases and sentences.Pragmatics: the study of the use of language in a social context.2．What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?The important characteristics which should be included in a good definition of language are separately: systematic, arbitrary and vocal.First of all, language is a system. It has its own set of rules for people to abide by, or people will use the language in a wrong way.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.3．What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C.Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?1) Arbitrariness: no natural/motivated/logical relationship between the sign and what thesign stands for.2)Productivity:provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent beforeand for understanding novel messages.3) Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of stuctures, or two levels.4) Displacement: can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future5) Cultural transmission第二课1. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be moreinterested in the different between say[i]and[i],[p] and[ph],a phonetician or a philologist? Why? 语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同?语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别?为什么?Phonetics — description of all speech sounds and their find differences.Phonology — description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning.A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos such differences will not cos differences inmeaning.2. What is phone? How is it different from a phoneme? how are allophones related to a phoneme?Phone is a phonetic unit, it has no meaning.Phoneme is a phonological unit with distinctive value .The phoneme /l/ can be realized as dark/l-/and clear/l/,which are allophones of the phoneme /l/Allophones---actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts.第三课1. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Suffix: -ingMeaning: denoting a verbal action, an instance of this, or its resultStem type: added to verbsExamples: fighting: denote the action of battlebuilding: denote the action of constructionSuffix: -ableMeaning: able to beStem type: added to verbsExamples: avoidable: able to be prevented fromcalculable: able to be measured or assessedSuffix: -istMeaning: denoting a member of a profession or business activityStem type: added to nounsExamples: dramatist: a person who writes playsdentist: a person who treats the teeth disease2. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.1)prefix: un-meaning: denoting the absence of a quality or state; notstem type: added to nounsexamples: unacademic: not adopting or characteristic of a scholarly approach orlanguageunhappy: not happy2)prefix: anti-meaning: opposed to; againststem type: added to nounsexamples: anti-abortion: opposing or legislating against medically inducedabortionanti-art: against the traditional art3)prefix: re-meaning:once more; afresh; anewstem type: added to verbsexamples: restart: start once morereaccustom: accustom (someone) to something again第五课1. What are the major types of synonyms in English?并举例1)dialectal synonyms-----synonyms used in different regional2)Stylistic synonyms: synonyms differing in style3)Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning4)Collocational synonyms: what words they go together with5)Semantically different synonyms: differ from the words themselves2. Explain with examples “homonymy”, “polysemy”, and “hyponymy”.Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones. When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs. When tow words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms. The examples are as followed:Homophones: rain/reign night/knight piece/peaceHomographs: bow v./bow n. tear v./tear n.Complete homonyms: fast adj./fast v.Polysemy: while different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is calleda polysemic word. The more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired morethan one meaning. For example, the word table has at least six meanings when we look it up in the dictionary:1. a piece of furniture2.all the people seated at a table3.the food that is put on a table4. a thin flat piece of stone, mental, wood, etc5.orderly arrangement of facts, figures, etc6.part of a machine-tool on which the work is put to be operated onHyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. For example,Superordiante: flowerHyponyms: rose, tulip, carnation, lily, morning golory第六课1. What does pragmatics study? How does it differ from traditional semantics?答： Generally speaking, pragmatics is the study of meaning in the context. It studies meaning in a dynamic way and as a process. In order to have a successful communication, the speaker and hearer must take the context into their consideration so as to effect the right meaning and intention. The development and establishment pragmatics in 1960s and 1970s resulted mainly from the expansion of the study semantics. However, it is different from the traditional semantics. The major difference between them lies in that pragmatics studies meaning in a dynamic way, while semantics studies meaning in a static way. Pragmatics takes context into consideration while semantics does not. Pragmatics takes care of the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.2. What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts Searle has specified? What is the illocutionary point of each type?答：(1) representatives: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true(2) directives: trying to get the hearer to do something(3) commissives: committing the speaker himself to some future course of action(4) expressives: expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing(5) declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying somethingThe illocutionary point of the representatives is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said, in other words, when performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true. Stating, believing, sweating, hypothesizing are among the most typical of the representatives.Directives ate attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do some- thing. Inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, wanting, threatening and ordering are all specific instances of this class.Commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action, i.e. when speaking the speaker puts himself under a certain obligation.Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical ones.The illocutionary point of expressives is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance. The speaker is expressing his feelings or attitudes towards an existing state of affairs, e.g. apologizing, thanking, congratulating.The last class “declarations” has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.3. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?答： Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows:Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:(1) The maxim of quantity① Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of theexchange).② Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.(2) The maxim of quality① Do not say what you believe to be false.② Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.(3) The maxim of relationBe relevant.(4) The maxim of manner① Avoid obscurity of expression.② Avoid ambiguity.③ Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).④ Be orderly.。
英语语言学名词解释大全
英语语言学名词解释2009-09-30 13:54Synchronic: said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” in time. Diachronic: said of the study of development of language and languages over time. Arbitrariness: the absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer.Duality: the structural organization of language into two abstract levels; meaningful units and meaningless segments .Competence: unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language. Performance: the language actually used by people in speaking or writing.Langue: the language system shared by a “speech community”.Parole: the concrete utterances of speaker.Morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.Inflection: is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and cases to which they are attached.Root: refers to the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without loss of identity. Stem:is any morpheme or combinations of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.Acronym:is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization,which has a heavily modified headword.Syntax: the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure. Subordination: the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other. Denotation: denotation involves the relationship between a linguistic unit and the non-linguistic entities to which it refers.Connotation: properties of the entity a word denote.Synonymy: synonymy is the technical name for one of the sense relations between linguistic units, namely the sameness relation.Hyponymy: the technical name for inclusiveness sense relation, is a matter of class membership. Entailment: This a logic relationship between two sentences in which the truth of the second necessarily follows from the truth of the first, while the falsity of the first follows from the falsity of the second.Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system. There is onlyone-to-one relationship between signs and meaning but the meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks the secondary level like animals’ call.Critical Period HypothesisThe critical period for language acquisition语言获得的关键期 Eric Lenneberg was a major proponent.The critical period hypothesis关键期假设It refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction. It coincides with the process of brain lateralization. Prior to this period, both hemispheres are involved to some extent in language and one can take over if the other is damaged.「语言学习关键期」（the critical period）的争议。
(完整word版)英语语言学名词解释
现代语言学一绪论1 Linguisitics : Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants3 Phonology” : The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone.4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.”6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be f ound.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things.7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context.8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language.9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.二音系学1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t.4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution.7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others.9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme;therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature.10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest}三形态学1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation.4 morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselces or in combination with other morphemes.6 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.7 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to forma word.8 affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.9 prefix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.10 suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.11 derivation: Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to creat a word.Derivation can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form nes words.12 compounding: Like derivation, compounding is another popular and important way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to creat new words. {$isbest}四句法学1 linguistic competence: Comsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.2 sentence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or command.3 transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.4 D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly termed as D-structure.5 Move а : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules,i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is cal led Move а{$isbest}五语义学1 semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.2 sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized.3 reference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4 synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonymy.5 polysemy : Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.A word having more than one meaning is called a polysemic word.6 antonymy : Antonymy refers to the oppositeness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms.7 homonymy :Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form,i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or8 hyponymy : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.9 componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze wprd meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists.10 grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality,i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of asentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.11 semantic meaning : The semantic meaning of a sentence is governed by rules called selectional restrictions.12 predication : In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called predication. The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.{$isbest}六语用学1 pragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2 context: The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer.3 utterance meaning: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a4 locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act of utterance words,phrases,clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexion and phonology.5 illocutionary act: An illocutionary act is the act expressing t he speaker’s intention; It is the act performed in saying something.6 perlocutionary act:A illocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something: it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.{$isbest}七历史语言学1 historical linguistics: Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies language change.2 apocope: Another well-documented sound loss is the deletion of a word-final vowel segement, a phenomenon called apocope.3 epenthesis: A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis.4 metathesis: Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as metathesis.5 compounding: Compounding is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.6 derivation: Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots.7 blending: Blending is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.8 back-formation: Back-formation is a process by which new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an existing word.9 semantic broadening: Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation..10 semantic narrowing: Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning ofa word becomes less general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning.11 semantic shift: Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquire a new, sometimes related, meaning.12 protolanguage: It refers to a family of a language.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages.13 sound shift: It refers to the systematic modification of a series of phonemes. {$isbest}八社会语言学1 sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social context.2 speech community: A speech community is thus defined as a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language.3 speech variety: Speech variety, also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.4 language planning: One way out of the communication dilemma is language standardization known as language planning. This means that certain authorities, such as the government or government agency of a country, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling system, across regional boundaries.5 idiolect: Such a personal dialect is refered to as idiolect.6 standard language: The standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system,used by the mass media.7 nonstandard language: Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or vernacular, languages.8 lingua franca: A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.9 pidgin: A pidgin is a variety of language that is generally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium of communication.10 Creole: A Creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established asa native language in some speech communication.11 diglossia: Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech communication, each with a distinct range of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations.12 bilingualism: Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.13 ethic dialect: An ethnic language variety is a social dialect of a language ,often cutting across regional differences.14 sociolect: Social dialect, or sociolects, are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.15 register: Registers are language varieties which are appropriate for use in particular speech situations, in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For that reason, registers are also known as situational dialects.16 slang: Slang is a causal use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinage and figure of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness.17 tabo A linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.18 euphemism: Euphemism comes from the Greek word euphemismos, meaning “to speak with good words”. A euphemism, then ,is mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substitute when the speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive.{$isbest}九心理语言学1 psycholinguistics:Psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind. As the suggests, psycholinguistics is viewed as the intersection of psychology and linguistics, drawing equally upon the language we acquire, produce and comprehend.2 cerebral cortex: The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called the cerebral cortex.3 brain lateralization: The localization of cognitive of cognitive and percpetual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called lateralization.4 linguistic lateralization: In their research of brain lateralization, psycholinguistics are particulary interested in linguistic lateralization, which is the brain’s neurological specialization for language.5 dichotic listening: Evidence in support of lateralization for language in the left hemisphere comes from researches in dichotic listening tasks6 right ear advantage: Stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right car. This phenomenon is knowas the right ear advantage.7 critical period hypothesis: The critical period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty during which the humanbrain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly and without explicit instruction.8 linguistic determinism: Whorf proposed first that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language. That is, language determines thought, hence the strong notion of linguistic determinism.9 linguistic relativism: Whorf also believed that speakers of different language perceive and experience the world differently, that is, relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion10 subvocal speech: When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech”.of linguistic relativism.{$isbest}十语言习得1 language acquisition: Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. In general, language acquisition refers to children’s development of their first language, that is, the native language of the community in which a child has been brought up.2 telegraphic speech: The early multiword utterance of children have a special characteristic. They typically lack inflectional morphemes and most minor lexical categories. Because of their resemblance to the styly of language found in telegrams, utterance at this acquisition stage are often called telegraphic speech.3 holophrastic sentence: Children’s one-word utterance are also calledholophrastic sentences.4 acquisition: According to Krashen,acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.5 learning: Learning, however, is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.6 language transfer: Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language transfer.7 positive transfer: Presumably, positive transfer occurs when an L1 pattern is identical with, or similar to, a target-language pattern.8 negative transfer: Conversely, negative transfer occurs when an L1 pattern is different from the counterpart pattern of the target language.9 contrastive analysis: The Contrastive Analysis approach was founded on the belief that, by establishing the linguistic differences between the native and target language system, it was possible to predict what problems learners of a particular second language would face and the types of errors they would make.10 interlanguage: SLA is viewed as a process of creative construction, in which a learner constructs a series of internal representations that comprises the learner’s interim knowledge of the target language, known as interlanguage.11 formal instruction: Formal instruction occurs in classrooms when attempts are made to raise learner’s consciousnes s about the nature of target language rules in order to aid learning.12 instrumental motivation: Thus, instrumental motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is functional.13 integrative motivation: Integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.14 acculturation: A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the 12community. This adaptation process is called acculturation.。
英语语言学概论名词解释汇总
英语语言学概论名词解释汇总英语语言学概论是研究英语语言的基本原理和结构的学科。
在这门学科中，有许多重要的名词需要解释，以便更好地理解英语语言的各个方面。
下面是一些常见的英语语言学术语和其解释：1. 语言：人类使用的一种符号系统，用于交流和表达意思。
2. 语音：语言中的声音单元，用于区分不同的词汇和语法形式。
3. 语法：语言中词汇和句法结构的规则系统，用于构建和理解句子。
4. 词汇：语言中的词汇单位，用于表示特定的意思。
5. 句法：句子的结构和组织方式，包括短语和句子之间的关系。
6. 语义：词汇和句子的意义和解释。
7. 语用学：语言使用的实际情境和交际目的的研究。
8. 语篇分析：研究句子和段落如何组成连贯的文本的过程。
9. 语音学：语音的科学研究，包括语音的产生、传播和感知。
10. 语音变体学：研究语音变化和发音差异的学科。
11. 语音库：包含语音录音和相关信息的数据库。
12. 语音识别：使用计算机技术将语音转换为文字的过程。
13. 语音合成：使用计算机技术将文字转换为语音的过程。
14. 语言变体：同一语言在不同地区或社会群体中的变化形式。
15. 方言：某个特定地区或社会群体使用的语言变体。
16. 标准语：在教育和媒体等公共场合使用的规范语言形式。
17. 语言接触：不同语言之间的互动和影响。
18. 二语习得：学习者将自己的母语转换为第二语言的过程。
19. 语言教学：帮助学习者学习和掌握一门语言的过程。
20. 语言规划：改变或发展一种语言的过程，包括制定规范和推广使用。
这些名词只是英语语言学概论中的一部分，通过学习和理解这些名词，可以更好地理解和分析英语语言的各个方面。
语言学的名词解释汇总英语
语言学的名词解释汇总英语在语言学的研究中，有许多重要的名词和概念需要深入解释。
这些名词和概念与语言的结构、语言变化、语言习得以及语言使用等方面有关。
本文将从不同领域和角度出发，对一些常见的语言学名词进行解释。
一、语言的定义和属性语言是人类特有的交流工具，它通过声音、符号、文字等形式实现信息传递。
语言具有以下属性：1. 双重性：语言既是意义的表示，也是形式的组织。
语言通过词汇和句法规则来构建意义。
2. 系统性：语言具有系统性，词汇、语法和语音规则有明确的组织结构和关系。
3. 影响性：语言在人类思维和文化的形成中起着重要的作用。
语言不仅记录和传递信息，还反映了人类的观念、价值观和社会结构。
二、语言的结构语言的结构涉及到音系学、形态学、句法学等领域的研究。
1. 音系学：研究语言中的声音系统及其规律。
语言中的音素是组成词汇的基本单元。
2. 形态学：研究词的内部结构和词形变化。
词根、后缀和前缀等形态素构成了词的形式。
3. 句法学：研究句子的结构和组织规则。
句法关系包括主谓关系、动宾关系等。
三、语言变化与历史语言是动态的，它会随着时间的推移而不断发生变化。
语言变化研究是语言学的一个重要分支。
1. 历史语言学：研究语言随着时间演化和变化的过程。
语言的历史记录可以通过比较语言使用者的不同时期的文本来获得。
2. 语言接触：当两个或多个语言共存于同一社会时，它们之间的相互影响会导致语言变化。
这种相互影响包括借词、语法结构的改变等。
四、语言习得与发展语言习得研究探讨如何習得母語或第二语言以及习得过程中的各种因素。
1. 第一语言习得：是指儿童自然而然地掌握母语的过程。
这一过程中，儿童通过听、模仿和理解来学会使用语言。
2. 第二语言习得：是指学习第二语言或外语的过程。
成年人习得第二语言的过程与儿童习得第一语言的过程略有不同。
五、语言与语境语境是指语言使用的具体背景和环境。
语境可以影响语言的理解和使用。
1. 语用学：研究语言在交流中的使用。
英语语言学复习资料(名词解释)
英语语言学复习资料（名词解释）1 language: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.1 interlanguage:The type of language produced by nonnative speakers in the process of learning a second language or foreign language.1 Linguistics : Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants3 Phonology” : The study of how sounds are put togeth er and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone.4 Morphology 形态学:The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.5 Syntax 句型: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.”6 Semantics语义学: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.”Here the word seal means different things.7 Pragmatics语用学: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context.二音系学1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distin guish meaning; some do,some don’t.4 Phoneme音素: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.5 allophone同位音: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution.7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in thestings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.10 intonation朗诵: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest} 三形态学1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation.4 morpheme词素: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselces or in combination with other morphemes.6 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.7 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined withanother root or an affix to form a word.8 affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.9 prefix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.10 suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.11 derivation: Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to creat a word.Derivation can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form nes words.12 compounding: Like derivation, compounding is another popular and important way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to creat new words.四句法学1 linguistic competence: Comsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.2 sentence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or command.3 transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.4 D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly termed as D-structure.五语义学1 semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.2 sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized.3 reference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4 synonymy 同义词: Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonymy.5 polysemy一词多义: Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.A word having more than one meaning is called a polysemic word.6 antonymy : Antonymy refers to the oppositeness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms.7 homonymy : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that wordshaving different meanings have the same form,i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.8 hyponymy : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.9 componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze wprd meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists.10 grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality,i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of asentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.11 semantic meaning : The semantic meaning of a sentence is governed by rules called selectional restrictions.12 predication : In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called predication. The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.{$isbest}六语用学1 pragmatics词的活用: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2 context: The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that isshared by the speaker and the hearer.3 utterance meaning: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.4 locutionary act:言内行为A locutionary act is the act of utterance words,phrases,clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexion and phonology.5 illocutionary act言外行为: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker’s intention; It is the act performed in saying something.6 perlocutionary act: 言后行为 A illocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something: it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.十语言习得1 language acquisition: Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. In general, language acquisition refers to children’s development of their first language, t hat is, the native language of the community in which a child has been brought up.4 acquisition: According to Krashen,acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.。
英语语言学专业术语
英语语言学专业术语英语语言学是研究英语语言的起源、发展、结构和使用的学科。
以下是常见的英语语言学专业术语及其解释。
1. Phonetics（音系学）：研究语音的学科。
主要研究语音发音过程，包括语音的组成、发音方式和特点等。
2. Phonology（音韵学）：研究语音在语言中的功能和规律的学科。
主要研究语音在不同语境下的变化规律和相互关系，包括音素、音位和音系等。
3. Morphology（形态学）：研究语言中单词的形态和构成的学科。
主要研究单词的基本单位和构成规律，包括词根、词缀和词类等。
4. Syntax（句法学）：研究句子结构和句子组成的学科。
主要研究句子的构成和排列方式，包括短语、从句和主谓结构等。
5. Semantics（语义学）：研究语言意义的学科。
主要研究语言符号和意义之间的关系，包括单词、短语和句子的意义等。
6. Pragmatics（语用学）：研究语言使用的学科。
主要研究语言与社会文化环境的关系，包括语境、语用规则和交际意图等。
7. Discourse analysis（话语分析）：研究语篇结构和语篇功能的学科。
主要研究语言在话语交际中的组织和作用，包括话语行为、话语结构和话语分析方法等。
8. Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）：研究语言和社会文化因素之间的关系和影响的学科。
主要研究不同社会群体、文化背景和地理区域中语言使用的差异和变化，包括方言、语言变体和语言政策等。
9. Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）：研究语言和心理过程之间的关系的学科。
主要研究语言理解、语言产生和语言习得等心理过程，包括语音知觉、语法处理和语言记忆等。
以上是英语语言学常见的专业术语及其解释，希望能够帮助你更好地了解英语语言学。
英语的各名词解释
英语的各名词解释英语作为一门主要的通用语言，被全球范围内广泛使用。
在我们日常使用英语的过程中，我们经常会遇到各种各样的名词。
本文将对一些常见的英语名词进行解释，帮助读者更好地理解这些概念。
以下是一些我们经常遇到的名词及其解释：1. Vocabulary（词汇）词汇是语言的基础，是构建语言表达的基本单元。
它包含了各种单词和短语，用于表达思想、情感和概念。
词汇的掌握对于学习一门语言至关重要，它能帮助我们更好地理解和沟通。
2. Grammar（语法）语法是一门语言的基本组织规则。
它包括了词汇的用法、句子的结构以及各种语法规则。
学习语法可以帮助我们正确地构建句子，使我们的表达更加准确和流畅。
3. Pronunciation（发音）发音是指我们在口语中使用语音和音标来表达单词和句子。
正确的发音对于与他人的有效交流至关重要。
学习发音可以帮助我们准确地表达自己的意思，并更好地理解他人的表达。
4. Listening（听力）听力是指通过倾听他人的口语来理解其意思的能力。
良好的听力技巧是学习一门语言的核心能力之一。
通过提高听力技巧，我们能更好地理解他人的表达，并从中学习新的词汇和句式。
5. Speaking（口语）口语是指用语音和语调表达自己的思想和情感的能力。
良好的口语技巧可以帮助我们更好地与他人交流，并且在实际情境中更准确地表达自己的意思。
6. Reading（阅读）阅读是指通过阅读文字来获取信息和理解意思的能力。
通过阅读，我们可以接触到丰富的文化知识、学习新的词汇和语法结构，并提高我们的语言理解能力。
7. Writing（写作）写作是通过书写文字来表达思想和观点的能力。
良好的写作技巧可以帮助我们更准确地表达自己的意思，并以清晰的方式传达给读者。
8. Fluency（流利度）流利度是指在使用一门语言时，轻松自如地表达自己的能力。
它包括了发音流利、词汇量丰富、语法准确以及思维和语言的自然衔接等方面。
提高流利度需要通过不断的练习和实践来达到。
语言学重点 名词解释
名词解释Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是任意的有声符号系统，人们可以借助它来达到交流的目的。
Arbitrariness(任意性）: the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning 语言符号的形式与意义之间没有必然联系bear(具有）Phoneme（音位）: It is a phonological concept, an abstract unit. It refer to the smallest unit of sound which is used to distinguish between words. 是一个音韵学概念，是一个抽象单位，它是用来区分单词的声音的最小单位。
Back-formation（逆构词法）refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language.是构词法中一种不规则的类型，即把一个语言中已经存在的较长单词删去想象中的词缀，由此造出一个较短的单词Coordination (并列关系）is a common syntactic（语法的）pattern in English and other languages formed by grouping together two or more categories of the same type with the help of a conjunction（结合）such as and, but and or .并列是英语以及其他语言中一种常见的句法关系，由同类型的两个或两个以上的范畴，借助连词and,but或者or组合而成。
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语言学资料：
英语专业考研考点精梳与精练上海外国语大学语言学.pdf.黄任.09版
《英语语言学基础》学习指南-温洪瑞主编1999年08月版pdf
[韩礼德语言学文集]唐纳德•韩礼德扫描版
英语句法与语用研究.rar下载
语言学名著选读pdf
英语专业考研考点精梳与精练上外语言学pdf下载
英语语言文学典型例题与全真题解析.rar下载英语语言学考点测评
英美概况导读中文版
胡壮麟《语言学教程》修订版笔记
新编英国文学教程——高等学校英语专业系列教材下载
英语语言学资料
华中师范大学语言学课本教程2010版
戴伟栋语言学笔记
liguistics--胡壮麟超赞的笔记
2007年上外英语语言文学专业英汉互译
2005年上外英语语言文学专业翻译试卷有答案
辽宁大学语言文学之英语专业基础课真题
英美文学、文化资料：
星火英语专业考研考点精梳与精炼英美文化
英语专业考研考点精梳与精练北京外国语大学英美文化郭栖庆09版
2010年英语专业考研考点精梳与精练英美文化郭栖庆09版
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星火英语专业考研考点精梳与精炼英美文学
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漫话英美文学英美文学史考研指南常耀信
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王佐良：欧洲文化入门[1992][完整]DJVU
王守仁：英国文学选读[2001][完整]DJVU
陶洁：美国文学选读[2000][完整]DJVU
[美国文学经典].Classics of American Literature
英美文化基础教程学习手册—朱永涛—下载
新编英国文学教程——高等学校英语专业系列教材下载
《新编英国文学教程》下载
高教版《英美文学选读》课文译文
《英国文学简史》中文版
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外国文学史图表版笔记整理
英国文学部分作品分析
英美文学超全题库
十套考研英美概况练习题含答案
南京师范大学2002年2003年语言学之英美文学考研真题.pdf
翻译资料：
全日制翻译硕士专业学位MTI研究生入学考试指南
外事翻译口译和笔译技巧.rar下载汉语成语典故谚语与歇后语英语翻译全国68所院校英汉互译试题分析
英语专业考研翻译超全面的笔记~
英语专业考研各大院校题型对比分析pdf
英语修辞手法
经济学人文本
许渊冲与翻译艺术.张智中.扫描版
散文佳作108篇汉英英汉对照
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二外：英研二外资料——日语法语德语俄语西班牙语等汇总
辅导书系列：
英语专业考研名校全真试题基础英语07到年真卷与解析下载
英语专业考研核心词汇.pdf.宫玉波.09版
星火英语专业考研名校全真试题精解英汉互译2012
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星火英语专业考研考点精梳与精炼英美文化
英语专业考研考点精梳与精练北京外国语大学英美文化.rar郭栖庆.2009年版
2010年英语专业考研考点精梳与精练英美文化.rar郭栖庆09年出版
星火英语专业考研考点精梳与精炼英美文学
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孙亦丽--大学英语精读学习精要--第一二三册pdf下载
高级英语第二册教材及教师用书第一册rar下载
语言学资料：
英语专业考研考点精梳与精练上海外国语大学语言学.pdf.黄任.09版
《英语语言学基础》学习指南-温洪瑞主编1999年08月版pdf
[韩礼德语言学文集]唐纳德•韩礼德扫描版
英语句法与语用研究.rar下载
语言学名著选读pdf
英语专业考研考点精梳与精练上外语言学pdf下载
英语语言文学典型例题与全真题解析.rar下载英语语言学考点测评
英美概况导读中文版
胡壮麟《语言学教程》修订版笔记
新编英国文学教程——高等学校英语专业系列教材下载
英语语言学资料
华中师范大学语言学课本教程2010版
戴伟栋语言学笔记
liguistics--胡壮麟超赞的笔记
2007年上外英语语言文学专业英汉互译
2005年上外英语语言文学专业翻译试卷有答案
辽宁大学语言文学之英语专业基础课真题
英美文学、文化资料：
星火英语专业考研考点精梳与精炼英美文化
英语专业考研考点精梳与精练北京外国语大学英美文化郭栖庆09版
2010年英语专业考研考点精梳与精练英美文化郭栖庆09版
大家论坛-英语专业考研论坛-
公益论坛免费下载各种资料！
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星火英语专业考研考点精梳与精炼英美文学
2010年英语专业考研考点精梳与精练北外英美文学.rar郭栖庆09版
漫话英美文学英美文学史考研指南常耀信
英语专业考研英语国家文化考点测评
王佐良：欧洲文化入门[1992][完整]DJVU
王守仁：英国文学选读[2001][完整]DJVU
陶洁：美国文学选读[2000][完整]DJVU
[美国文学经典].Classics of American Literature
英美文化基础教程学习手册—朱永涛—下载
新编英国文学教程——高等学校英语专业系列教材下载
《新编英国文学教程》下载
高教版《英美文学选读》课文译文
《英国文学简史》中文版
英国文学主要作家作品汇总
《英美文学史》之英国文学作家作品大全
《美国文学简史》上中文版
英国文学史考试要点
英美文学部分作家的介绍和评论
外国文学史图表版笔记整理
英国文学部分作品分析
英美文学超全题库
十套考研英美概况练习题含答案
南京师范大学2002年2003年语言学之英美文学考研真题.pdf
翻译资料：
全日制翻译硕士专业学位MTI研究生入学考试指南
外事翻译口译和笔译技巧.rar下载汉语成语典故谚语与歇后语英语翻译全国68所院校英汉互译试题分析
英语专业考研翻译超全面的笔记~
英语专业考研各大院校题型对比分析pdf
英语修辞手法
经济学人文本
许渊冲与翻译艺术.张智中.扫描版
散文佳作108篇汉英英汉对照
报刊英语单词精华
经济指标名词解释
大家论坛-英语专业考研论坛-
公益论坛免费下载各种资料！
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