英语单词注意点

英语单词中相通的时间和空间概念
一词多义
"象声词"
同源副词的区别
同源形容词的区别
英语单词中相通的时间和空间概念
英语中的时间和空间概念有很多相通的地方。

如 away一词在英语中可以同时表示时间或空间上离某一特定的点的若干距离。

如：The town is a mile away．该镇离这里一英里。

又，The sports meet is still three weeks away．离运动会还有三星期。

在这里它是形容词。

long一词既可以表示空间距离的"长"或"远"，也可以表示时间上的"长时间的"、"长久的"或"长期的"等意义。

例如：
1．How long has he been here？他来这里已经多久了？2．Honesty，patience and industry pay in the long run．从长远来看，诚实、耐心和勤奋是值得的。

3．I knew him as long ago as the year 1976．我早在 1976年就认识他了。

4．The girl has two long legs．这个姑娘双腿修长。

far一词在时间上和空间上都可以表示"远的"，如：a far country远
方的国家／far past在久远的过去／a far trek长途跋涉／a man far in years垂暮之人
prospect一词可以表示时间概念中"将要发生的事"或"预期中的事"，如：She doesn't like the prospect of having to live alone．她将不得不一个人独身过活，这是她所不喜欢的。

也可以指空间概念中的"景象"、"景色"、"视野"，如：The building affords an extensive prospect of the sea．从那座建筑可以看到开阔的海景。

又如：This experience opened up new prospects for him．这一经历为他的思想开拓了新的境界。

留意英语的这种特点可以帮助我们更好地从立体思维的角度欣赏和使
用英语语言。

一词多义
1）The bandage was wound around the wound．
第一个"wound"是动词"wind"的过去分词，意思是"把……上紧；把……拧紧"，如："to wind a clock"。

第二个"wound"是名词，意思是"伤，负伤"，如："a gun wound（枪伤）"，"a wound to her pride（伤了她的自尊心）"。

2）The farm was used to produce produce．
第一个"produce"是动词，意思是"出产；生产"，如："to produce wheat （出产小麦）"。

第二个"produce"是名词，意思是"农产品，出产，产品，出品，产物"。

3）The dump was so full that it had to refuse more refuse．
第一个"refuse"是动词，意思是"拒绝；不接受"，如："She refused to help me．（她不肯帮助我。

）"
第二个"refuse"是名词，意思是"废料；垃圾；废物"，如："kitchen refuse （厨房的垃圾）"。

4）We must polish the Polish furniture．
第一个"polish"是动词，意思是"磨光；擦亮"，如："He polished the car．（他擦亮小车。

）"
第二个"Polish"意思是"波兰的"。

5）The apple farmer eats what he can，and can what he cannot．第一、三个"can"是情态动词，意思是"可以；能够"，如："Difficulties can and must be overcome．（困难能够而且必须克服。

）"
第二个"can"是及物动词，意思是"把（食品）装罐"，如："Seamen have to live on canned food at sea．（海员在海上航行的时候，只能吃罐头食品。

）"
6）The soldier decided to desert his dessert in the desert．
第一个"desert"是动词，是"遗弃；抛弃"的意思，如："The fort had been hurriedly de- serted．（这堡垒被仓促地放弃了。

）"
第二个"desert"是名词，"沙漠；不毛之地"的意思，如："the Sahara desert（撒哈拉大沙漠）"。

中间还有一个拼写上类似的单词"dessert"，意思是"甜食；甜糕点"。

7）Since there is no time like the present，he thought it was time to present the present．
第一个"present"是名词，意思是"现在；目前"，如："for the present （眼前；暂时）"，"live in the present（生活在现在）"。

又如："There is no time like the present．（没有比现在更好的时刻了。

）"
第二个"present"是动词，意思是"赠予；颁发"，如："They presented flowers to their teacher．（他们献花给老师。

）"
第三个"present"是名词，意思是"礼物；礼品"，如："He gave his mother a present．（他给了他妈妈一个礼物。

）"
8）A bass was painted on the head of the bass drum．
第一个"bass"是名词，意思是"鲈鱼"。

第二个"bass"是形容词，意思是"低音的"。

9）When shot at，the dove dove into the bushes．
第一个"dove"是名词，意思是"鸽子"。

第二个"dove"是动词"dive"的过去式，意思是"跳入；冲入；窜进"，如："He dived into the doorway of a shop．（他闪进了一家店铺的门廊。

）"
10）I did not object to the object．
第一个"object"是动词，意思是"反对"。

如："I object to all this noise．（我反对一切噪音。

）"
第二个"object"是名词，意思是"目的；目标"，如："He has no object in life．（他没有生活目标。

）"
11）The insurance was invalid for the invalid．
第一个"invalid"是形容词，意思是"无效的"。

第二个"invalid"是形容词，意思是"伤残的"。

12）There was a row among the oarsmen about how to row．
第一个"row"是名词，意思是"（一）排；（一）行"，如："a row of pots on a shelf（架子上的一排罐子）"。

第二个"row"是动词，意思是"比赛划船"，如："to row against Far East （与远东队比赛划船）"。

13）They were too close to the door to close it．
第一个"close"是形容词，意思是"（常与 to连用）靠近的；近的；接近的"，如："I live close to the shops．（我住得离商店很近。

）"。

第二个"close"是动词，意思是"关；闭；封闭"。

14）The buck does funny things when the does are present．
第一个"does"是动词"do"单数第三人称一般现在式。

第二个"does"是名词，意思是"雌鹿"。

15）A sewer fell down into a sewer．
第一个"sewer"是名词，意思是"裁缝"。

第二个"sewer"是名词，意思是"下水道"。

16）To help with planting the farmer taught his sow to sow．
第一个"sow"是名词，意思是"母猪"。

第二个"sow"是动词，意思是"播种"，如："As you sow，so will you reap．（种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。

）"
17）Upon seeing the tear in the painting I shed a tear．
第一个"tear"是名词，意思是"破处，破缝"。

第二个"tear"是名词，意思是"眼泪"，如："Tears com e to your eyes when you cry．（当你哭的时候，眼里就会充满泪水。

）"
18）I had to subject the subject to a series of tests．
第一个"subject"是动词，意思是"（与to连用）使经历；使遭受"，如："They were subject to great suffering．（他们遭受了巨大痛苦。

）"
第二个"subject"是名词，意思是"主题；题目"，如："I was the subject of their talk．（我是他们谈话的话题。

）"
19）How can I intimate this to my most intimate friend？
第一个"intimate"是动词，意思是"暗示；提示"，如："He intimated a wish to go by saying that it was late．（他流露要走的意思，说时间不早了。

）"
第二个"intimate"是形容词，意思是"亲近的；亲密的；熟悉的"，如："Do you believe these two intimate friends used to be mutual sworn enemies？（这两位亲密朋友彼此间过去曾经是不共戴天的死敌，你相信吗？）"
20）Never trouble trouble until trouble troubles you．
第一、四个"trouble"是动词，意思是"麻烦"，如："Can I trouble you to shut the door？（我能麻烦你关上门吗？）"
第二、三个"trouble"是名词，意思是"困难；麻烦；着急；危急；烦恼
"，如："The boy caused a lot of trouble to his parents．（这个男孩给他的父母招来很多麻烦。

）"
"象声词"
英语的词类和汉语的词类大致相同，但英语却没有象声词。

在英语中，象声词往往是通过名词、动词、形容词或其它方式来表达的。

从下面例子中，我们可以看出一些常用的"象声词"是如何表达的。

1．jingle 指硬币、小铃、钥匙等发出的叮当声。

Jingle bells，jingle bells，jingle all the way！叮叮当，叮叮当，铃儿响叮当。

He jingled the keys in his pocket．他把口袋里的钥匙弄得哗啦直响。

2．clatter 指马蹄、刀叉、碟碗、机器等发出的声音，也可以指人们的谈笑声。

The dishes and bowls slid together with a clatter．碟子碗碰得叮当响。

the clatter of the horses'hoofs 嗒嗒的马蹄声
3．bang 指突然发出的巨响。

The firecracker went bang．爆竹砰地一声响了。

He shut the door with a bang ．或He banged the door shut．他砰地一声把门关上。

4．snap 指鞭子、风帆、手指发出的噼啪声，树枝等突然折断的声音，
关上或打开东西的声音。

The string broke with a snap．啪的一声，弦断了。

He snapped down the lid of the box．他啪地一声关上箱盖。

5．crack 指爆竹、枪等发出的爆裂声和噼啪声。

The fireworks cracked overhead．烟花在头顶上噼啪作响。

Crack！Crack！Two shots rang out．啪！啪！两声枪响。

6．tick 指钟表等发出的滴答声。

The telegraph ticked out message after message．发报机滴滴答答不停地发报。

The night was quiet except for the tick of the clock．夜很静，只有钟摆滴答地响。

7．creak 指吱吱嘎嘎的声音。

The chair creaked under his weight．椅子被他压得咯吱直响。

The door opened with a creak．门吱地一声开了。

8．click指通过相互碰击，发出的喀哒声，也指上锁、扣板机等发出的声音。

The soldiers clicked their heels together．士兵们喀嚓一声全体立正。

the click of boots（on a floor）噔噔的皮靴声
9．rumble指雷、炮、车辆等发出的隆隆声，也指肚子里发出的咕咕声。

The thunder rumbled in the distance．远处雷声隆隆作响。

My stomach keeps rumbling．我的肚子咕咕直响。

10．rattle指类似于小而坚硬的物体相互碰撞时发出的一连串声音。

The beggar rattled the coins in his tin．乞丐把罐子里的钱币摇得嘎嘎响。

a rattle of m ilk bottles 牛奶瓶碰撞发出的嘎嘎声
熟练地掌握"象声词"的译法，有助于我们准确、地道地表达英语，使句子更生动、更形象
同源形容词的区别
在英语中某些词有两种或两种以上的形容词形式，它们词形相近，但词义不同，容易用错，下面笔者对这类形容词做一总结。

1)historic: famous in history, 历史上著名的 associated with past times 与过去时代有关的
a ~ event/speech/spot
historical: belong to history 历史上的
a ~ people/novel/play/film/painting
~ trend
2) electric: worked by, changed with， producing electricity 用电的，带电的, 有电的
~ current/cable
electrical: relating to electricity, an idea of a less close connection with electricity
~ engineering/apparatus
3) economic: of economics
~ policy/geography/crisis/crops
economical: careful in the spending of money and time, not waste 经济的，节俭的
an ~ housewife/store
4) industrial: of industries 工业的
the ~ revolution/products/system
industrious: hard-working, diligent
~ people
5) considerable: great much 相当多（大）的
a ~ income/distance
considerate: thoughtful 体谅的，体贴的周到的
She is ~ to others.
6) sensible: reasonable, having good sense 实用的，明知的
a ~ woman/idea/ 豁达的妇女/明知的观点
~ clothes 实用的衣服
sensitive: quick to receive impression 敏感的
a ~ skin
~ paper 感光纸
7) continual: going on all the time without stopping or with only short breaks, stop and go repeatedly, 连续的，断断续续的
~ rain/noise
continuous: going on without a break, an uninterrupted flow 连续不断的
~ fight/work
8) intense: high in degree 强烈的，剧烈的，高度的
~ heat炽热/pain
an ~ lady 热情的女子
intensive: deep and thorough 精深的，集中的
~ reading/study彻底研究/agriculture密集农业
9） respectable: deserving respect, 值得尊敬的，有名望的
a ~ man/profession
respectful: showing respect 尊敬人的，有礼貌的，
He is always ~to the elders.
respective: belongs to each of these 分别的，各自的
They sat on their ~ chairs.
10) imaginable: that can be imagined 可象想的
~ difficulties
imaginary: existing only in the mind, unreal 想象中的，不真实的
~ figure
imaginative: of, having, using imagination 有想象力的，运用想象力的
a ~ writer
11) intelligent: having, showing intelligence, clever 有才智的, 聪明的
an ~ looking girl ~ answer
intelligible: clear to mind, that can be easily understood. 易了解的, 易领悟的
an ~ speech/explanation
intellectual: possessing a great deal of knowledge 知识的, 智力的
12) contemptible: deserving contempt 可卑的
a ~ lie
contemptuous: showing contempt 表示轻视的
a ~ look
13) credible: that can be believed 可信的，可靠的
a ~ witness
credulous: too ready to believe things. 轻易相信的，易上当的 He always cheats ~ people.
creditable: that brings credit. 可称赞的
a ~ record/deed/effort
14) alternate: changing by turns 轮流的，交替的
alternative: giving a choice between two things 选择的，两者选一的
15) comparable 可比较的，有类似之处的
comparative 比较而言的，相当的
There is no scenery comparable to that of the West lake. He lived in comparative comfort recently.
16) politic 精明的
political 政治的
17) beneficial 有益的
beneficent 多多行善的
18) official 官方的
officious 多管闲事的
19) potent 强有力的
potential 潜在的，可能的
20) confident 有信心的，自信的
confidential 机密的
21) negligent 忽视的，粗心大意的
negligible 可忽视的
22) momentary 瞬时的，短时的
momentous 重大的
23) memorable 值得记忆的，不能忘却的
memorial 纪念的
24) social 社会的
sociable 善社交的
25) childish 幼稚的
childlike 孩子般的
26) distinct: clear 明显的，清晰的distinctive: characteristic 独特的，有区别的27) classic 一流的
classical 古典的
28) comprehensible 可理解的
comprehensive 全面的，综合的
29) disinterested 公平的
uninterested 冷淡的
30) earthly 人间的，尘世的
earthy 泥土似的
31) effective 有效的
efficient 有效率的
effectual 奏效的
32) exceptionable 反对的
exceptional 非凡的
33) fatal 致命的
fateful 决定性的
34) fleshly 肉体的
fleshy 肥胖的
35) homely 家常的
homelike 象家的
36) im(un)practical 不切合实际的impracticable 无法使用的
37) ingenious 有独创性的ingenuous 直率的，天真的
38) manly 男人气派的
male 男的
masculine 男性的
39) movable 可移动的，变动的mobile 可动的，活动地
40) mysterious 神秘的
mystical 奥妙的
41) notable 著名的（指事）
noted 著名的（指人）
42) Practical 实际的
practicable 可行的，通行的
43) regretful 遗憾的 (指人）regrettable 遗憾的（指事）
44) seasonable 及时的
seasonal 季节的
45) spiritual 精神的
spirituous 酒精的
46) tortuous 弯曲的
torturous 受刑的
47) transitory 短时间的（指事）
transient 瞬时的（指人）
48) elementary 基本的
elemental 自然的
49) healthy 健康的
healthful 有易于健康的
50) likely 可能的
likable 可爱的
51) desirable 合意的
desirous 渴望的
52)clean 干净的
cleanly 有干净习惯的 Are cats cleanly animals?
53) kind 慈善地
kindly 友好的，亲切的
54) temporal 一时的, 暂时的, 世俗的
temporary 暂时的, 临时的
同源副词的区别
在英语中,某些形容词词形同时也可作副词,但这些形容词还有加后缀-ly 副词的形式,因此这类词就有两种副词形式，它们在用法上有些可以互换，有些是有区别，下面笔者对这类词做一总结。

一般地说，可以互换的这类词，形容词词形的副词表示比较具体的概念，经常用语口语中，不太正式；后缀-ly形式的副词，表示比较抽象的概念，有引申义，并有一定感情色彩，变副词比较级时，用此类副词，如修饰动词和分词，放在它们前面。

1) cheap: often used instead of cheaply, esp. in casual conversation and with verbs like buy and sell
Do you like this shirt? I bought it really cheaply. cheaply I can't sell you more cheaply.
2) clean: completely, used with (1) verb forget (2) the proposition over, through (3) adv away out
I ~ forget. The ball sailed ~ over the roof.
The prisoner got ~ away. I am afraid I am clean out of food. cleanly: precisely in a clean manner, often used with v cut. He caught the ball ~ . The doctor cut ~ through the abdominal wall.
3) clear: not touching
Please stand clear of the gate.
clearly: distinctly, obviously, similar to the meaning of clear I can't see ~ without my glasses.
We ~need to think again.
4) close: near
Come close, I want to tell you something.
closely: carefully, with great attention
Study this ~ it's very important.
5) dead: exactly completely, used in certain expressions
~ right, ~ sure, ` tired, ~ slow, ~ ahead, ~ drunk, ~ straight deadly: fatally
He was ~ injured in the crash.
6) direct: used instead of directly in talking about journeys and timetables
The plane goes ~ from London to Houston.
7) easy: used in certain expressions
Take it easy. easy come, easy go.
Easier said than done.
easily I can do very easily.
8) fair: used in the expression play ~, fight ~
fairly: justly, honestly
You must do it ~.
9) fine: well, used in some expressions
That suits me fine. You are doing ~.
finely: elaborately (细微地） (not commonly used
He studied it very finely.
10) free: without payment
You can't eat ~ in my restaurant.
freely: without limit or restriction(限制）
You can't speak ~ in front of my father.
11) hard: to show degree
He hit hard.
hardly: almost not
12) high it refers to high position.
Don't go higher. It is dangerous.
highly: it refers to an extreme degree "very much".
She is ~ paid. It is ~ amusing.
13) just: a moment ago I have just come here.
justly: in accordance with justice or the law.
You must do it justly.
14) late: not on time He hates arriving late.
lately: recently I haven't heard from you lately.
15) loud: used instead of loudly in informal conversation with the verbs talk, speak, shout, laugh
loudly: in a big voice They quarreled ~.
16) low: in a small voice
Can you speak low?
lowly: in a humble way
Don't speak to him lowly.
17) most: very Which do you like most?
mostly: mainly, most often, in most cases
18) pretty: rather ~ well, ~ soon
prettily: pleasing to people (悦人地）
He danced ~.
19) quick: in informal English used instead of quickly quickly He acted ~.
20) real in informal English used instead of really
really Are you ~ tell me the truth.
21) right: just, exactly, all the way
The ball hit me ~ in the nose.
He arrived ~ after breakfast.
Turn right at the traffic lights.
rightly: correctly right can be used informally instead of rightly
You guessed right(ly)
22) sharp: punctually 准时地
He arrived at six o'clock ~.
sharply: 锐利地，急剧地
look ~ speak ~
23) short: suddenly
The car stopped suddenly.
shortly: soon He will come shortly.
24) slow used in informal conversation instead of slowly
go ~, drive ~
25) sound: 彻底地 used in the expression sound asleep soundly: 非常好地 He is sleeping soundly.
26) straight and straightly used in the same way.
27) sure: used in American English meaning certainly
surely: He speaks very surely.
28) tight: used instead of tightly in informal conversation. hold ~, pack ~. The door was shut ~.
tightly: We'd better sit tightly.
29)wide: He opened his eyes wide.
widely: in many different places
He has traveled widely.
30) wrong used instead of wrongly in informal conversation.
You guessed wrong(ly)。