助动词和系动词

［学习目标］

掌握助动词的基本用法

［知识点总结］

一、定义

助动词是英语特有的一类词，它们本身一般没有词义，不能单独作谓语。其作用在于帮助实义动词构成谓语，表示时态、语态、语气等，构成疑问及否定形式。有以下几种：be(am, is, are, was, were, being, been), have(has, had, having), do(does, did), shall(should), will(would)。

二、用法

1、助动词be(am, is, are, was, were, being, been)

(1)be后跟现在分词构成进行时态

Who is playing the piano? 谁在弹钢琴？

She was reading a book then. 那时她正在读书。

(2)be 后跟过去分词构成被动语态

He was asked to do the work. 有人要他干这件工作。

(3)be 后跟动词不定式构成谓语：

a.表示计划、安排将要发生的事。

They were to leave the following day. 他们将在第二天动身。

b.肯定形式表示指示、命令，而否定形式表示禁止。

You are to see the headmaster today. 今天你必须去见校长。

Anybody is not to enter the room without permission. 未经允许任何人不能

进入房间。

c.表示义务、责任等，相当于should。

You are to be back before 5. 你得在5 点钟以前回来。

d.表示可能性，与情态动词may, can 同义。

Such books are to be found in any library. 这种书在任何图书馆都有。

2、助动词have(has, had, having)

(1)助动词have 可以构成完成时或完成进行时

English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。

I have been studying English for 10 years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。

(2)和动词不定式构成谓语，表示客观上不得不做的事情

We' ve missed the train. We' ll have to wait for another one. 我们已经误了火

车，只能等下一辆了。

3、助动词do(does, did)

(1)构成疑问句或否定句

How did you know about it? 你是怎么知道这件事的？

He likes music, doesn't he? 他喜欢音乐，对吧？

(2)用来加强语气

Do come and see us. 一定要来看我们。

(3)代替前面刚出现的动词，避免重复

He speaks English as fluently as she does. 他英语讲得和她一样流利。

(4)用于倒装句

Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。说明：引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well 等。

(5)构成否定的祈使句

Don ' t be so proud. 不要那么骄傲。

4、shall(should)和will(would)

(1)shall(should)用于第一人称的将来时态中，单纯表示将来When shall I see

you again? 我何时再见到你？

(2)will 只用于第二人称和第三人称的将来时态中He will be 30 next month. 他

下个月30 岁。

You will have an English test tomorrow. 明天你们有一场英语测验。

(3)在现代英语中，所有的人称都可以使用will(would)来表示将来时态

Will I see you again? 我还要见你吗？［课堂练习］

一、请用助动词be 和do 的恰当形式填空。

1.What _____ they doing in the dining room?

2.What _____ you do yesterday?

3. ___ he late yesterday morning?

4.I _____ going to be a teacher in the future.

5.How many students _______ there in your class?

6. ___ the globe on the bookshelf? Yes, it is.

7.He said yesterday he _______ going to shopping with his mother.

8.____ he go shopping with his wife on the weekend?

9.---What ___ he drawing in the bedroom?

---He's drawing a mouse.

10.--- _____ your mother a doctor?

---No, she is a boss in a big company.

11.He ______ (not) know anything about his family.

12.He ______ (not) go to the concert yesterday.

13.They ____ (not) at home last week, they went to the countryside.

14.Look! There _____ some children playing in the park.

15.He ______ a boss two years ago, and now he ________ the president of the

country.

16.They _______ not on time for the train the other day, and they ______ late.

What a shame!

17.There is going to ______ a football match next week.

18.Mr. and Mrs. Sato ________ (not) live in Tokyo last year, but now they

______ living there.

19.Where ______ your father from? And where _________ your mother come

from?

20.Maria _______ not a student. She __________ working for an advertising

company now.

［学习目标］掌握系动词的基本用法