Sheep Nutrition：羊的营养

Calcium %：钙 • Important in bone strength and development, reproduction, milk production and body maintenance. Calcium levels are expressed as a percentage of the diet. • 对于骨骼发育、骨骼强度、繁殖、产奶和身体维持非常重要。钙的水
Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) %：总可消化养分（TDN)%
• An estimate of the energy content in the diet which can be used by the animal. TDN values are expressed as a percentage of the diet. • 动物可以利用的日粮的能量的估计值。TDN价值用日粮的百分比 来表示。
Digestion in Sheep：羊的消化
• Like cattle, sheep are ruminants. A ruminant animal has a compartmental stomach which contains the rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum. The rumen allows the animal to consume plant material and retain it long enough to allow bacteria, protozoa and fungi to break down and digest the material. The plant material is consumed quickly, regurgitated and rechewed and then swallowed. This process is called cud-chewing. A healthy mature sheep will chew their cud for several hours each day. • 就像牛一样，羊是反刍动物。反刍动物都有一套复胃，包括瘤胃、网 胃、瓣胃和皱胃。瘤胃使得动物能够利用植物体，而且在瘤胃中保留
平用日粮的百分比表示。
Phosphorus %：磷% • Required in association with calcium for proper bone development, energy processes and reproduction. Expressed as a percentage of the diet. • 与钙联合使用，维持正常的骨骼发育、能量转化和繁殖。用日粮的百
muscle and fat a sheep is carrying at a certain time. 体重和体况评分有助
于生产者做出贯穿繁殖循环的重要的饲料管理决策。体况评分通过测 量在某一时刻羊的肌肉和脂肪的总量来评估体况的一种技术。 • This information can be used tocategorize breeding animals relative to body fat and allows decisions to be made for maximum profitability. • 这些信息可以用来把种羊根据体脂肪来分群，而且允许为最大效益而 做决策。
Score 2 Spinal processes have a smooth and rounded feel due to depth of muscle tissue 脊椎触摸起来光滑圆润，这是由于有一定厚度的肌肉纤维 Absence of fat cover 缺少脂肪覆盖 Animal appears thin but skeletal features are smooth and do not protrude
• There are four important nutritional periods for the ewe: • 母羊有四个重要的营养期： Flushing and breeding：催情和配种 Last four weeks of gestation：妊娠期最后四周


Lactation：哺乳期
足够长的时间，以允许细菌、原虫和真菌分解、消化这些物质。植物
体被快速采食、逆呕、再咀嚼、然后吞咽，这个过程成为反刍。成年 母羊每天都杨反刍几个小时。
DefinitΒιβλιοθήκη Baiduons：定义
Protein %：蛋白%
• Used for muscle and bone development, body maintenance and reproductive processes. Results are expressed as a percentage of the diet. • 用于肌肉和骨骼发育、身体维持和繁殖进程。结果用日粮的百分 比表示。
• Body condition scoring should be done at least three times per year. Six weeks prior to breeding, mid pregnancy and in late pregnancy. To condition score the ewe should be felt over and around the backbone, in the loin region, behind the last rib and above the kidneys. This should be done with thumb and fingers. Ewes are scored on a scale of 0 - 5. A score of 0 is a ewe that is completely emaciated, whereas a score of 5 is a ewe that is extremely fat. Ideally, a score of 2.5 should be achieved when on a maintenance ration and increasing to a 3.5 prior to breeding. It is important to maintain a body condition score of 3.5 for the first 30 days following breeding to optimize conception rates.
Body Condition Scoring：体况评分
• Body weight and condition scoring can help producers make important feed management decisions throughout the production cycle. Condition scoring is a technique by which the producer can measure the amount of
• 体况评分每年最少要做三次。配种前六周、怀孕中期和怀孕末期。为了做体
况评分，需要触摸母羊的腰部、最后一根肋骨后缘和肾脏上方的脊椎的上部 和周围。母羊的体况评分从0-5变动，0分表示母羊彻底消瘦了；相反的，5芬
表示母羊极端肥胖了。理想的情况下，在维持的时候体况评分要达到2.5分，
配种前增加到3.5.配种后30天内体况评分维持在3.5分，对于受胎率最优是非常 重要的。
分比表示。
Water：水
• Water is the single most important nutrient required by livestock. Sheep require a daily amount of 1 gallon per 100 lbs of bodyweight. One square foot of surface water area must be provided for every 40 head of sheep.
Score 1 Backbone feels very sharp, skeletal features are prominent with no fat cover 脊椎感觉非常尖锐， 骨骼的特点是突出，没有脂肪覆盖 Muscle is evident, but very shallow 肌肉很明显，但是很薄
• 水是动物需要的最重要的单一营养物质。羊每天的需求量是每100磅体
重需要1加仑。每平方英尺的水面可供40只羊饮用。 • Water can contain dissolved minerals, pollutants, micro-organisms, suspended solids as well as organic and inorganic compounds. Water sources should be tested to determine the quality, as poor water quality will have negative affects on production. • 水中包含有可溶解的矿物质、污染物、微生物、悬浮的土壤，就像有
机和无机的混合物。水源必须经过检测，以确定其质量，因为水质低
劣对生产有负面影响。
Maximum Safe Level (mg/1 or ppm)： 最大安全水平（mg/L,或ppm）
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 5000 - can cause diarrhea and digestive upset 可溶总固体（TDN）5000：可导致腹泻和消化紊乱； Sulfates (S04) <900 - reduces copper availability; associated with thiamine deficiency 硫酸盐（SO4）<900：降低铜的利用率，与硫胺素（VB1）的缺乏相关； Nitrates <100 - additive with nitrates in feed; decreases Vit A and E, Iodine and Phosphorus availability 硝酸盐<100：饲料中的硝酸盐添加剂，降低了VA和VE，碘和磷酸盐的利用率
Dry period：空怀期
• Ewes should be condition scored prior to flushing to determine the effectiveness of flushing. Ewes with a condition score of 4-5 cannot be economically flushed, whereas ewes with a condition score 3-4 respond to flushing. • 母羊应该在催情前做体况评分以确定催情的力度。母羊的体况达到4-5分催 情就不经济了，相反，体况评分3-4分的母羊对催情才有反应。
Sheep Nutrition Fact Sheet 羊的营养简介
Feed vs. Nutrients：饲料和营养
• A balanced feed ration is essential for normal health, growth and
reproduction. Nutrients in the feed are utilized by the sheep to meet their nutritional requirements. It is not the feed itself that meets these needs, but the components that make up the feed. • 一个平衡的日粮是正常健康、生长和繁殖的基本保障。饲料中的营 养杯羊利用，以满足其对营养的需求。不是饲料本身满足了营养需 求，而是各种营养成分构成了饲料。