英语语言学名词解释补充
英语语言学笔记
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语音学
语音（Phonetics）
研究语言的发音机制、音素（音位）的发音特征和分布规律。
/b/、/t/、/d/等辅音音素的发音方式。
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音位（Phoneme）
语言中能够区分意义的最小语音单位。
在英语中，“bit”和“bet”因音位/ɪ/和/ɛ/的不同而意义不同。
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音系学
音系（Phonology）
研究语言中音素的组合规则和模式，以及这些规则如何影响语言的意义。
英语中的重音和节奏模式对单词和句子的意义有影响。
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语法学
语法（Grammar）
描述语言中单词、短语和句子如何组合成有意义的结构的规则系统。
句子“The cat sat on the mat.”遵循英语语法规则。
英语语言学笔记
序号
主题/子主题
关键概念/术语
定义/解释
示例/应用
备注
1
语言学基础
语言学（guistics）
研究语言的科学，包括语言的结构、功能、演变以及语言在社会中的应用。
语言学家研究不同语言的语音、语法、词汇等。
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语言（Language）
人类特有的、用于沟通的一套符号系统，包括口语、书面语和手势语等。
研究语言中的词汇、短语和句子如何表达意义。
单词“happy”的意义是“快乐的”。
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语用学
语用（Pragmatics）
研究语言如何在特定情境中使用，以及语言使用者的意图、背景和互动如何影响语言的意义。
“It’s cold in here.”可能不仅仅是描述温度，还可能暗示要求关窗或开暖气。
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社会语言学
社会语言学（Sociolinguistics）
语言学名词解释
语言学名词解释语言学是研究语言的一门学科，涉及语言的结构、功能、变化和发展等方面的研究。
下面是一些常见的语言学名词及其解释。
1. 语音学（Phonetics）：研究语言中各种语音的产生、传播和感知等方面的学科。
2. 语音语言学（Phonology）：研究语音在特定语言中的音位（音素）和音位组合规则的学科。
3. 语法学（Grammar）：研究语言的句法结构、词法结构和语义结构等方面的学科。
4. 句法学（Syntax）：研究语言中句子的结构和组织方式的学科。
5. 语义学（Semantics）：研究语言中词汇和句子的意义、概念和关系的学科。
6. 词汇学（Lexicology）：研究语言中词汇的组成、形态、构词规则等方面的学科。
7. 词义学（Semantics）：研究词汇中词义的构成、关系和词义的变化等方面的学科。
8. 语用学（Pragmatics）：研究语言在具体语境中的使用方式以及语言的上下文相关性等方面的学科。
9. 文法学（Stylistics）：研究语言使用中的文体、修辞手法、语言风格等方面的学科。
10. 母语（Mother tongue）：一个人从小学会并用于日常交际的语言。
11. 第二语言（Second language）：在学习者的母语之外学习的语言。
12. 语言接触（Language contact）：不同语言之间在社会、文化接触中产生的相互影响和借用的现象。
13. 语言变异（Language variation）：指同一个语言在不同社会、地理和使用者间发生的音、词、句法等方面的变化。
14. 语言变化（Language change）：指语言在漫长的时间内逐渐变化和发展的过程。
15. 语言规范（Language standardization）：制定和规范一个语言的正确用法、标准词汇和语法规则的过程。
16. 语言习得（Language acquisition）：指儿童在自然环境中学习母语的过程。
英语 语言学 名词解释
名词解释nguage: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2.Design features of language(语言的区别性特征) :i.Arbitrariness:the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to theirmeaning=language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a word(e.g.pen) and the object it refers to .ii.Duality:the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level. By duality we mean that language system has two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meanings.指拥有两层结构的这种特性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分。
指语言是声音和意义双重结构组成的系统。
举例：Sounds > syllables > words > phrases > clauses > sentences> texts/discoursesiii.Productivity： Language can be used to create new meanings because of its duality .语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子，是由双层结构造成的结果（Understand and create unlimited number with sentences）iv.Displacement：Human languages enable their users to symbolize something which are not present at the moment of communication.v.Cultural transmission: language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct.3.Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It is a scientific study because it is based on thesystematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.4.Psycholinguistics: It is the study of how language is acquired, understood and produced.ngue:F. de Saussure. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.语言指语言系统的整体，这个整体相对是比较稳定的。
英语语言学复习资料
英语语言学复习资料一：名词解释1. Language (语言) is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Linguistics(语言学) is generally defined as the scientific study of language.3. General linguistics(普通/一般语言学)The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.4. Phonetics(语音学) the study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of phonetics.5. Phonology(语音体系) how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.6. Morphology(形态学) these symbols are arranged and combined to form words has constituted the branch of study called morphology.7. Syntax(句法学) then the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages is governed by rules. The study of these rules constitutes a major branch of linguistic studies called syntax.8. Semantics(语意学) the study of meaning is known as semantics.9. Pragmatics(语用学) when the study of meaning is conducted, not in isolation, but in the context of language use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics.10. Phone(音素) is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.11. Phoneme(音位) is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.12. Allophones(音位变体) the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones.13. IPA(International Phonetic Alphabet国际音标) It’s a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter selected from major European languages to represent one speech sound.14. Diacritics(变音符) it is a set of symbols which are added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions.15. broad transcription(宽式标音) one is the transcription with letter-symbols only.16. narrow transcription(严式标音) the other is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.17. open class words(开放类词) In English , open class words are nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. We can regularly add new words to these classes. 18. closed class words(封闭类词) In English , closed class word are conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns. New words arenot usually added to them.19. Morpheme(词素) the most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.20. bound morpheme(黏着词素) morphemes which occurs only before other morphemes. They cannot be used alone.21. free morpheme(自由词素) it is the morphemes which can be used alone.22. suprasegmental features(超音段特征) the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features.23. Category(畴) it refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase or a verb.24. Phrases(短语) Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases.二：简答题1. Three distinct of phonetics(语音学的三个分支？)Articulatory phonetics发音语音学; auditory phonetics听觉语音学; acoustic phonetics声光语音学.2. Main features of language(语言的主要特征？)Language is a system. Language is arbitrary. Language is vocal. Languageis human-specific.3. Synchronic vs. diachronic(共识语言学与历史语言学的区别？)Language exists in time and changes through time. The description ofa language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.A diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.4. Speech and writing (言语与文字的区别？)Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught late r when he goes to school. Written language is only the “revised” record of speech.5. What are the branches of linguistic study?(语言学研究领域中的主要分支有哪些？)1) sociolinguistics; 2) psycholinguistics; 3)applied linguistics and so on.6. Traditional grammar and modern linguistics(传统语法与现代语言学的区别？) Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. Second, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, tended to emphasize,maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.7. Prescriptive vs. descriptive (语言学中描写性与规定性的特征是什么？) Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different types of linguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive; if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, it is said to be prescriptive. 8. Design features of language (语言的识别特征？)Arbitrariness随意性，productivity生产性, duality 二重性, displacement 不受时空限制的特征, cultural transmission 文化传递系统. 9. Competence and performance (语言能力与语言行为的区别？) Competence is defined as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledgein linguistic communication. Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual. 10. Organs of speech (发音器官)Pharyngeal cavity—the throat, oral cavity—the mouth, nasal cavity—the nose. 11. Word-level categories(决定词畴的三个标准) To determine a word’s category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution.三：问题回答1. Some rules in phonology(音位学规则)sequential rules(序列规则)；assimilation rule (同化规则) ；deletion rule(省略规则)。
语言学名词解释及知识点（1）
语言学名词解释及知识点（1）语言学名词解释及知识点1.Linguistics is the scientific study of language./doc/cc11829409.html,ngugage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.3.Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.(1)Arbitrariness任意性refers that there is no logic or intrinsic 固有的relationship between form(sound) and meaning.(2)Duality双重性means the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level arecomposed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.(3)Productivity多产性means language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness.(4)Displacement means language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.(5)Cultural transmission: language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation. The details of the linguistic system must be learned by each speaker.(6)Interchangeability互换性means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages./doc/cc11829409.html,nguage is human unique.5.Six prmary factors of any speech event and language functions（Closing Statement: Linguistics and Poetics 1960 Jakobson）:(1)context语境——referential（to convey message and information）(2)message——poetic（to indulge in language for its own sake）(3)addresser陈述人——emotive（to express attitudes，feelings and emotions）(4)addressee受话人——conative（to persuade and influence others through commands and requests）(5)contact接触方法——phatic（to establish communion with others）(6)code编码（手语等）——metalingual元语言的（to clear up 表达intentions and meanings）/doc/cc11829409.html,nguage Functions: Informational信息功能；Interpersonal人际功能；Performative施为功能；Emotive；Directive；Phatic communion 寒暄功能；Metalingual（the analysis of language itself）；Recreational7.Scope of Linguistics(1)Microlinguistics微观语言学: sound: phonetic语音学, phonology音系学; form：morphology形态学, syntax句法学;meaning: semantics语义学; pragmatics语用学(2)Macrolinguistics宏观语言学: interdisciplinary交叉学科, sociolinguistics社会语言学, psycholinguistics心理语言学, applied linguistics应用语言学, anthropological linguistics人类语言学, computational linguistics计算机语言学8.Key Concepts in Linguistics(1)Descriptive描写means the linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use.(2)Prescriptive规定means the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for correct and standard behavior in usinglanguage to tell people what they should say and not say.(3)Synchronic共时in which languages are treated as self-contained systems of communication at any particular time 时间点(4)Diachronic历时in which the changes to which languages are subject in the course of time and treated historically.时间段(5)Langue语言is the set of conventions and rules, it is abstract and relatively stable.(6)Parole言语is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules, it is concrete and varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.(7)Competence语言能力is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his or her language.(8)Performance语言表现is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. (NoamChomsky Aspects of the Theory of Syntax in 1965)9.Phonetics语音学is defined as the scientific study of speech sounds, especially on its production, transmission and perception.10.Consonants辅音are sounds produced by obstructing the flow of air in the oral cavity.11.Vowels元音are produced when the air stream meets with no obstruction.12.Phonology音系学is the study of sound patterns and sound systems of a specific language. It aims to discover the principles that governs the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.13.Relationship between phonetics and phonology;(1)Phonetics is the basis for phonological study while phonology is the extension of phonetics.(2)Phonetics is gloal while phonology is local.(3)Phonetic transcription音标is in [ ] (square brackets) while ponemic transcription is in / / (slashes).14.Phoneme音位is a phonological unit which is the smallest unit of sound in a language and which can distinguish two words.(phonology)15.Phone音素is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.But a phone does not distinguish meaning. (phonetics)16.Allophone音素的变位means the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.17.Tone is useless in English. (X) ; English is tone-language. (X)18.Morphology形态学is the study of word-formation and the study of the internal structure of words, or the rules by which words are formed from smaller components, that is morphemes.19.Morpheme词素is the minimal unit in terms of relationship between expression and content(form and meaning), a unit which can not be devided without destroying or drastically极端地altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.20.Word is a minimum free form which is stable and relatively uninterruptible.21.Allomorph语素变体is any of the different shapes or phonetic forms of a morpheme. (cats,dogs,horses中的s,z,iz是复数词尾s的变体）22.Word-formation: compounding复合词(blackboard,wedding-ring,coffee table); derivation派生(happy-unhappy); coinage新造词; blending合成词(brunch,smog); back-formation逆生词(commentate is a back-formation from commentator); clipping缩减; acronymy缩写; analogical creation 类比创造; borrowing借词23.Types of Morphemes：(1)Affix词缀is the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.(2)Root词根is the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.(free：friend；bound：-ceive）(3)Stem词干is a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix may be added, eg.possibility+es/doc/cc11829409.html,paring inflectional屈折(不改变意义和词类，只能是后缀；三单,-ed,-ing,-en,pl,所有格,-er/-est) and derivational派生morphemes：①In terms of productivity②Whether the word class of the stem词干is changed or not③Grammatical need vs semantic need④Order: derivational morpheme + inflectional morpheme⑤Suffix后缀: derivational + inflectional; Prefix前缀: derivational25.Syntax is the study of the internal structure of sentences(clauses and phrases) and the rules that govern the formationof sentences.26.Morphology + Syntax= Grammar27.Autonomy自主性of syntax is the unique feature.28.Endocentric向心structure is one whose distribution is functionaly equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents. There is a head中心语. (NP,VP,PP,AP,TP)29.Exocentric离心structure refers to a group of syntacticallyrelated words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, There is no head.30.Systemic Functional Grammar系统功能语法：related to social settingsGenerative Grammar生成语法（形式语言学，Chomsky）：do not care about social settings31.Semantics语义学is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.32.Reference指称意义means the relationship between the linguistic form and what it refers to in the non-linguistic world of experience or physical world.33.Sense is the inherent固有的meaning of the linguistic form; the collection of all the features of the linguistic form. It is abstract and decontextualized.34.Contextualism: one can derive meaning from observable contexts which include situational context and the linguistic context.35.Behaviorism: meaning is the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls for the in the hearer.36.Semantic Componential Analysis语义成分分析法is the approach that analyze word meaning by decomposing is into its atomic features. It shows the semantic feature of a word.37.Pragmatics语用学is the study of meaning in context, the study of speakers’ meaning and the study of utterance meaning.38.Pragmatics = Meaning - Semantics39.Utterance 话语meaing: units of language in useSentence meaning: abstract units of the language system.40.Context is the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.41.Speech act theory 言语行为理论由Austin 提出How to DoThings with Words 196242.Locutionary act以言指事（言内行为）is the act of saying something in the full sense of “say”.43.Illocutionary act以言形事（言外行为）is the act performed in saying something.Illocutionary force: the most interesting part for pragmatic study.44.Perlocutionary acty以言成事（言后行为）is the act preformed by or as a result of saying, the effects on the hearer.45.Cooperative Principle(CP)合作原则——The essential thesis: Make your contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purposes or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.四个准则：maxim of quantity 数量准则；maxim of quality 质量准则（修辞）；relation；manner46.Sociolinguistics社会语言学is the subfield of linguistics that studies language in relation to society. It is interested in how social factors influence the structue and use of language.47.The key issue in sociolinguistics is variation./doc/cc11829409.html,nguage and Gender(1)Major ideas concerning language and gender:①Men and women speak differently.②Language is discriminatory against women.(2)Features of women’s language①Frequent use of hedges like “I’m afraid that…”, “I’m not sure but…”, “kind of ”, and “sort of “.②Abundant use of tag question as in “The lecture is terribly interesting, isn’t it?”③Greater us e of qualifiers and intensifiers than men: “awfully”, “lovely”, “terribly”, and “fascinating”, amongothers.④Preference for use of the standard form of a language, and more polite than men’s language(3)Language sexism①Job stereotypes: nurse, teacher, cl erk, president②In word-formation: author/ authoress, actor/ actress, widow寡妇/ widower鳏夫, hero/ heroine③In meaning: governor/ governess保姆; master/ mistress情妇。
英语语言学常见名词解释
英语语言学常见名词解释1. What is language?“Language is system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary, in the sense that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a work (like ―book‖) and the object it refers to. This explains and is explained by the fact that different languages have different ―books‖: ―book‖ in English, ―livre‖ in French, ―shu‖ in Chinese. It is symbolic, because word s are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak (and listen) before they write (and read) also indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written. The term ―human‖ in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific.2. What are design features of language?“Design features‖ here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability3. What is arbitrariness?By ―arbitrariness‖, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo words, like ―bang‖, ―crash‖, ―roar‖, which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds (words compounded to be one word) are not entirely arbitrary either. ―Type‖ and ―write‖ are opaque or unmotivated words, while ―type-writer‖ is less so, or more transparent or motivated than the words that make it. So w e can say ―arbitrariness‖ is a matter of degree.4. What is duality?Linguists refer ―duality‖ (of structure) to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhanglin et al., language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language.A small number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences (note that we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!). Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality.5. What is productivity?Productivity refers to the ability to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one‘s native language, including those that has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation. No one has ever said or heard ―A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the small hotel bed with an African gibbon‖, but he can say it when necessary, and he can understand it in right register. Different from artistic creativity, though, productivity never goes out side the language, thus also called ―rule-bound creativity‖ (by N.Chomsky).6.What is displacement?“Displacement‖, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. When a man, for example, is crying to a woman, about something, it might be something that had occurred, or something that is occurring, or something that is to occur. When a dog is barking, however, you can decide it is barking for something or at someone that exists now and there. It couldn‘t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for a bone to be l ost. The bee‘s system, nonetheless, has a small share of ―displacement‖, but it is an unspeakable tiny share.7.What is cultural transmission?This means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings (N. Chomsky called it ―language acquisition device‖, or LAD) has a genetic basis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one other than a genetic one like the dog‘s barking system. If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The Wolf Child reared by the pack of wolves turned out to speak the wolf‘s roaring ―tongue‖ when he was saved. He learned thereafter, with no small difficulty, the ABC of a certain human language.8. What is interchangeability?Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. Though some people suggest that there is sex differentiation in the actual language use, in other words, men and women may say different things, yet in principle there is no sound, or word or sentence that a man can utter and a woman cannot, or vice versa. On the other hand, a person can be the speaker while the other person is the listener and as the turn moves on to the listener, he can be the speaker and the first speaker is to listen. It is turn-taking that makes social communication possible and acceptable. Some male birds, however, utter some calls which females do not (or cannot). When a dog barks, all the neighboring dogs bark. Then people around can hardly tell which dog (dogs) is (are) ―speaking‖ and which listening.9.Why do linguists say language is human specific?First of all, human la nguage has six ―design features‖ which animal communication systems do not have, at least not in the true sense of them. Secondly, linguists have done a lot trying to teach animals such as chimpanzees to speak a human language but have achieved nothing inspiring. Washoe, a female chimpanzee, was brought up like a human child by Beatnice and Alan Gardner. She was taught ―American sign Language‖, and learned a little that made the teachers happy butdid mot make the linguistics circle happy, for few believed in teaching chimpanzees. Thirdly, a human child reared among animals cannot speak a human language, not even when he is taken back and taught to do so.10. What functions does language have?Language has at least seven functions: phatic, directive, Informative, interrogative, expressive, evocative and performative. According to Wang Gang (1988,p.11), language has three main functions: a tool of communication, a tool whereby people learn about the world, and a tool by which people learn about the world, and a tool by which people create art . M .A. K. Halliday, representative of the London school, recognizes three ―Macro-Functions‖: ideational, interpersonal and textual.11. What is the phatic function?The ―phatic function‖ refers to language being used fo r setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contacts(rather than for exchanging information or ideas). Greetings, farewells, and comments on the weather in English and on clothing in Chinese all serve this function. Much of the phatic language (e.g. ―How are you?‖ ―Fine, thanks.‖) is insincere if taken literally, but it is important. If you don't say ―Hello‖ to a friend you meet, or if you don‘t answer his ―Hi‖, you ruin your friendship.12. What is the directive function?The ―directive function‖ means that language may be used to get the hearer to do something. Most imperative sentences perform this function, e. g., ―Tell me the result when you finish.‖ Other syntactic structures or sentences of other sorts can, according to J. Austin and J. S earle‘s ―Indirect speech act theory‖ at least, serve the purpose of direction too, e.g., ―If I were you, I would have blushed to the bottom of my ears!‖13. What is the informative function?Language serves an ―informational function‖ when used to tell so mething, characterized by the use of declarative sentences. Informative statements are often labelled as true (truth) or false (falsehood). According to P. Grice‘s ―Cooperative Principle‖, one ought not to violate the ―Maxim of Quality‖, when he is informi ng at all.14. What is the interrogative function?When language is used to obtain information, it serves an ―interrogative function‖. This includes all questions that expect replies, statements, imperatives etc., according to the ―indirect speech act the ory‖, may have this function as well, e.g., ―I‘d like to know you better.‖ This may bring forth a lot of personal information. Note that rhetorical questions make an exception, since they demand no answer, at least not the reader‘s/listener‘s answer.15. What is the expressive function?The ―expressive function‖ is the use of language to reveal something about the feelings or attitudes of the speaker. Subconscious emotional ejaculations are good examples, like ―Good heavens!‖ ―My God!‖ Sentences like ―I‘m sorry about the delay‖ can serve as good examples too,though in a subtle way. While language is used for the informative function to pass judgment on the truth or falsehood of statements, language used for the expressive function evaluates, appraises or a sserts the speaker‘s own attitudes.16. What is the evocative function?The ―evocative function‖ is the use of language to create certain feelings in the hearer. Its aim is , for example, to amuse, startle, antagonize, soothe, worry or please. Jokes(not practical jokes, though) are supposed to amuse or entertain the listener; advertising to urge customers to purchase certain commodities; propaganda to influence public opinion. Obviously, the expressive and the evocative functions often go together, i.e., you may express, for example, your personal feelings about a political issue but end up by evoking the same feeling in, or imposing it on, your listener. That‘s also the case with the other way round.17. What is the performative function?This means peopl e speak to ―do things‖ or perform actions. On certain occasions the utterance itself as an action is more important than what words or sounds constitute the uttered sentence. The judge‘s imprisonment sentence, the president‘s war or independence declaratio n, etc., are performatives.18. What is linguistics?“Linguistics‖ is the scientific study of language. It studies not just one language of any one society, but the language of all human beings. A linguist, though, does not have to know and use a large number of languages, but to investigate how each language is constructed. He is also concerned with how a language varies from dialect to dialect, from class to class, how it changes from century to century, how children acquire their mother tongue, and perhaps how a person learns or should learn a foreign language. In short, linguistics studies the general principles whereupon all human languages are constructed and operate as systems of communication in their societies or communities.19. What makes linguistics a science?Since linguistics is the scientific study of language, it ought to base itself upon the systematic, investigation of language data which aims at discovering the true nature of language and its underlying system. To make sense of the data, a linguist usually has conceived some hypotheses about the language structure, to be checked against the observed or observable facts. In order to make his analysis scientific, a linguist is usually guided by four principles: exhaustiveness, consistency, and objectivity. Exhaustiveness means he should gather all the materials relevant to the study and give them an adequate explanation, in spite of the complicatedness. He is to leave no linguistic ―stone‖ unturned. Consistency means there should be no contra diction between different parts of the total statement. Economy means a linguist should pursue brevity in the analysis when it is possible. Objectivity implies that since some people may be subjective in the study, a linguist should be (or sound at least) objective, matter-of-face, faithful to reality, so that his work constitutes part of the linguistics research.20. What are the major branches of linguistics?The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. But a linguist sometimes is able to deal with only one aspect of language at a time, thus the arise of various branches: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, psycholinguistics etc.21. What are synchronic and diachronic studies?The description of a language at some point of time (as if it stopped developing) is a synchrony study (synchrony). The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study (diachronic). An essay entitled ―On the Use of THE‖, for example, may be synchronic, if the author does not recall the past of THE, and it may also be diachronic if he claims to cover a large range or period of time wherein THE has undergone tremendous alteration.22. What is speech and what is writing?No one needs the repetition of the general principle of linguistic analysis, namely, the primacy of speech over writing. Speech is primary, because it existed long long before writing systems came into being. Genetically children learn to speak before learning to write. Secondly, written forms just represent in this way or that the speech sounds: individual sounds, as in English and French as in Japanese. In contrast to speech, spoken form of language, writing as written codes, gives language new scope and use that speech does not have. Firstly, messages can be carried through space so that people can write to each other. Secondly, messages can be carried through time thereby, so that people of our time can be carried through time thereby, so that people of our time can read Beowulf, Samuel Johnson, and Edgar A. Poe. Thirdly, oral messages are readily subject to distortion, either intentional or unintentional, while written messages allow and encourage repeated unalterable reading. Most modern linguistic analysis is focused on speech, different from grammarians of the last century and theretofore.23. What are the differences between the descriptive and the prescriptive approaches?A linguistic study is ―descriptive‖ if it only describes and analyses the f acts of language, and ―prescriptive‖ if it tries to lay down rules for ―correct‖ language behavior. Linguistic studies before this century were largely prescriptive because many early grammars were largely prescriptive because many early grammars were base d on ―high‖ (literary or religious) written records. Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive, however. It (the latter) believes that whatever occurs in natural speech (hesitation, incomplete utterance, misunderstanding, etc.) should be described in the analysis, and not be marked as incorrect, abnormal, corrupt, or lousy. These, with changes in vocabulary and structures, need to be explained also.24. What is the difference between langue and parole?F. de Saussure refers ―langue‖ to the abstract linguist ic system shared by all the members of a speech community and refers ―parole‖ to the actual or actualized language, or the realization of langue. Langue is abstract, parole specific to the speaking situation; langue not actually spoken by an individual, parole always a naturally occurring event; langue relatively stable and systematic, parole is a mass of confused facts, thus not suitable for systematic investigation. What a linguist ought to do, according to Saussure, is to abstract langue from instances of parole, i.e. to discover the regularities governing all instances of parole and make than the subject of linguistics. The langue-parole distinction is of great importance, which casts great influence on later linguists.25. What is the difference between competence and performance?According to N. Chomsky, ―competence‖ is the ideal language user‘s knowledge of the rules of his language, and ―performance‖ is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances. The former enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speaker‘s competence is stable while his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors. So a speaker‘s performance does not always match or equal his supposed competence. Chomsky believes that linguists ought to study competence, rather than performance. In other words, they should discover what an ideal speaker knows of his native language. Chomsky‘s competence-performance distinction is not exactly the same as, though similar to, F. de Saussure‘s langue-parole distinction. Langue is a social product, and a set of conventions for a community, while competence is deemed as a property of the mind of each individual. Sussure looks at language more from a sociological or sociolinguistic point of view than N. Chomsky since the latter deals with his issues psychologically or psycholinguistically.26. What is linguistic potential? What is actual linguistic behaviour?These two terms, or the potential-behavior distinction, were made by M. A. K. Halliday in the 1960s, from a functional point of view. There is a wide range of things a speaker can do in his culture, and similarly there are many things he can say, for example, to many people, on many topics. What he actually says (i.e. his ―actual linguistic behavior‖) on a certain occasion to a certain person is what he has chosen from many possible injustice items, each of which he could have said (linguistic potential).27. In what way do language, competence and linguistic potential agree? In what way do they differ? And their counterparts?Langue, competence and linguistic potential have some similar features, but they are innately different. Langue is a social product, and a set of speaking conventions; competence is a property or attribute of each ideal speaker‘s mind; linguistic potential is all the linguistic corpus or repertoire available from which the speaker chooses items for the actual utterance situation. In other words, langue is in visible but reliable abstract system. Competence means ―knowing‖, and linguistic potential a set of possibilities for ―doing‖ or ―performing actions‖. They are similar in that they all refer to the constant underlying the utterances that constitute what Saussure, Chomsky and Halliday respectively called parole, performance and actual linguistic behavior. Parole, performance and actual linguistic behavior enjoy more similarities than differences.28. What is phonetics?“Phonetics‖ is the science which studi es the characteristics of human sound-making, especially those sounds used in speech, and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription, speech sounds may be studied in different ways, thus by three different branches of phonetics. (1) Articulatory phonetics; the branch of phonetics that examines the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate in the process. (2) Auditory phonetics, the branch of phonetic research fro m the hearer‘s point of view, looking into the impression which a speech sound makes on the hearer as mediated by theear, the auditory nerve and the brain. (3) Acoustic phonetics: the study of the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted between mouth and ear. Most phoneticians, however, are interested in articulatory phonetics.29. How are the vocal organs formed?The vocal organs or speech organs, are organs of the human body whose secondary use is in the production of speech sounds. The vocal organs can be considered as consisting of three parts; the initiator of the air-stream, the producer of voice and the resonating cavities.30. What is place of articulation?It refers to the place in the mouth where, for example, the obstruction occurs, resulting in the utterance of a consonant. Whatever sound is pronounced, at least some vocal organs will get involved, e.g. lips, hard palate etc., so a consonant may be one of the following (1) bilabial: [p, b, m]; (2) ]; (4) alveolar:[t, d, l, n, s, z]; (5)T, Plabiodental: [f, v]; (3) dental:[ retroflex; (6) palato-alveolar:[ ]; (7) palatal:[j]; (8) velar[ k, g]; (9) uvular; (10) glottal:[h]. Some sounds involve the simultaneous use of two places of articulation. For example, the English [w] has both an approximation of the two lips and that two lips and that of the tongue and the soft palate, and may be termed ―labial-velar‖.31. What is the manner of articulation?The ―manner of articulation‖ literally means the way a sound is articulated. At a given place of articulation, the airstream may be obstructed in various ways, resulting in various manners of articulation, are the following: (1) plosive:[p, b, t, d, k, g]; (2) nasal:[m, n,]; (3) trill; (4) tap or flap;(5) lateral:[l]; (6) fricative:[f, v, s, z]; (7) approximant:[w, j]; (8) affricate:[ ].32. What is IPA? When did it come into being ?The IPA, abbreviation of ―International Phonetic Alphabet‖, is a compromise system making use of symbols of all sources, including diacritics indicating length, stress and intonation, indicating phonetic variation. Ever since it was developed in 1888, IPA has undergone a number of revisions.33. What is narrow transcription and what is broad transcription?In handbook of phonetics, Henry Sweet made a distinct ion between ―narrow‖ and ―broad‖ transcriptions, which he called ―Narrow Romic‖. The former was meant to symbolize all the possible speech sounds, including even the most minute shades of pronunciation while Broad Romic or transcription was intended to indicate only those sounds capable of distinguishing one word from another in a given language.34. What is phonology? What is difference between phonetics and phonology?“Phonology‖ is the study of sound systems- the invention of distinctive speech sounds that occur in a language and the patterns wherein they fall. Minimal pair, phonemes, allophones, free variation, complementary distribution, etc., are all to be investigated by a phonologist. Phonetics is the branch of linguistics studying the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. A phonetist is mainly interested in the physical properties of the speech sounds, whereas a phonologist studies what he believes are meaningful sounds related with their semantic features, morphological features, and the way they areconceived and printed in the depth of the mind phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce sounds which from meaningful utterances, to recognize a foreign ―accent‖, to make up new words, to add the appropriate phonetic segments to from plurals and past tenses, to know what is and what is not a sound in one‘s language.35. What is a phone? What is a phoneme? What is an allophone?A ―phone‖ is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. When we hear the following words pronounced: [pit], [tip], [spit], etc., the similar phones we have heard are [p] for one thing, and three different [p]s, readily making pos sible the ―narrow transcription or diacritics‖. Phones may and may not distinguish meaning. A ―phoneme‖ is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. As an abstract unit, a phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. For example, the phoneme[p] is represented differently in [pit], [tip] and [spit]. The phones representing a phoneme are called its ―allophones‖, i.e., the different (i.e., phones) but do not make one word so phonetically different as to create a new word or a new meaning thereof. So the different [p] s in the above words are the allophones of the same phoneme [p]. How a phoneme is represented by a phone, or which allophone is to be used, is determined by the phonetic context in which it occurs. But the choice of an allophone is not random. In most cases it is rule-governed; these rules are to be found out by a phonologist.36. What are minimal pairs?When two different phonetic forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the string, the two forms (i. e., word) are supposed to form a ―minimal pair‖, e.g., ―pill‖ and ―bill‖, ―pill‖ and ―till‖, ―till‖ and ―dill‖, ―till‖ and ―kill‖, etc. All the se words together constitute a minimal set. They are identical in form except for the initial consonants. There are many minimal pairs in English, which makes it relatively easy to know what are English phonemes. It is of great importance to find the minimal pairs when a phonologist is dealing with the sound system of an unknown language.37. What is free variation?If two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast; namely, if the substitution of one for the other does not generate a new word form but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, the two sounds then are said to be in ―free variation”. The plosives, for example, may not be exploded when they occur before another plosive or a nasal (e. g., act, apt, good morning). The minute distinctions may, if necessary, be transcribed in diacritics. These unexploded and exploded plosives are in free variation. Sounds in free variation should be assigned to the same phoneme.38. What is complementary distribution?When two sounds never oc cur in the same environment, they are in ―complementary distribution‖. For example, the aspirated English plosives never occur after [s], and the unsaturated ones never occur initially. Sounds in complementary distribution may be assigned to the same phoneme. The allophones of [l], for example, are also in complementary distribution. The clear [l] occurs only before a vowel, the voiceless equivalent of [l] occurs only after a voiceless consonant, such as in the words ―please‖, ―butler‖, ―clear‖, etc., and t he dark [l] occurs only after a vowel or as asyllabic sound after a consonant, such as in the words ―feel‖, ―help‖, ―middle‖, etc.39. What is the assimilation rule? What is the deletion rule?The ―assimilation rule‖ assimilates one segment to another by―copying‖ a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones more similar. This rule accounts for the raring pronunciation of the nasal [n] that occurs within a word. The rule is that within a word the nasal consonant[n] assumes the same place of articulation as the following consonant. The negative prefix ―in-― serves as a good example. It may be pronounced as [in], [i] or [im] when occurring in different phonetic contexts: e. g., indiscrete-[ ] (alveolar) inconceivable-[ ](velar) input-[‗imput] (bilabial)The ―deletion rule‖ tells us when a sound is to be deleted although is orthographically represented. While the letter ―g‖ is mute in ―sign‖, ―design‖ and ―paradigm‖, it is pronounced in their corresponding derivatives: ―signature‖, ―designation‖ and ―paradigmatic‖. The rule then can be stated as: delete a [g] when it occurs before a final nasal consonant. This accounts for some of the seeming irregularities of the English spelling.40. What is suprasegmental phonology? What are suprasegmental features?“Suprasegmental phonology‖ refers to the study of phonological properties of linguistic units larger than the segment called phoneme, such as syllable, length and pitch, stress, intonation.41. What is morphology?“Morphology‖ is the br anch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. It is generally divided into two fields: inflectional morphology and lexical/derivational morphology.42. What is inflection/inflexion?“Inflection‖ is the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect, and case, which does not change the grammatical class of the items to which they are attached.43. What is a morpheme? What is an allomorph?The ―morpheme‖ is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. The word ―boxes‖, for example, has two morphemes: ―box‖ and ―-es‖, neither of which permits further division or analysis if we don‘t wish to sacrifice meaning. Therefore a morpheme is considered the minimal unit of meaning. Allomorphs, like allophones vs. phones, are the alternate shapes (and thus phonetic forms) of the same morphemes. Some morphemes, though, have no more than one invariable form in all contexts, such as ―dog‖, ―cat‖, etc. The variants of the plurality ―-s‖ make the allomorphs thereof in the following exa mples: map-maps, mouse-mice, sheep-sheep etc.44. What is a free morpheme? What is a bound morpheme?A ―free morpheme‖ is a morpheme that constitutes a word by itself, such as ‗bed‖, ―tree‖, etc. A ―bound morpheme‖ is one that appears with at least another morpheme, such as ―-s‖ in ―beds‖,。
英语语言学名词解释
英语语言学名词解释
英语语言学是语言学中的一个分支，研究英语的语言结构、语音、语法、语义、语用和历史演变等方面。
以下是一些英语语言学的名词解释：
1. Phonetics（音韵学）：研究语音、发音和声音的学科。
它包括语音学和音系学。
2. Phonology（音系学）：研究语音在语言中的系统性组织和规律性变化的学科。
3. Morphology（形态学）：研究词形变化和词构成的学科。
4. Syntax（句法学）：研究句子结构和语法规则的学科。
5. Semantics（语义学）：研究语言意义的学科，包括词义和句子意义。
6. Pragmatics（语用学）：研究语言在实际使用中的含义和功能的学科。
7. Discourse analysis（语篇分析）：研究语言在实际使用中的连贯性和语篇结构的学科。
8. Historical linguistics（历史语言学）：研究语言的演变和变化的学科。
9. Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）：研究语言和社会、文化、地理和历史等因素之间的关系的学科。
10. Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）：研究语言和心理过程之间的关系的学科，包括语言习得、记忆和理解等。
以上是一些常见的英语语言学名词解释，它们涵盖了英语语言学的主要领域和分支。
英语语言学名词解释[1]
![英语语言学名词解释[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/630ce54c770bf78a652954e5.png)
ChaPter 12 : LangUage And Brain1. neurolinguistics: ItiS the StUdy Of relatiOnShiP between brain and Ianguage. It inClUdeS research into how the StrUCtUre of the brain in flue nces Ian guage lear ning, how and in WhiCh PartS of the brain Ian guage is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to USe Ian guage.2. psycholinguistics:the StUdy of Ian guage PrOCeSS in g. It is ConCerned With the PrOCeSSeS of Ian guage acqisiti on, COmPrehe nsion and PrOdUCt ion.3. brain IateraIiZation: The IocalizatiOn Of cognitive and PerCePtiVe functions in a PartiCUIar hemisphere of the brain.4. dichotic listening: A technique in WhiCh StimUIi either Iinguistic or non-Iinguistic are PreSented through headphOneS to the left and right ear to determine the IateraIiZatiOn of cognitive function.5. right ear advantage: The Phenomenon that the right ear shows an advantage for the PerCePtion of Iinguistic Signals id known as the right ear advantage.6. split brain studies: The experime nts that in VeStigate the effects of SUrgiCally SeVeri ng the COrPUS callosum On cog niti On are called as split brain studies.7. aphasia: It refers to a nu mber of acquired Ian guage disorders due to the CerebraI Iesi OnS CaUSed by a tumor, an accide nt and so on.8. non-fluent aphasia: Damage to PartS of the brain in front of the Cen tral SUICUS is called non-flue nt aphasia.9. fluent aphasia: Damage to PartS of the left COrteX beh ind the Cen tral SUICUSresults in a type of aphasia called flue nt aphasia.10. ACqUired dyslexia: Damage in and around the angular gyrus of the ParietaI lobe often CaUSeS the impairment of reading and Writing ability, WhiCh is referred to as acquired dyslexia.11. phonological dyslexia: it is a type Of acquired dyslexia in WhiCh the Patie nt SeemS to have IoSt the ability to USe spelli ng-to-so Und rules.12. SUrfaCe dyslexia: it is a type of acquired dyslexia in WhiCh the Patie nt SeemS Un able to recog nize words as whole but must PrOCeSS all words through a Set of spell in g-to-so Und rules.13. spoonerism: a slip of ton gue in WhiCh the POSiti On Of SoUn ds, syllables, or words is reversed, for example, Let ' S have ChiSh and fipnstend of Let ' S have fish and chips.14. priming: the PrOCeSS that before the PartiCiPants make a decision Whether the String of IetterS isa word or not, they are PreSented With an activated word.15. frequency effect: SUbjeCtS take less time to make judgement on frequently USed words than to judge less com monly USed words . ThiS Phe nomenon is called freque ncy effect.16. IeXiCaI decision: an experiment that let PartiCiPants judge Whether a String of Ietter is a word or not at a Certa in time.17. the Priming experiment: An experiment that let SUbjeCtS judge Whether a String of IetterS is a word or not after ShOWed With a StimUIUS word, called prime.18. Priming effect: SinCe the men tal represe ntati On is activated through the prime, Whe n the target is PreSented, respOnSe time is ShOrter that it OtherWiSe would have been. ThiS is called the Priming effect. (06F)19. bottom-up PrOCeSsing: an approach that makes USe Principally of information WhiCh is already PreSe nt in the data.20. top-down PrOCeSsing: an approach that makes USe of PreViOUS kno WIedge and experie nce of the readers in an alyz ing and PrOCeSS ing in formatio n WhiCh is received.21. garden Path sentences: a SentenCe in WhiCh the COmPrehe nder assumes a PartiCUIar meaning of a word or PhraSe but discovers later that the assumpti On WaS in correct, forcing theCOmPrehe nder to backtrack and rein terpret the sentence.22. SliP Of the tongue: mistakes in SPeeCh WhiCh ProVide PSyCholinguistic evidence for the Way We formulate words and phrases.ChaPter 11 : SeCOnd LangUage ACqUiSitiOn1. SeCOnd IangUage acquisition:It refers to the SyStematiC StUdy of how One PerSon acquires aSeC Ond Ian guage SUbSeqUe nt to his n ative Ian guage.2. target language: The Ian guage to be acquired by the SeC Ond Ian guage lear ner.3. SeCOnd language: A SeC Ond Ian guage is a Ian guage WhiCh is not a n ative Ian guage in a CoUntry but WhiCh is WideIy USed as a medium of com muni Cati Onand WhiCh is usually USed alon gsideano ther Ian guage or Ian guages.4. foreign language: A foreign Ianguage is a Ianguage WhiCh is taught as a school SUbjeCt butWhiCh is not USed as a medium of in StrUCt ion in schools nor as a Ian guage of com muni Cati On Withina CoUn try.5. interlanguage: A type of Ianguage PrOdUCed by SeCOnd and foreign Ianguage Iearners, who are in the PrOCeSS of Iear ning a Ian guage, and this type of Ian guage usually ContainSWrong expressi ons.6. fossilization: In SeCOnd or foreign Ianguage Iearning, there is a PrOCeSS WhiCh SOmetimeS OCCUrS in WhiCh inCOrreCt Iinguistic features become a Permanent Part of the Way a PerSon SPeakS or WriteS a Ian guage.7. COntraStiVe analysis: a method of an alyz ing Ian guages for in StrUCt ional PUrPOSeS Whereby an ative Ian guage and target Ia nguage are COmPared With a VieW to establish ing poi nts of differe nce likely to CaUSe difficulties for Iear ners.8. COntraStiVe analysis hypothesis:A hypothesis in SeC Ond Ian guage acquisiti On .It PrediCtS that Where there are SimiIaritieS between the first and SeCOnd Ianguages, the Iearner will acquire SeCOnd Ianguage StrUCtUre With ease, Where there are differences, the Iearner will have difficulty.9. POSitiVe transfer: It refers to the tranSfer that occur When both the native Ianguage and thetarget Ianguage have the Same form, thus making Iearning easier. (06F)10. negative transfer: the mistaken tranSfer of features of One ' S native Ianguage into a SeCOnd Ian guage.11. error analysis: the StUdy and an alysis of errors made by SeC Ond and foreig n Ian guage Iear ners in Order to ide ntify CaUSeS of errors or com mon difficulties in Ian guage Iear ning.12. interlingual error: errors, WhiCh mainly result from CrOSS-Iinguistic interference at different levels SUCh as Phono IogiCaI, IeXiCaI, grammatical etc.13. intralingual error: Errors, WhiCh mainly result from faulty or PartiaI Iearning of the targetIan guage, in depe ndent of the n ative Ian guage. The typical examples are OVerge neralizati On and CrOSS-associati on.14. OVergeneraIiZation: The USe of previously available StrategieS in new SitUatiOns, in WhiChthey are Un acceptable.15. CrOSS-association:some words are SimiIar in meaning as well as spelling and PronUnCiation.ThiS internal interference is called CrOSS-association.16. error: the PrOdUCtion of inCOrreCt forms in SPeeCh or Writing by a non-native SPeaker of aSeC Ond Ian guage, due to his in complete kno WIedge of the rules of that target Ian guage.17. mistake: mistakes, defi ned as either inten ti on ally or Uninten ti on ally devia nt forms andself-corrigible, SUggeSt failure in PerfOrma nce.18. input: Ian guage WhiCh a Iear ner hears or receives and from WhiCh he or She Can Iear n.19. intake: the in PUt WhiCh is actually helpful for the Iearner.20. InPUt HyPOthesis: A hypothesis proposed by KraShen , WhiCh StateS that in SeCOnd IanguageS n ecessary for the Iear ner to Un dersta nd in PUt Ian guage WhiCh ContainS IinguisticS PreSe nt Iin guistic COmPete nce. EVen tually the ability to PrOdUCe Ian guage is Said to emerge n aturally WithOUt being taught directly.21. acquisition: ACqUiSition is a PrOCeSS SimiIar to the Way ChiIdren acquire their first Ianguage. It is a SUbC On SCiOUS PrOCeSS WithOUt minute Iear ning of grammatical rules. Lear ners are hardly aware of their Iear ning but they are USing Ian guage to com muni cate. It is also called implicit Iear ning, in formal Iear ning or n atural Iear ning.22. learning: Iearning is a conSCiOUS Iearning of SeCOnd Ianguage knoWIedge by Iearning the rulesand talk ing about the rules.23. COmPrehenSibIe input: InPUt Ianguage WhiCh ContainS Iinguistic items that are SIightIybeyOnd the Iearner ' S PreSent Iinguistic COmPetence. (06F)24. IangUage aptitude: the n atural ability to Iear n a Ian guage, not in cludi ng in tellige nce, motivati on, in terest, etc.25. motivation: motivatiOn is defined as the Iearner' S attitudes and affective State orIearningdrive. 26. instrumental motivation: the motivatiOn that people Iearn a foreign Ianguage for inStrUmental goals SUCh as PaSS ing exams, or furtheri ng a Career etc. (06C)27. integrative motivation: the drive that people Iearn a foreign Ianguage because of the WiSh to ide ntify With the target culture. (06C/ 05)28. resultative motivation: the drive that Iearners Iearn a SeCOnd Ianguage for external purposes. Iearnin g, it items that are Slightly beyOnd the Iearner(06F)29. intrinsic motivation: the drive that Iearners Iearn the SeCOnd Ianguage for enjoyment or PIeaSUre from Iear ning.30. Iearning strategies: Iearning StrategieS are Iearners' C o riecAedsandaIproblem-solv ing based efforts to achieve Iear ning efficiency.31. COgnitiVe strategies: StrategieS inVoIVed in analyzing, Synthesis, and internalizing What hasbeen learned. (07C∕ 06F)32. metacognitive strategies:the techniqUeS in planning, monitoring and evaluating One ' SIearning.33. affect/ social strategies: the StrategieS deali ng With the WayS lear ners in teract or com mun icateWith other speakers, n ative or non-n ative.ChaPter 10: LangUage ACqUiSitiOn1. IangUage acquisition: It refers to the child ' S acquisitiOn Of his motheetorogUehe. childcomes to Un dersta nd and SPeak the Ian guage of his com muni ty.2. IangUage acquisition device (LAD): A hypothetical inn ate mecha nism every no rmal huma nchild is believed to be born with, WhiCh allow them to acquire Ian guage. (03)3. UniVerSaI Grammar: A theory WhiCh CIaimS to accoUnt for the grammatical COmPetence ofevery adult no matter What Ian guage he or She speaks.4. motherese: A SPeCiaI SPeeCh to ChiIdren USed by adults, WhiCh is CharaCteriZed With slow rateof speed, high pitch, rich intonation, ShOrter and SimPIer SentenCe StrUCtUreS etc.---- 又叫childdirected speech, Caretaker talk.(05)5. CritiCaI PeriOd HyPOthesis: The hypothesis that the time SPan between early childhood andPUberty is the CritiCaI PeriOd for Ianguage acquisition, during WhiCh ChiIdren Can acquire Ianguage WithOUt formal in StrUCtiOn SUCCeSSfully and effortlessly. (07C/ 06F/ 04)6. Under-extension: USe a word With less than its usual range of denotation.7. over-extension: EXte nsion Of the meaning of a word bey Ond its usual domai n Of applicati On by young ChiIdre n.8. telegraphic speech:Children ' S early multiword SPeeCh that ContainSContent words and lacks function words and in fleet ional morphemes.9. COntent word: Words referring to things, quality, State or action, WhiCh have IeXiCaI meaning USed alone.10. function word: Words With little meaning on their own but show grammatical relationShiPS in and betwee n Senten ces.11. taboo: Words known to SPeakerS but avoided in some Con texts of SPeeCh for reas OnS of religi on, polite ness etc. (07C)12. atypical development: Some acquisiti On Of Ian guage may be delayed but follow the Same rules of Ian guage developme nt due to trauma or injury.ChaPter 9: LangUage And CUItUre1. CUItUre : The total Way of life of a PerS on, in cludi ng the Patter ns of belief, customs, objects,in StitUti ons, tech niq ues, and Ian guage that CharaCteriZeS the life of huma n com muni ty.2. discourse COmmUnity : It refers to the com mon WayS that members of some social group USe Ian guage to meet their n eeds.3. acculturation : A PrOCeSS in WhiCh Changes on the Ianguage, CUItUre and SyStem of VaIUeS of a group happe n through in teract ion With ano ther group With a differe nt Ian guage, CUItUre and a SyStem of Values.4. SaPir-WhOrf HyPOtheSiS : The interdependence of Ianguage and thought is now known as SaPir-WhOrf HyPOthesis.5. IingUiStiC relativity : A belief that the Way people VieW the world is determined wholly or PartIy by the StrUCtUre of their native Ianguage——又叫SaPir-WhOrf HyPOthesis. (06C)6. linguistic determinism: It refers to the idea that the Ianguage We use, to Some extent, determines the Way in WhiCh We VieW and think about the world around us. (06C)7. denotative meaning: It refers to the IiteraI mea ning, WhiCh Can be found in a dicti on ary.8. COnnOtatiVe meaning: The association of a word, apart from its Primary meaning.9. iconic meaning: The image of a word in voked to people.10. metaphors: A figure of speech, in WhiCh no function words like like, as are used. SOmeth ing is described by Stating another thing With WhiCh it Can be compared.11. euphemism: a word or PhraSe that replace a taboo word or is USed to avoid reference toCertain acts or subjects, e.g. POWder room for toilet.12. CUItUraI overlap: The SitUation between two SOCietieS due to some SimiIaritieS in the natural en viro nment and psychology of huma n being13. CUItUraI diffusion: ThrOUgh com muni Cati on, some eleme nts of CUItUre A en ter CUItUre B and become Part of CUItUre B, thus bringing about CUItUraI diffusion. (05/03)14. CUItUraI imperialism: The SitUation of inCreaSing CUItUraI diffusion all over the worId.(06C)15. IingUiStiCS imperialism: it is a kind of kind of Iinguicism WhiCh Can be defined as the promulgatio n Of global ideologies through the world-wide expa nsion Of Onelan guage. (06C)16. IingUiStiC nationalism: In order to PrOteCt the PUrity of their Ianguage, some CoUntries have adopted SPeCiaI Ianguage policy. It is called Iinguistic nationalism.17. intercultural communication: It is communicatiOn between people whose CUItUraIPerCePti OnSand symbols are dist inct eno Ugh to alter the com mun icati OneVent.18. language Planning: PIa nning, usually by a gover nment, ConCerning ChoiCe Of n ati Onal Or OffiCiaI la nguage(s), WayS of SPreadi ng the USe of a Ian guage, spell ing reforms, the additi On Of new words to the Ian guage, and other Ian guage problems.ChaPter 8: LangUage And SOCiety1. sociolinguistics:The SUbfieId of Iinguistics that StUdy Ianguage Variation and Ianguage USe in social Con texts.2. SPeeCh community: A group of people who form a com munity and Share at least One SPeeCh Variety as well as SimiIar Iin guistic no rms. (05)3. SPeeCh varieties: It refers to any distinguishable form of SPeeCh USed by a SPeaker or a group of speakers.4. regional dialect: A Variety of Ian guage USed by people livi ng in the Same geographical regi on.5. sociolect:A Variety of Ian guage USed by people, who bel Ong to a PartiCUIar social class.6. registers : The type of Ian guage WhiCh is SeIeCted as appropriate to the type of SitUati on.7. idiolect : A PerS On ' S dialect of an in dividual SPeaker that comb ines eleme nts, regard ing region al, social, gen der and age Variati ons. (04)8. IingUiStiC reportoire : The totality of Iin guistic VarietieS POSSeSSed by an in dividual con StitUteS his Iin guistic repertoire.9. register theory : A theory proposed by AmeriCan Iinguist Halliday, who believed that three social VariabIeS determine the register, namely, field of discourse, tenor of discourse and mode of discourse.10. field of discourse : the PUrPOSe and SUbjeCt matter of the com muni CatiVe behavior..11. tenor of discourse: It refers to the role of relationShiP in the SitUation in question: who thePartiCiPa nts in the com muni Cati on groups are and in What relati on ShiP they Sta nd to each other.12. mode Of discourse: It refers to the means Of CommuniCatiOn and it is ConCerned With how CommuniCation is Carried out.13. Standard dialect: A SUPerPOSed Variety of Ianguage of a Community or nation, usually based on the SPeeCh and Writing of educated native SPeakerS of the Ianguage.14. formality: It refers to the degree of formality in different OCCaSiOnSand reflects the relati On ShiP and Con VerSati ons. ACCOrd ing to Marti n Joos, there are five StageS of formality, namely ,in timate, casual, Con SUItative, formal and froze n.15. Pidgin: A ble nding of SeVeraI la nguage, develop ing as a Con tact Ian guage of people, who SPeak differe nt Ia nguages, try to com mun icati On With Oneano ther On a regular basis.16. Creole : A Pidg in Ian guage WhiCh has become the n ative Ian guage of a group of SPeakerS USed in this daily life.17. bilingualism : The USe of two differe nt Ian guages Side by Side With each havi ng a differe nt role to play, and Ian guage SWitCh ing OCCUrS Whe n the SitUati On Cha nges.(07C)18. diaglossia : A sociolinguistic SitUation in WhiCh two different VarietieS of Ianguage co-exist in a SPeeCh community, each having a definite role to play.19. LingUa FranCa : A Variety of Ian guage that SerVeS as a medium of com muni Cati On among groups of people, who SPeak differe nt n ative Ian guages or dialects20. code-switching: the moveme nt back and forth betwee n two Ian guages or dialects With in the Same SentenCe or discourse. (04)ChaPter 7: LangUage Change1. historical Iinguistics: A SUbfieId Qf Iinguistics that StUdy IanguageCha nge.2. Coin age: A new WQrd Can be Coined to fit SQme purpose. (03)3. ble nding: A ble nd is a WOrd formed by COmb ining PartS Of other words.4. clipp ing: Clipp ing refers to the abbreviati on of Ion ger words orPhraSes.5. borrow ing: When differe nt CUItUre come into con tact, words are ofte n borrowed from one Ianguage to another. It is also called load words.6. back formatio n: NeW words may be COined from already exist ing wordsby SUbtraCt ing an affix mistake nly thought to be Part of the old word.SUCh words are called back-formatio n.7. functional shift: Words may Shift from one Part of SPeeCh to ano therWithOUt the additi on of affixes.8. acrony ms: ACrOnymS are words derived from the in itials of SeVeraI words.9. protolanguage: The original form of a Ianguage family, WhiCh has CeaSed to exist.10. Language family: A group of historically related Ianguages that havedeveloped from a com mon an CeStraI Ia nguage.ChaPter 6: PragmatiCS1. Pragmatics: The StUdy of how SPeakerS USeS SentenCeS to effect SUCCeSSfUI com muni Cati on.2. context: The gen eral kno WIedge Shared by the SPeakerS and the hearers. (05)3. SentenCe meaning:The meaning of a SeIf-C Ontained Un it With abstract and de-c On textualized features.4. UtteranCe meaning: The mea ning that a SPeaker Con VeyS by USing a PartiCUIar Uttera nce in a PartiCUIar Con text. (03)5. utterance: expressi On ProdUCed in a PartiCUlar Con text With a PartiCUlar inten ti on.6. SPeeCh ACt Theory: The theory proposed by Joh n AUSti n and deepe ned by Searle, WhiChbelieves that We are PerfOrm ing actions Whe n We are SPeak ing. (05)7. constatives: Con StatiVeS are Stateme nts that either State or describe, and are thus Verifiable. (06F)8. performatives: PerfOrmatiVeS are SentenCeS that don ' t State a fact or describe a state, and arenot Verifiable.9. loCUtiOnary act: The act of Con Vey ing IiteraI meaning by VirtUe of Syn tax, lexic OnandPhono logy.10. illocutionary act: The act of expressing the SPeaker ' S intentiOn and PerfOrmed in Saying SOmeth ing. (06F)11. perlocutionary act: The act resulting from Saying SOmething and the conSeqUence or theCha nge brought about by the Uttera nce.12. representatives: Stating or describing, Saying What the SPeaker believes to be true.13. directives: Trying to get the hearer to do SOmething.14. COmmiSives: COmmitti ng the SPeaker himself to some future COUrSe of actio n.15. expressives: EXPreSS ing feeli ngs or attitude towards an existi ng state.16. declaration: Bring about immediate Changes by Saying SOmething.17. cooperative Principle: The Principle that the PartiCiPants must first of all be willing to cooperate in making conVerSation, otherwise, it would be impossible to Carry on the talk.18. conversational implicature: The USe of Con VerSatiO nal maxims to imply meaning duri ngCon VerSati on.19. formality: formality refers to the degree Of how formal the words are USed to express the Same purpose. Martin JooS proposed five StageS of formality, namely, intimate, casual, ConSUItative, cold, and froze n. (06F)ChaPter 5: SemantiCS1. semantics: Semantics Can be SimPIy defined as the StUdy of meaning.2. SemantiC triangle: It is SUggeSted by Odgen and RiChards, WhiCh SayS that the meaning of a word is nOt directly Iinked between a Iinguistic form and the ObjeCt in the real world, but through the mediati On Of Con CePt of the mind.3. SenSe : SenSe is COnCerned With the in here nt meaning of the Iin guistic form. It is thecollecti on of all the features of the Iinguistic form. It is abstract and de-cOntexturalized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in.4. reference : Reference means What a Iinguistic form refers to in the real, PhySiCaI world. It deals With the relationShiP between the Iinguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.5. SynOnymy: Synonymy refers to the Same ness or close SimiIarity of meaning. Words that are closein meaning are called Synony ms.6. dialectal SynOnyms: SynonymS that are USed in differe nt regi Onal dialects.7. StyIiStiC SynOnyms: SynonymS that differ in style, or degree of formality.8. collocational SynOnyms: SynonymS that differ in their colllocation, i.e., in the words they go together with.9. polysemy : The Same word has more tha n One meanin g.(05∕03)10. homonymy: Homonymy refers to the Phe nomenon that words havi ng differe nt mea nings have the Same form, i.e., differe nt words are ide ntical in sound or spelli ng, or in both. (04)11. homophones: When two words are ide ntical in sound, they are homoph ones.12. homographs: When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.13. complete homonymy: When two words are identical in both SoUnd and spelling, they are complete homony ms.14. hyponymy: HyPonymy refers to the SenSe relati On betwee n a more gen eral, more in CIUSiVe word and a more SPeCifiC word.15. superordinate: The word WhiCh is more gen eral in meaning is called the SUPerOrd in ate.16. co-hyponyms: HyPonymS of the Same SUPerOrd in ate are co-hyp Ony ms.17. antonymy: The term antonymy is USed for opposite ness of meaning.18. gradable antonyms: Some antonyms are gradable because there are ofte n in termediate forms between the two members of a pair. e.g, antonyms old and young, between them there exist middle-aged, mature, elderly.19. complementary antonyms: a Pair of antonyms that the den ial of One member of the Pair implies the assertion of the other. It is a matter of either One or the other.20. relational opposites: PairS if words that exhibit the reversal of a relationShiP between the two items are called relati Onal opposites. For example, husba nd---wife, father---s on, buy---sell,let---rent, above---below.21. entailment: the relationShiP between two SentenCeS Where the truth of One is inferred from the truth of the other. E.g. Cindy killed the dog entails the dog is dead.22. presupposition: What a SPeaker or Writer assumes that the receiver of the massage already kno ws. e.g. Some tea has already bee n take n is a PreSUPPOSiti On Of Take some more tea.23. COmPOnential analysis: an approach to an alyze the IeXiCal meaning into a Set Of meaning ComPOnentS or Semantic features. For example, boy may be shown as [+human] [+male] [-adult].24. PrediCatiOn analysis: a way, proposed by BritiSh Iin guist G. Leech, to an alyze SentenCe meaning.25. predication: In the framework of PrediCation analysis, the basic Units is called PrediCation, WhiCh is the abstract ion of the meaning of a sentence.26. PrediCate: A PrediCate is SOmeth ing Said about an argume nt or it StateS the logical relati On Iinking the argume nts in a sentence.27. argument: An argument is a logical PartiCiPant in a PrediCatiOn, largely identical With the nominal eleme nt(s) in a Senten ce.28. SeIeCtional restriction: Whether a SentenCe is Sema ntically meanin gful is gover ned by the rules called SeIeCt ional restrict ion s, i.e. con Stra in ts on What IeXiCaI items Can go With What others.29. SemantiC features: The smallest Units of meaning in a word, WhiCh may be described as a comb in ati On Of Sema ntic comp Onen ts. For example, woma n has the Sema ntic features [+huma n] [-male] [+adult]. (04)30. presequence: The SPeCifiC turn that has the function of PrefigUring the Coming action. (05)ChaPter 4: SyntaX1. syntax: A branch of Iin guistics that StUdieS how words are comb ined to form SentenCeSand the rules that gover n the formati On Of Senten ces.2. category: It refers to a group of Iinguistic items WhiCh fulfill the Same or SimiIar funCtiOnS ina PartiCUIar Ian guage SUCh as a Senten ce, a noun PhraSe or a verb.3. SyntaCtiC Categories: Words Can be grouped together into a relatively small nu mber of classes, called Syn tactic Categories.4. major IeXiCal category: One type Of Word level categories, WhiCh Often assumed to be the heads around WhiCh PhraSeS are built, i ncludi ng N, V, Adj, and Prep.5. minor IeXiCaI category: One type of word level categories, WhiCh helps or modifies majorIeXiCaI category.6. phrase: Syn tactic Un its that are built around a Certa in word CategOry are called phrase, the CategOry of WhiCh is determined by the word CategOry around WhiCh the PhraSe is built.7. PhraSe category: the PhraSe that is formed by combining With Words of different categories. In En glish Syn tactic an alysis, four PhraSaI CategOrieS are com monly recog ni Zed and discussed, n amely, NP, VP, PP, AP.8. head: The Word round WhiCh PhraSe is formed is termed head.9. specifier: The Words on the left Side of the heads are Said to function as specifiers.10. complement: The Words on the right Side of the heads are complements.11. PhraSe StrUCtUre rule: The SPeCiaI type of grammatical mechanism that regulates thearran geme nt of eleme nts that make UP a PhraSe is called a PhraSe StrUCtUre rule.12. XP rule: In all phrases, the SPeCifier is attached at the top level to the left of the head While the complement is attached to the right. TheSe SimiIaritieS Can be SUmmariZed as an XP rule, in WhiCh X Stands for the head N,V,A or P.13. X^ theory: A theoretical conCePt in tranSfOrmatiOnal grammar WhiCh restricts the form ofCon text-free PhraSeS StrUCtUre rules.14. coordination: Some StrUCtUreS are formed by joining tWO or more eleme nts of the Same typeWith the help of a conj UnCtion SUCh as and or or. SUCh Phe nomenon is knoWn as coord in ati on. 15. SUbCategOriZation: The information about a Word ' S complement is inCIUded in the head and termed SUnCategOriZation. (07C)16. complementizer: Words WhiCh in troduce the SentenCe ComPleme nt are termedComPleme ntizer.17. complement clause: The SentenCe in troduced by the compleme ntizer is called a compleme nt clause.18. complement phrase: the eleme nts, in cludi ng a compleme ntizer and a compleme nt CIaUSe is called a compleme nt phrase.19. matrix clause: the contrusction in WhiCh the complement PhraSe is embedded is called matrix clause.20. modifier: the eleme nt, WhiCh SPeCifieS opti on ally expressible PrOPertieS of heads is called modifier.21. transformation : a SPeCiaI type of rule that Can move an element from One POSitiOn to another.22. inversion : the PrOCeSS of tranSfOrmatiOn that moves the auxiliary from the Infl POSition to a POSiti On to the left of the subject, is called in VerS ion.23. Do insertion : In the PrOCeSS of forming yes-no question that does nOt Contain an overt Infl, in terrogative do is in Serted into an empty Infl posit on to make tran SfOrmatiO n work.24. deep StrUCtUre : A level of abstract Syn tactic represe ntati On formed by the XP rule.。
英语语言学名词解释大全
英语语言学名词解释2009-09-30 13:54Synchronic: said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” in time. Diachronic: said of the study of development of language and languages over time. Arbitrariness: the absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer.Duality: the structural organization of language into two abstract levels; meaningful units and meaningless segments .Competence: unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language. Performance: the language actually used by people in speaking or writing.Langue: the language system shared by a “speech community”.Parole: the concrete utterances of speaker.Morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.Inflection: is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and cases to which they are attached.Root: refers to the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without loss of identity. Stem:is any morpheme or combinations of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.Acronym:is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization,which has a heavily modified headword.Syntax: the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure. Subordination: the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other. Denotation: denotation involves the relationship between a linguistic unit and the non-linguistic entities to which it refers.Connotation: properties of the entity a word denote.Synonymy: synonymy is the technical name for one of the sense relations between linguistic units, namely the sameness relation.Hyponymy: the technical name for inclusiveness sense relation, is a matter of class membership. Entailment: This a logic relationship between two sentences in which the truth of the second necessarily follows from the truth of the first, while the falsity of the first follows from the falsity of the second.Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system. There is onlyone-to-one relationship between signs and meaning but the meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks the secondary level like animals’ call.Critical Period HypothesisThe critical period for language acquisition语言获得的关键期 Eric Lenneberg was a major proponent.The critical period hypothesis关键期假设It refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction. It coincides with the process of brain lateralization. Prior to this period, both hemispheres are involved to some extent in language and one can take over if the other is damaged.「语言学习关键期」（the critical period）的争议。
(完整word版)英语语言学名词解释
现代语言学一绪论1 Linguisitics : Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants3 Phonology” : The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone.4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.”6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be f ound.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things.7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context.8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language.9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.二音系学1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t.4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution.7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others.9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme;therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature.10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest}三形态学1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation.4 morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselces or in combination with other morphemes.6 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.7 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to forma word.8 affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.9 prefix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.10 suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.11 derivation: Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to creat a word.Derivation can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form nes words.12 compounding: Like derivation, compounding is another popular and important way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to creat new words. {$isbest}四句法学1 linguistic competence: Comsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.2 sentence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or command.3 transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.4 D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly termed as D-structure.5 Move а : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules,i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is cal led Move а{$isbest}五语义学1 semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.2 sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized.3 reference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4 synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonymy.5 polysemy : Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.A word having more than one meaning is called a polysemic word.6 antonymy : Antonymy refers to the oppositeness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms.7 homonymy :Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form,i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or8 hyponymy : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.9 componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze wprd meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists.10 grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality,i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of asentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.11 semantic meaning : The semantic meaning of a sentence is governed by rules called selectional restrictions.12 predication : In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called predication. The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.{$isbest}六语用学1 pragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2 context: The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer.3 utterance meaning: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a4 locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act of utterance words,phrases,clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexion and phonology.5 illocutionary act: An illocutionary act is the act expressing t he speaker’s intention; It is the act performed in saying something.6 perlocutionary act:A illocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something: it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.{$isbest}七历史语言学1 historical linguistics: Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies language change.2 apocope: Another well-documented sound loss is the deletion of a word-final vowel segement, a phenomenon called apocope.3 epenthesis: A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis.4 metathesis: Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as metathesis.5 compounding: Compounding is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.6 derivation: Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots.7 blending: Blending is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.8 back-formation: Back-formation is a process by which new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an existing word.9 semantic broadening: Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation..10 semantic narrowing: Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning ofa word becomes less general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning.11 semantic shift: Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquire a new, sometimes related, meaning.12 protolanguage: It refers to a family of a language.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages.13 sound shift: It refers to the systematic modification of a series of phonemes. {$isbest}八社会语言学1 sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social context.2 speech community: A speech community is thus defined as a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language.3 speech variety: Speech variety, also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.4 language planning: One way out of the communication dilemma is language standardization known as language planning. This means that certain authorities, such as the government or government agency of a country, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling system, across regional boundaries.5 idiolect: Such a personal dialect is refered to as idiolect.6 standard language: The standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system,used by the mass media.7 nonstandard language: Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or vernacular, languages.8 lingua franca: A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.9 pidgin: A pidgin is a variety of language that is generally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium of communication.10 Creole: A Creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established asa native language in some speech communication.11 diglossia: Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech communication, each with a distinct range of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations.12 bilingualism: Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.13 ethic dialect: An ethnic language variety is a social dialect of a language ,often cutting across regional differences.14 sociolect: Social dialect, or sociolects, are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.15 register: Registers are language varieties which are appropriate for use in particular speech situations, in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For that reason, registers are also known as situational dialects.16 slang: Slang is a causal use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinage and figure of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness.17 tabo A linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.18 euphemism: Euphemism comes from the Greek word euphemismos, meaning “to speak with good words”. A euphemism, then ,is mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substitute when the speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive.{$isbest}九心理语言学1 psycholinguistics:Psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind. As the suggests, psycholinguistics is viewed as the intersection of psychology and linguistics, drawing equally upon the language we acquire, produce and comprehend.2 cerebral cortex: The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called the cerebral cortex.3 brain lateralization: The localization of cognitive of cognitive and percpetual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called lateralization.4 linguistic lateralization: In their research of brain lateralization, psycholinguistics are particulary interested in linguistic lateralization, which is the brain’s neurological specialization for language.5 dichotic listening: Evidence in support of lateralization for language in the left hemisphere comes from researches in dichotic listening tasks6 right ear advantage: Stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right car. This phenomenon is knowas the right ear advantage.7 critical period hypothesis: The critical period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty during which the humanbrain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly and without explicit instruction.8 linguistic determinism: Whorf proposed first that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language. That is, language determines thought, hence the strong notion of linguistic determinism.9 linguistic relativism: Whorf also believed that speakers of different language perceive and experience the world differently, that is, relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion10 subvocal speech: When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech”.of linguistic relativism.{$isbest}十语言习得1 language acquisition: Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. In general, language acquisition refers to children’s development of their first language, that is, the native language of the community in which a child has been brought up.2 telegraphic speech: The early multiword utterance of children have a special characteristic. They typically lack inflectional morphemes and most minor lexical categories. Because of their resemblance to the styly of language found in telegrams, utterance at this acquisition stage are often called telegraphic speech.3 holophrastic sentence: Children’s one-word utterance are also calledholophrastic sentences.4 acquisition: According to Krashen,acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.5 learning: Learning, however, is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.6 language transfer: Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language transfer.7 positive transfer: Presumably, positive transfer occurs when an L1 pattern is identical with, or similar to, a target-language pattern.8 negative transfer: Conversely, negative transfer occurs when an L1 pattern is different from the counterpart pattern of the target language.9 contrastive analysis: The Contrastive Analysis approach was founded on the belief that, by establishing the linguistic differences between the native and target language system, it was possible to predict what problems learners of a particular second language would face and the types of errors they would make.10 interlanguage: SLA is viewed as a process of creative construction, in which a learner constructs a series of internal representations that comprises the learner’s interim knowledge of the target language, known as interlanguage.11 formal instruction: Formal instruction occurs in classrooms when attempts are made to raise learner’s consciousnes s about the nature of target language rules in order to aid learning.12 instrumental motivation: Thus, instrumental motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is functional.13 integrative motivation: Integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.14 acculturation: A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the 12community. This adaptation process is called acculturation.。
英语语言学概论名词解释汇总
英语语言学概论名词解释汇总英语语言学概论是研究英语语言的基本原理和结构的学科。
在这门学科中，有许多重要的名词需要解释，以便更好地理解英语语言的各个方面。
下面是一些常见的英语语言学术语和其解释：1. 语言：人类使用的一种符号系统，用于交流和表达意思。
2. 语音：语言中的声音单元，用于区分不同的词汇和语法形式。
3. 语法：语言中词汇和句法结构的规则系统，用于构建和理解句子。
4. 词汇：语言中的词汇单位，用于表示特定的意思。
5. 句法：句子的结构和组织方式，包括短语和句子之间的关系。
6. 语义：词汇和句子的意义和解释。
7. 语用学：语言使用的实际情境和交际目的的研究。
8. 语篇分析：研究句子和段落如何组成连贯的文本的过程。
9. 语音学：语音的科学研究，包括语音的产生、传播和感知。
10. 语音变体学：研究语音变化和发音差异的学科。
11. 语音库：包含语音录音和相关信息的数据库。
12. 语音识别：使用计算机技术将语音转换为文字的过程。
13. 语音合成：使用计算机技术将文字转换为语音的过程。
14. 语言变体：同一语言在不同地区或社会群体中的变化形式。
15. 方言：某个特定地区或社会群体使用的语言变体。
16. 标准语：在教育和媒体等公共场合使用的规范语言形式。
17. 语言接触：不同语言之间的互动和影响。
18. 二语习得：学习者将自己的母语转换为第二语言的过程。
19. 语言教学：帮助学习者学习和掌握一门语言的过程。
20. 语言规划：改变或发展一种语言的过程，包括制定规范和推广使用。
这些名词只是英语语言学概论中的一部分，通过学习和理解这些名词，可以更好地理解和分析英语语言的各个方面。
英语语言学名词解释(2)
英语语言学名词解释(2)现代语言学绪论Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of guagePhonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistics mmunication is called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in mmunication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and ophone.Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged form words is called morphology.For example,boy and h”---boyish,teach---teacher.yntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to m sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.” emantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For mple,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.”e seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word l means different things.Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called gmatics.For example, “I do” The word do m eans different context. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is ed sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation inguage.ycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of nd is called psycholinguistics.音系学Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic mmunication is called phonetics.Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in mmunication is called phonology.hone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when aking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not essarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t.Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which tinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is nit that is of distinctive value.llophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in erent phonetic environment are called the allophones of that oneme.Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same oneme are said to be in complementary distribution.Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every wayept for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the ngs, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.tress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the able is prounced with great force than the other or others.ones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different es of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish aning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental ture.intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the tence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as onation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in most every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest}形态学morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the ernal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the ections of word-formation.derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of rd-formation.morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language. ree morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are ependent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselcesn combination with other morphemes.bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which not be used independently but have to be combined with other rphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.oot: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself hough it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined with other root or an affix to form a word.ffix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.refix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the aning of the original word and in many cases change its part of ech.derivation: Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to creat a rd.Derivation can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form words.compounding: Like derivation, compounding is another popular and portant way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be wed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to at new words.sbest}句法学nguistic competence: Chomsky defines co mpetence as the ideal user’sowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual lization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.entence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually mprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or mmand.transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by nsformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may nge the syntactic representation of a sentence.D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic resentation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs er movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two tactic representation are commonly termed as D-structure.Move а : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules,i,e. X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the tactic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is ed Move аsbest}语义学emantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning inguage.ense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic m. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is tract and decontextualized.eference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, ysical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic ment and the non-linguistic world of experience.ynonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of aning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonymy. olysemy : Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may ve more than one meaning.A word having more than one meaning is ed a polysemic word.ntonymy : Antonymy refers to the oppositeness of meaning. Words t are opposite in meaning are called antonyms.omonymy : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having erent meanings have the same form,i.e. different words are identical ound or spelling, or in both.yponymy : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more eral, more inclusive word and a more specific word.omponential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze rd meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists. grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentenceers to its grammaticality,i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The mmaticality of asentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the guage.semantic meaning : The semantic meaning of a sentence is governed rules called selectional restrictions.predication : In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is ed predication. The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a tence.sbest}语用学ragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of anguage use sentences to effect successful communication.ontext: The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of guage. Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared the speaker and the hearer.utterance meaning: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is lization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of mmunication, or simply in a context.locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act of utterance rds,phrases,clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by ans of syntax, lexion and phonology.llocutionary act: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the aker’s intention; It is the act performed in saying something. perlocutionary act: A illocutionary act is the act performed by or ulting from saying something: it is the consequence of, or the change ught about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying mething.sbest}历史语言学istorical linguistics: Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics t studies language change.pocope: Another well-documented sound loss is the deletion of a rd-final vowel segement, a phenomenon called apocope. penthesis: A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or wel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis. metathesis: Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as tathesis.ompounding: Compounding is a process of combining two or more rds into one lexical unit.erivation: Derivation refers to the process by which new words are med by the addition of affixes to the roots.lending: Blending is a process of forming a new word by combining ts of other words.ack-formation: Back-formation is a process by which new words are med by taking away the suffix of an existing word.emantic broadening: Semantic broadening refers to the process in ich the meaning of a word becomes general or inclusive than its torically earlier denotation..semantic narrowing: Semantic narrowing is a process in which the aning of a word becomes less general or inclusive than its historically lier meaning.semantic shift: Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in ich a word loses its former meaning and acquire a new, sometimes ated, meaning.protolanguage: It refers to a family of a language.protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has sed to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and mparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related guages.sound shift: It refers to the systematic modification of a series of onemes.sbest}社会语言学ociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social text.peech community: A speech community is thus defined as a group of ple who form a community and share the same language or a ticular variety of language.peech variety: Speech variety, also known as language variety, refers any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of akers.anguage planning: One way out of the communication dilemma is guage standardization known as language planning. This means that tain authorities, such as the government or government agency of a ntry, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, luding its pronunciation and spelling system, across regional undaries.diolect: Such a personal dialect is refered to as idiolect.tandard language: The standard language is a superposed, socially stigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the ernment and the judiciary system,used by the mass media. onstandard language: Language varieties other than the standard are ed nonstandard, or vernacular, languages.ngua franca: A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a dium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic kgrounds.idgin: A pidgin is a variety of language that is generally used byive speakers of other languages as a medium of communication. Creole: A Creole language is originally a pidgin that has become ablished as a native language in some speech communication. diglossia: Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two very erent varieties of language co-exist in a speech communication, each h a distinct range of purely social function and appropriate for tain situations.bilingualism: Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two ndard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of akers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation. ethic dialect: An ethnic language variety is a social dialect of a guage ,often cutting across regional differences.sociolect: Social dialect, or sociolects, are varieties of language used people belonging to particular social classes.register: Registers are language varieties which are appropriate for in particular speech situations, in contrast to language varieties that associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary rs. For that reason, registers are also known as situational dialects. slang: Slang is a causal use of language that consists of expressive but nstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often hemeral coinage and figure of speech characterized by spontaneity d sometimes by raciness.tabo A linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is hib ited by the “polite” society from general use.euphemism: Euphemism comes from the Greek word euphemismos, aning “to speak with good words”. A euphemism, then ,is mild, irect or less offensive word or expression substitute when the speaker writer fears more direct wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, offensive.sbest}心理语言学sycholinguistics:Psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation the mind. As the suggests, psycholinguistics is viewed as the ersection of psychology and linguistics, drawing equally upon the guage we acquire, produce and comprehend.erebral cortex: The most important part of the brain is the outside face of the brain, called the cerebral cortex.brain lateralization: The localization of cognitive of cognitive and cpetual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called eralization.inguistic lateralization: In their research of brain lateralization,cholinguistics are particulary interested in linguistic lateralization, ich is the brain’s neurological specialization for language.ichotic listening: Evidence in support of lateralization for language in left hemisphere comes from researches in dichotic listening tasks ight ear advantage: Stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less urately than those heard in the right car. This phenomenon is knowas right ear advantage.ritical period hypothesis: The critical period hypothesis refers to a iod in one’s life extending from abou t age two to puberty during ich the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language d language learning can proceed easily, swiftly and without explicit truction.nguistic determinism: Whorf proposed first that all higher levels of nking are dependent on language. That is, language determines ught, hence the strong notion of linguistic determinism.nguistic relativism: Whorf also believed that speakers of different guage perceive and experience the world differently, that is, relative heir linguistic background, hence the notionsubvocal speech: When language and thought are identical or closely allel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech”. inguistic relativism.sbest}语言习得language acquisition: Language acquisition is concerned with guage development in humans. In general, language acquisition ers to children’s development of their first language, that is, the ive language of the community in which a child has been brought up. elegraphic speech: The early multiword utterance of children have a cial characteristic. They typically lack inflectional morphemes and st minor lexical categories. Because of their resemblance to the styly anguage found in telegrams, utterance at this acquisition stage are en called telegraphic speech.olophrastic sentence: Children’s one-word utterance are also called ophrastic sentences.cquisition: According to Krashen,acquisition refers to the gradual d subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it urally in daily communicative situations.earning: Learning, however, is defined as a conscious process of umulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school ings.language transfer: Learners will subconsciously use their L1 owledge in learning a second language. This is known as language nsfer.ositive transfer: Presumably, positive transfer occurs when an L1tern is identical with, or similar to, a target-language pattern. egative transfer: Conversely, negative transfer occurs when an L1 tern is different from the counterpart pattern of the target language. ontrastive analysis: The Contrastive Analysis approach was founded the belief that, by establishing the linguistic differences between the ive and target language system, it was possible to predict what blems learners of a particular second language would face and the es of errors they would make.interlanguage: SLA is viewed as a process of creative construction, in ich a learner constructs a series of internal representations that mprises the learner’s interim knowledge of the target language, own as interlanguage.formal instruction: Formal instruction occurs in classrooms when empts are made to raise learner’s consciousness about the nature of get language rules in order to aid learning.instrumental motivation: Thus, instrumental motivation occurs when learner’s goal is functional.integrative motivation: Integrative motivation occurs when the rner’s goal is social.acculturation: A related issue with integrative motivation has been extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new ture of the 12community. This adaptation process is calledulturation.。
英语语言学部分名词解释(英文版)
1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. general linguistics: The study of language as a whole.3. applied linguistics: the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.4. prescriptive: If linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, ,it is said to be prescriptive.( i.e. to tell people what they should and should not say).5. descriptive: If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.(09C)6. synchronic study: The description of language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study. (06C/ 04)7. diachronic study: It’s a historical study of language,it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. (06C)8. langue: Lange refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.9. parole :Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.10. competence : The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.（08F/09C）linguistic competence: universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker.11. performance : The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.12. language : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.13. design features : Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.14. arbitrariness: Arbitrariness refers to there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.(08C)15. productivity: Language is creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by it’s users.16. duality（double articulation）: Language consists of two sets of structure, with lower lever of sound, which is meaningless, and higher lever of meaning.17. displacement: Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker.( regardless of time or space) (04)18. cultural transmission: The capacity for language is genetically based while the details of any language system have to be taught and learned.( Language is culturally transmitted rather than by instinct).19.Sociolinguistics: the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with society from the core of the branch.20.Psycholinguistics: the study of language processing, comprehending and production, as well as language acquisition.municative competence:the ability to use language appropriately in social situations.Chapter 2: Phonology1. phonic medium : The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonetic medium of language.(and the individual sounds within this range are speech sounds)2. phonetics : The study of phonic medium of language and it is concerned with all sounds in the world’s languages. (06C)3. articulatory phonetics : It studies sounds from the speaker’s point of view, i.e. how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds. (03)4. auditory phonetics: The studies sounds from the hearer’s point of view, i.e. how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.5. acoustic phonetics: It studies the physical properties of the stream of sounds which the speaker issues.QR It studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another)6. voicing: the way that sounds are produced with the vibration of the vocal cords.7. voiceless: the way that sounds are produced with no vibration of the vocal cords.8. broad transcription: The use of letter symbols only to show the sounds or sounds sequences in written form.9. narrow transcription: The use of letter symbol, together with the diacritics to show sounds in written form.10. diacritics: The symbols used to show detailed articulatory features of sounds.11. IPA: short for International Phonetic Alphabets, a system of symbols consists of letters and diacritics, used to represent the pronunciation of words in any language.12. aspiration: A little puff of air that sometimes follows a speech sound.13. manner of articulation : The manner in which obstruction is created.14. place of articulation : The place where obstruction is created.15. consonant: a speech sound in which the air stream is obstructed in one way or another.16. vowel : a speech sound in which the air stream from the lung meets with no obstruction.17. monophthong : the individual vowel.18. diphthong : The vowel which consists of two individual vowels and are produced by moving one vowel position to another through intervening positions.(08F)19. phone: A phonetic unit,the speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.20. phoneme : An abstract phonological unit that is of distinctive value;it’s represented by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. (06F/ 04)或者The smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two sounds.21. allophone : the different phones which can represent the same phoneme in different phonetic enviroments are called allophones of that phoneme (07C/ 05)22. phonology : The description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds form patterns and function to distinguish and convey meaning.(06C)23. phonemic contrast : two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning,they form phonemic contrast.24. complementary distribution : allophones of the same phoneme and they don’t distinguish meaning but complement each other in distribution.25. minimal pair: two different forms are identical in every way except forone sound segment which occurs in the same position.26. sequential rules: The rules to govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.27. assimilation rule: The rule assimilates one sound to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.28. deletion rule: The rule that a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.29. suprasegmental features: The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments(syllable, word, sentence),including stress tone intonation.(08F)30. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.31. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isola tion, they’re collectively known as intonation.32. nucleus: It refers to the major pitch change in an intonation unit.32. minimal set: sound combinations which are identical in form except for the initial consonant together constitute a minimal set.。
语言学的名词解释汇总英语
语言学的名词解释汇总英语在语言学的研究中，有许多重要的名词和概念需要深入解释。
这些名词和概念与语言的结构、语言变化、语言习得以及语言使用等方面有关。
本文将从不同领域和角度出发，对一些常见的语言学名词进行解释。
一、语言的定义和属性语言是人类特有的交流工具，它通过声音、符号、文字等形式实现信息传递。
语言具有以下属性：1. 双重性：语言既是意义的表示，也是形式的组织。
语言通过词汇和句法规则来构建意义。
2. 系统性：语言具有系统性，词汇、语法和语音规则有明确的组织结构和关系。
3. 影响性：语言在人类思维和文化的形成中起着重要的作用。
语言不仅记录和传递信息，还反映了人类的观念、价值观和社会结构。
二、语言的结构语言的结构涉及到音系学、形态学、句法学等领域的研究。
1. 音系学：研究语言中的声音系统及其规律。
语言中的音素是组成词汇的基本单元。
2. 形态学：研究词的内部结构和词形变化。
词根、后缀和前缀等形态素构成了词的形式。
3. 句法学：研究句子的结构和组织规则。
句法关系包括主谓关系、动宾关系等。
三、语言变化与历史语言是动态的，它会随着时间的推移而不断发生变化。
语言变化研究是语言学的一个重要分支。
1. 历史语言学：研究语言随着时间演化和变化的过程。
语言的历史记录可以通过比较语言使用者的不同时期的文本来获得。
2. 语言接触：当两个或多个语言共存于同一社会时，它们之间的相互影响会导致语言变化。
这种相互影响包括借词、语法结构的改变等。
四、语言习得与发展语言习得研究探讨如何習得母語或第二语言以及习得过程中的各种因素。
1. 第一语言习得：是指儿童自然而然地掌握母语的过程。
这一过程中，儿童通过听、模仿和理解来学会使用语言。
2. 第二语言习得：是指学习第二语言或外语的过程。
成年人习得第二语言的过程与儿童习得第一语言的过程略有不同。
五、语言与语境语境是指语言使用的具体背景和环境。
语境可以影响语言的理解和使用。
1. 语用学：研究语言在交流中的使用。
(完整word版)语言学名词解释
Define the following terms:1.Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.3.Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. .4.Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.5.Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.nguage: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.7.Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.8.Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.9.Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.10.Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.11.Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.12.Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds13.Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.14.Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker15.Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.16.Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communicationpetence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language,18.Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules in linguistic communication.ngue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently20.Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.45. phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.21. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. Butit is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.22. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.23. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.24. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.25. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages26. auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hear-er.27. acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.528. phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning. 529. phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.30. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.31. minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.33.Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.34.inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections35. derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word- formation.36.Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.37.free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes. 38.Bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.39.Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.40.Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.41.Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word . Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.42.Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.43.Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.pounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.45.syntax: Syntax is a subfield of linguistics. It studies the sentence structure of language. It consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences.46.Sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.47.coordinate sentence: A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or".48.syntactic categories: Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers toa word (called a lexical category) or a phrase ( called a phrasal category) that performs a particular grammatical function.49. grammatical relations: The structural and logical functional relations of constituents are called grammatical relations. The grammatical relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb. In many cases, grammatical relations in fact refer to who does what to whom .50. linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.51. Transformational rules: Transformational rules are the rules that transform one sentence type into another type.52. D-structure: D- structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.53. Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.54. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualised.55. Reference: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience56. Synonymy :Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.57. Polysemy :Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.58. Homonymy : Homonymy refers to the phenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.59. homophones :When two words are identical in sound, they are called homophones60. homographs :When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.61. complete homonyms.:When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are called complete homonyms.62.Hyponymy :Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.63. Antonymy :Antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning.64. Componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It was pro-posed by structural semanticists. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a -word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features.65.The grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i.e. , its grammatical well-formedness . The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.66. predication :The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.67. argument : An argument is a logical participant in a predication. It is generally identical with the nominal element (s) in a sentence.68. predicate : A predicate is something that is said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.69. two-place predication :A two-place predication is one which contains two arguments.37.pragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.38.Context: Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speak-er and the hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39.utterance meaning: the meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence ina real situation of communication, or simply in a context.40.sentence meaning: The meaning of a sentence is of-ten considered as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication.41.Constative: Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were verifiable ;42.Performative: performatives, on the other hand, were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. Their function is to perform a particular speech act. 43. locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.44. illocutionary act: An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is the act performed in saying something.45. perlocutionary act: A perlocutionary act is the act per-formed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.46. Cooperative Principle: It is principle advanced by Paul Grice. It is a principle that guides our conversational behaviors. The content is : Make your conversational contribution such as is required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or the talk exchange in which you are engaged.。
英语语言学复习资料(名词解释)
英语语言学复习资料（名词解释）1 language: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.1 interlanguage:The type of language produced by nonnative speakers in the process of learning a second language or foreign language.1 Linguistics : Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants3 Phonology” : The study of how sounds are put togeth er and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone.4 Morphology 形态学:The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.5 Syntax 句型: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.”6 Semantics语义学: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.”Here the word seal means different things.7 Pragmatics语用学: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context.二音系学1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distin guish meaning; some do,some don’t.4 Phoneme音素: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.5 allophone同位音: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution.7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in thestings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.10 intonation朗诵: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest} 三形态学1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation.4 morpheme词素: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselces or in combination with other morphemes.6 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.7 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined withanother root or an affix to form a word.8 affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.9 prefix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.10 suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.11 derivation: Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to creat a word.Derivation can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form nes words.12 compounding: Like derivation, compounding is another popular and important way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to creat new words.四句法学1 linguistic competence: Comsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.2 sentence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or command.3 transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.4 D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly termed as D-structure.五语义学1 semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.2 sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized.3 reference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4 synonymy 同义词: Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonymy.5 polysemy一词多义: Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.A word having more than one meaning is called a polysemic word.6 antonymy : Antonymy refers to the oppositeness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms.7 homonymy : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that wordshaving different meanings have the same form,i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.8 hyponymy : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.9 componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze wprd meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists.10 grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality,i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of asentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.11 semantic meaning : The semantic meaning of a sentence is governed by rules called selectional restrictions.12 predication : In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called predication. The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.{$isbest}六语用学1 pragmatics词的活用: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2 context: The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that isshared by the speaker and the hearer.3 utterance meaning: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.4 locutionary act:言内行为A locutionary act is the act of utterance words,phrases,clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexion and phonology.5 illocutionary act言外行为: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker’s intention; It is the act performed in saying something.6 perlocutionary act: 言后行为 A illocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something: it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.十语言习得1 language acquisition: Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. In general, language acquisition refers to children’s development of their first language, t hat is, the native language of the community in which a child has been brought up.4 acquisition: According to Krashen,acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.。
英语语言学专业术语
英语语言学专业术语英语语言学是研究英语语言的起源、发展、结构和使用的学科。
以下是常见的英语语言学专业术语及其解释。
1. Phonetics（音系学）：研究语音的学科。
主要研究语音发音过程，包括语音的组成、发音方式和特点等。
2. Phonology（音韵学）：研究语音在语言中的功能和规律的学科。
主要研究语音在不同语境下的变化规律和相互关系，包括音素、音位和音系等。
3. Morphology（形态学）：研究语言中单词的形态和构成的学科。
主要研究单词的基本单位和构成规律，包括词根、词缀和词类等。
4. Syntax（句法学）：研究句子结构和句子组成的学科。
主要研究句子的构成和排列方式，包括短语、从句和主谓结构等。
5. Semantics（语义学）：研究语言意义的学科。
主要研究语言符号和意义之间的关系，包括单词、短语和句子的意义等。
6. Pragmatics（语用学）：研究语言使用的学科。
主要研究语言与社会文化环境的关系，包括语境、语用规则和交际意图等。
7. Discourse analysis（话语分析）：研究语篇结构和语篇功能的学科。
主要研究语言在话语交际中的组织和作用，包括话语行为、话语结构和话语分析方法等。
8. Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）：研究语言和社会文化因素之间的关系和影响的学科。
主要研究不同社会群体、文化背景和地理区域中语言使用的差异和变化，包括方言、语言变体和语言政策等。
9. Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）：研究语言和心理过程之间的关系的学科。
主要研究语言理解、语言产生和语言习得等心理过程，包括语音知觉、语法处理和语言记忆等。
以上是英语语言学常见的专业术语及其解释，希望能够帮助你更好地了解英语语言学。
英语语言学名词解释补充
Chapter 11 : Second Language Acquisition1. second language acquisition:It refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language.2. target language: The language to be acquired by the second language learner.3. second language:A second language is a language which is not a native language in a country but which is widely used as a medium of communication and which is usually used alongside another language or languages.4. foreign language:A foreign language is a language which is taught asa school subject but which is not used as a medium of instruction in schools nor as a language of communication within a country.5. interlanguage: A type of language produced by second and foreign language learners, who are in the process of learning a language, and this type of language usually contains wrong expressions.6. fossilization: In second or foreign language learning, there is a process which sometimes occurs in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.7. contrastive analysis: a method of analyzing languages for instructional purposes whereby a native language and target language are compared with a view to establishing points of difference likely to cause difficulties for learners.8. contrastive analysis hypothesis: A hypothesis in second language acquisition. It predicts that where there are similarities between the first and second languages, the learner will acquire second language structure with ease, where there are differences, the learner will have difficulty.9. positive transfer:It refers to the transfer that occur when both the native language and the target language have the same form, thus making learning easier. (06F)10. negative transfer:the mistaken transfer of features of one’s native language into a second language.11. error analysis: the study and analysis of errors made by second and foreign language learners in order to identify causes of errors or common difficulties in language learning.12. interlingual error:errors, which mainly result from cross-linguistic interference at different levels such as phonological, lexical, grammatical etc.13. intralingual error:Errors, which mainly result from faulty or partial learning of the target language, independent of the native language. The typical examples are overgeneralization and cross-association.14. overgeneralization:The use of previously available strategies in new situations, in which they are unacceptable.15. cross-association: some words are similar in meaning as well as spelling and pronunciation. This internal interference is called cross-association.16. error: the production of incorrect forms in speech or writing by a non-native speaker of a second language, due to his incomplete knowledge of the rules of that target language.17. mistake:mistakes, defined as either intentionally or unintentionally deviant forms and self-corrigible, suggest failure in performance.18. input: language which a learner hears or receives and from which he or she can learn.19. intake: the input which is actually helpful for the learner.20. Input Hypothesis:A hypothesis proposed by Krashen , which states that in second language learning, it’s necessary for the learner to understand input language which contains linguistic items that are slightly beyond the learner’s present linguistic competence. Eventually the ability to produce language is said to emerge naturally without being taught directly.21. acquisition: Acquisition is a process similar to the way children acquire their first language. It is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules. Learners are hardly aware of their learning but they are using language to communicate. It is also called implicit learning, informal learning or natural learning.22. learning: learning is a conscious learning of second languageknowledge by learning the rules and talking about the rules.23. comprehensible input:Input language which contains linguistic itemsthat are slightly beyond the learner’s present linguistic competence.(06F)24. language aptitude: the natural ability to learn a language, notincluding intelligence, motivation, interest, etc.25. motivation:motivation is defined as the learner’s attitudes andaffective state or learning drive.26. instrumental motivation: the motivation that people learn a foreignlanguage for instrumental goals such as passing exams, or furthering acareer etc. (06C)27. integrative motivation:the drive that people learn a foreign languagebecause of the wish to identify with the target culture. (06C/ 05)28. resultative motivation: the drive that learners learn a secondlanguage for external purposes. (06F)29. intrinsic motivation: the drive that learners learn the secondlanguage for enjoyment or pleasure from learning.30. learning strategies:learning strategies are learners’ consciousgoal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learningefficiency.31. cognitive strategies: strategies involved in analyzing, synthesis,and internalizing what has been learned. (07C/ 06F)32. metacognitive strategies:the techniques in planning, monitoring andev aluating one’s learning.33. affect/ social strategies: the strategies dealing with the wayslearners interact or communicate with other speakers, native ornon-native.Chapter 12 : Language And Brain1. neurolinguistics: It is the study of relationship between brain andlanguage. It includes research into how the structure of the braininfluences language learning, how and in which parts of the brain language is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use language.2. psycholinguistics: the study of language processing. It is concerned with the processes of language acqisition, comprehension and production.3. brain lateralization: The localization of cognitive and perceptive functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain.4. dichotic listening:A technique in which stimuli either linguistic or non-linguistic are presented through headphones to the left and right ear to determine the lateralization of cognitive function.5. right ear advantage: The phenomenon that the right ear shows an advantage for the perception of linguistic signals id known as the right ear advantage.6. split brain studies: The experiments that investigate the effects of surgically severing the corpus callosum on cognition are called as split brain studies.7. aphasia: It refers to a number of acquired language disorders due to the cerebral lesions caused by a tumor, an accident and so on.8. non-fluent aphasia:Damage to parts of the brain in front of the central sulcus is called non-fluent aphasia.9. fluent aphasia: Damage to parts of the left cortex behind the central sulcus results in a type of aphasia called fluent aphasia.10. Acquired dyslexia: Damage in and around the angular gyrus of the parietal lobe often causes the impairment of reading and writing ability, which is referred to as acquired dyslexia.11. phonological dyslexia:it is a type of acquired dyslexia in which the patient seems to have lost the ability to use spelling-to-sound rules.12. surface dyslexia: it is a type of acquired dyslexia in which the patient seems unable to recognize words as whole but must process all words through a set of spelling-to-sound rules.13. spoonerism:a slip of tongue in which the position of sounds, syllables, or words is reversed, for example, Let’s have chish and fips instend of Let’s have fish and chips.14. priming: the process that before the participants make a decision whether the string of letters is a word or not, they are presented with an activated word.15. frequency effect: Subjects take less time to make judgement on frequently used words than to judge less commonly used words . This phenomenon is called frequency effect.16. lexical decision: an experiment that let participants judge whethera string of letter is a word or not at a certain time.17. the priming experiment:An experiment that let subjects judge whethera string of letters is a word or not after showed with a stimulus word, called prime.18. priming effect:Since the mental representation is activated through the prime, when the target is presented, response time is shorter that it otherwise would have been. This is called the priming effect. (06F)19. bottom-up processing: an approach that makes use principally of information which is already present in the data.20. top-down processing:an approach that makes use of previous knowledge and experience of the readers in analyzing and processing information which is received.21. garden path sentences: a sentence in which the comprehender assumesa particular meaning of a word or phrase but discovers later that the assumption was incorrect, forcing the comprehender to backtrack and reinterpret the sentence.22. slip of the tongue:mistakes in speech which provide psycholinguistic evidence for the way we formulate words and phrases.。
语言上的互补关系名词解释
语言上的互补关系名词解释在语言学领域中，存在许多互补关系名词，这些名词被用于描述语言中不同成分之间的关系。
它们帮助我们理解语言结构和语法规则，进而推动翻译、应用语言学和语言教学等领域的发展。
一、主谓关系主谓关系指的是句子中的主语与谓语之间的关系。
主语一般是句子的主要成分，描述或代表动作的执行者或者行为的接受者。
谓语则表示动作、状态或者存在等。
在英语中，主语和谓语之间必须保持一致，即在人称和数方面保持一致。
例如，“He dances”中的主语“he”是第三人称单数，所以谓语动词“dances”也是单数形式。
而“They dance”中的主语“they”是第三人称复数，所以谓语动词“dance”也是复数形式。
二、动宾关系动宾关系是指句子中的动词与其后的直接宾语之间的关系。
动词表示的是动作或状态，而直接宾语则是动作的承受者或者是状态的对象。
在汉语中，动宾关系没有特定的词序要求。
例如，“他喝完了一杯水。
”中的动词“喝完了”与宾语“一杯水”的关系明确。
而在英语中，动宾关系的语序是固定的。
例如，“He drinks a glass of water.”中的动词“drinks”与宾语“a glass of water”的关系是紧密的。
三、并列关系并列关系表示同时或相关的两个或多个成分之间的关系。
这些成分可以是同类型的词、短语或句子。
在汉语中，常使用“和”、“与”、“跟”等词来表示并列关系。
例如，“他喜欢唱歌和跳舞。
”中的两个动作“唱歌”和“跳舞”是并列关系。
同样，在英语中也有相应的表示并列关系的连接词，如“and”、“or”、“but”等。
例如，“He likes to sing and dance.”中的两个动作也是并列关系。
四、从属关系从属关系指的是一个成分依赖于另一个成分，或者一个成分是另一个成分的一部分的关系。
这种关系在复杂的句子中很常见。
在汉语中，从属关系可以通过使用从属连词来实现，如“因为”、“如果”、“所以”等。
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Chapter 11 : Second Language Acquisition1. second language acquisition:It refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language.2. target language: The language to be acquired by the second language learner.3. second language:A second language is a language which is not a native language in a country but which is widely used as a medium of communication and which is usually used alongside another language or languages.4. foreign language:A foreign language is a language which is taught asa school subject but which is not used as a medium of instruction in schools nor as a language of communication within a country.5. interlanguage: A type of language produced by second and foreign language learners, who are in the process of learning a language, and this type of language usually contains wrong expressions.6. fossilization: In second or foreign language learning, there is a process which sometimes occurs in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.7. contrastive analysis: a method of analyzing languages for instructional purposes whereby a native language and target language are compared with a view to establishing points of difference likely to cause difficulties for learners.8. contrastive analysis hypothesis: A hypothesis in second language acquisition. It predicts that where there are similarities between the first and second languages, the learner will acquire second language structure with ease, where there are differences, the learner will have difficulty.9. positive transfer:It refers to the transfer that occur when both the native language and the target language have the same form, thus making learning easier. (06F)10. negative transfer:the mistaken transfer of features of one’s native language into a second language.11. error analysis: the study and analysis of errors made by second and foreign language learners in order to identify causes of errors or common difficulties in language learning.12. interlingual error:errors, which mainly result from cross-linguistic interference at different levels such as phonological, lexical, grammatical etc.13. intralingual error:Errors, which mainly result from faulty or partial learning of the target language, independent of the native language. The typical examples are overgeneralization and cross-association.14. overgeneralization:The use of previously available strategies in new situations, in which they are unacceptable.15. cross-association: some words are similar in meaning as well as spelling and pronunciation. This internal interference is called cross-association.16. error: the production of incorrect forms in speech or writing by a non-native speaker of a second language, due to his incomplete knowledge of the rules of that target language.17. mistake:mistakes, defined as either intentionally or unintentionally deviant forms and self-corrigible, suggest failure in performance.18. input: language which a learner hears or receives and from which he or she can learn.19. intake: the input which is actually helpful for the learner.20. Input Hypothesis:A hypothesis proposed by Krashen , which states that in second language learning, it’s necessary for the learner to understand input language which contains linguistic items that are slightly beyond the learner’s present linguistic competence. Eventually the ability to produce language is said to emerge naturally without being taught directly.21. acquisition: Acquisition is a process similar to the way children acquire their first language. It is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules. Learners are hardly aware of their learning but they are using language to communicate. It is also called implicit learning, informal learning or natural learning.22. learning: learning is a conscious learning of second languageknowledge by learning the rules and talking about the rules.23. comprehensible input:Input language which contains linguistic itemsthat are slightly beyond the learner’s present linguistic competence.(06F)24. language aptitude: the natural ability to learn a language, notincluding intelligence, motivation, interest, etc.25. motivation:motivation is defined as the learner’s attitudes andaffective state or learning drive.26. instrumental motivation: the motivation that people learn a foreignlanguage for instrumental goals such as passing exams, or furthering acareer etc. (06C)27. integrative motivation:the drive that people learn a foreign languagebecause of the wish to identify with the target culture. (06C/ 05)28. resultative motivation: the drive that learners learn a secondlanguage for external purposes. (06F)29. intrinsic motivation: the drive that learners learn the secondlanguage for enjoyment or pleasure from learning.30. learning strategies:learning strategies are learners’ consciousgoal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learningefficiency.31. cognitive strategies: strategies involved in analyzing, synthesis,and internalizing what has been learned. (07C/ 06F)32. metacognitive strategies:the techniques in planning, monitoring andev aluating one’s learning.33. affect/ social strategies: the strategies dealing with the wayslearners interact or communicate with other speakers, native ornon-native.Chapter 12 : Language And Brain1. neurolinguistics: It is the study of relationship between brain andlanguage. It includes research into how the structure of the braininfluences language learning, how and in which parts of the brain language is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use language.2. psycholinguistics: the study of language processing. It is concerned with the processes of language acqisition, comprehension and production.3. brain lateralization: The localization of cognitive and perceptive functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain.4. dichotic listening:A technique in which stimuli either linguistic or non-linguistic are presented through headphones to the left and right ear to determine the lateralization of cognitive function.5. right ear advantage: The phenomenon that the right ear shows an advantage for the perception of linguistic signals id known as the right ear advantage.6. split brain studies: The experiments that investigate the effects of surgically severing the corpus callosum on cognition are called as split brain studies.7. aphasia: It refers to a number of acquired language disorders due to the cerebral lesions caused by a tumor, an accident and so on.8. non-fluent aphasia:Damage to parts of the brain in front of the central sulcus is called non-fluent aphasia.9. fluent aphasia: Damage to parts of the left cortex behind the central sulcus results in a type of aphasia called fluent aphasia.10. Acquired dyslexia: Damage in and around the angular gyrus of the parietal lobe often causes the impairment of reading and writing ability, which is referred to as acquired dyslexia.11. phonological dyslexia:it is a type of acquired dyslexia in which the patient seems to have lost the ability to use spelling-to-sound rules.12. surface dyslexia: it is a type of acquired dyslexia in which the patient seems unable to recognize words as whole but must process all words through a set of spelling-to-sound rules.13. spoonerism:a slip of tongue in which the position of sounds, syllables, or words is reversed, for example, Let’s have chish and fips instend of Let’s have fish and chips.14. priming: the process that before the participants make a decision whether the string of letters is a word or not, they are presented with an activated word.15. frequency effect: Subjects take less time to make judgement on frequently used words than to judge less commonly used words . This phenomenon is called frequency effect.16. lexical decision: an experiment that let participants judge whethera string of letter is a word or not at a certain time.17. the priming experiment:An experiment that let subjects judge whethera string of letters is a word or not after showed with a stimulus word, called prime.18. priming effect:Since the mental representation is activated through the prime, when the target is presented, response time is shorter that it otherwise would have been. This is called the priming effect. (06F)19. bottom-up processing: an approach that makes use principally of information which is already present in the data.20. top-down processing:an approach that makes use of previous knowledge and experience of the readers in analyzing and processing information which is received.21. garden path sentences: a sentence in which the comprehender assumesa particular meaning of a word or phrase but discovers later that the assumption was incorrect, forcing the comprehender to backtrack and reinterpret the sentence.22. slip of the tongue:mistakes in speech which provide psycholinguistic evidence for the way we formulate words and phrases.。