“材料科学与工程基础”第二章习题 答案题目整合版要点
材料科学基础A第二章习题及答案
材料科学基础A第二章习题与答案2.3 等径球最紧密堆积的空隙有哪两种？一个球周围有多少个四面体空隙、多少个八面体空隙？答：等径球最紧密堆积的空隙有四面体空隙和八面体空隙。
一个球周围有8个四面体空隙和6个八面体空隙。
2.4 n个等径球作最紧密堆积时可形成多少个四面体空隙、多少个八面体空隙？不等径球是如何进行堆积的？答：n个等径球作最紧密堆积时可形成四面体空隙数为(n×8)/4=2n个，八面体空隙数为(n×6)/6=n个。
不等径球堆积时，较大的球体作等径球的紧密堆积，较小的球填充在大球紧密堆积形成的空隙中。
其中稍小的球体填充在四面体空隙，稍大的球体填充在八面体空隙。
2.7 解释以下概念：（1）晶系：晶胞参数相同的一类空间点阵。
（2）晶胞：从晶体结构中取出来的反映晶体周期性和对称性的重复单元。
（3）晶胞参数：表示晶胞的形状和大小的6个参数，即3条边棱的长度a、b、c和3条边棱的夹角α、β、γ。
（4）空间点阵：把晶体结构中原子或分子等结构基元抽象为周围环境相同的阵点之后，描述晶体结构的周期性和对称性的图像。
（5）米勒指数（晶面指数）：结晶学中常用（hkl）来表示一组平行晶面的取向，其数值是晶面在三个坐标轴（晶轴）上截距的倒数的互质整数比。
（6）离子晶体的晶格能：1mol离子晶体中的正负离子由相互远离的气态结合成离子晶体时所释放的能量。
（7）原子半径：从原子核中心到核外电子的几率分布趋向于零的位置间的距离。
（8）离子半径：以晶体中相邻的正负离子中心之间的距离作为正负离子的半径之和。
（9）配位数：在晶体结构中，该原子或离子的周围，与它相接相邻结合的原子个数或所有异号离子的个数。
（10）离子极化：离子在外电场作用下，改变其形状和大小的现象（或在离子紧密堆积时，带电荷的离子所产生的电场，必然要对另一个离子的电子云产生吸引或排斥作用，使之发生变形的现象）。
（11）同质多晶：化学组成相同的物质，在不同的热力学条件下形成结构不同的晶体的现象。
(完整版)材料科学基础第1-2章作业及解答彭
第一章作业——材料结构的基本知识1、简述一次键与二次键的差异及各键的特点。
2、简述三大类材料中的结合键类型及性能（物性、力性）特点。
3、为什么金属材料的密度比陶瓷材料及高分子材料密度高？4、用金属键的特征解释金属材料的性能-----①良好的导电；②良好的导热性；③正的电阻温度系数；④不透明性及具有金属光泽；⑤良好的塑性⑥金属之间的溶解性（固溶能力）。
5、简述晶体与非晶体的主要区别。
6、简述原子结构、原子结合键、原子的排列方式及显微组织对材料性能的影响。
第一章作业解答1、述一次键与二次键的差异及各键的特点。
解答：（1）一次键结合力较强，包括金属键、离子键、共价键；二次键结合力较弱，包括范德华键和氢键。
一次键主要依靠外壳层电子转移或共享以形成稳定的电子壳层；二次键是借原子之间的偶极吸引力结合而成。
（2）金属键电子共有化,没有方向性和饱和性；离子键没有方向性，但要满足正负电荷平衡要求；共价键有明显的方向性和饱和性；范德华键没有方向性、饱和性；氢键（X-H…Y）有饱和性、方向性。
2、简述三大类材料中的结合键类型及性能（物性、力性）特点。
解答：（1）三大类材料主要指金属材料、陶瓷材料和高分子材料。
（2）金属材料中的结合键主要是金属键，其次是共价键、离子键，使金属材料具有较高的熔点、密度，良好的导电、导热性能及较高的弹性模量、强度和塑性。
陶瓷材料中的结合键主要是离子键和共价键，使其熔点高、密度低，具有良好的绝缘性能和绝热性能，高的弹性模量和强度，但塑性差，脆性大。
高分子材料中分子链内部虽为共价键结合，但分子链之间为二次键结合，使其具有较低的熔点、密度，良好的绝缘性能、绝热性能及较低的弹性模量、强度和塑性。
3、为什么金属材料的密度比陶瓷材料及高分子材料密度高？金属材料的密度较高是因为①金属元素具有较高的相对原子质量，②金属材料主要以金属键结合，金属键没有方向性和饱和性，使金属原子总是趋于密集排列，达到密堆结构。
材料科学基础第1-2章例题、作业题及其解答
第2章 例 题（A ）1. 在面心立方晶胞中画出[012]和[123]晶向。
2. 在面心立方晶胞中画出（012）和（123）晶面。
3. 右图中所画晶面的晶面指数是多少？4. 设晶面（152）和（034）属六方晶系的正交坐标表述，试给出其四轴坐标的表示。
反之，求（3121）及（2112）的正交坐标的表示。
5. （练习），上题中均改为相应晶向指数，求相互转换后结果。
答案：2. (2110) 4. （1562）， （0334） 5. [1322] [1214] （123） （212）[033] [302]第2章 例题答案(A)4. （152） )2615(6)51()(⇒-=+-=+-=v u t（034） )4303(3)30()(⇒-=+-=+-=v u t（1213） ⇒ （123）（2112） ⇒ （212）5. [152] ]2231[22)51(31)(313)152(31)2(311)512(31)2(31⇒⎪⎪⎪⎭⎪⎪⎪⎬⎫==-=+-=+-==-⨯=-=-=-⨯=-=W w V U t U V v V U u [034] ]4121[41)30(31)(312)032(31)2(311)302(31)2(31⇒⎪⎪⎪⎭⎪⎪⎪⎬⎫==-=+-=+-==-⨯=-=-=-⨯=-=W w V U t U V v V U u]3121[]033[33)1(20)1(1⇒⎪⎭⎪⎬⎫===--=-==---=-=w W t v V t u U [2112]]302[20)1(13)1(2⇒⎪⎭⎪⎬⎫===---=-==--=-=w W t v V t u U第2章 例 题（B ）1. 已知Cu 的原子直径为2.56A ，求Cu 的晶格常数，并计算1mm 3Cu 的原子数。
2. 已知Al 相对原子质量Ar （Al ）=26.97，原子半径γ=0.143nm ，求Al 晶体的密度。
3. bcc 铁的单位晶胞体积，在912℃时是0.02464nm 3；fcc 铁在相同温度时其单位晶胞体积是0.0486nm 3。
《材料科学与工程基础》英文影印版习题及思考题及答案
《材料科学与工程基础》英文习题及思考题及答案第二章习题和思考题Questions and Problems2.6 Allowed values for the quantum numbers ofelectrons are as follows:The relationships between n and the shell designationsare noted in Table 2.1.Relative tothe subshells,l ＝0 corresponds to an s subshelll ＝1 corresponds to a p subshelll ＝2 corresponds to a d subshelll ＝3 corresponds to an f subshellFor the K shell, the four quantum numbersfor each of the two electrons in the 1s state, inthe order of nlmlms , are 100(1/2 ) and 100(-1/2 ).Write the four quantum numbers for allof the electrons inthe L and M shells, and notewhich correspond to the s, p, and d subshells.2.7 Give the electron configurations for the followingions: Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu+, Ba2+,Br-, andS2-.2.17 (a) Briefly cite the main differences betweenionic, covalent, and metallicbonding.(b) State the Pauli exclusion principle.2.18 Offer an explanation as to why covalently bonded materials are generally lessdense than ionically or metallically bonded ones.2.19 Compute the percents ionic character of the interatomic bonds for the followingcompounds: TiO2 , ZnTe, CsCl, InSb, and MgCl2 .2.21 Using Table 2.2, determine the number of covalent bonds that are possible foratoms of the following elements: germanium, phosphorus, selenium, and chlorine.2.24 On the basis of the hydrogen bond, explain the anomalous behavior of waterwhen it freezes. That is, why is there volume expansion upon solidification?3.1 What is the difference between atomic structure and crystal structure?3.2 What is the difference between a crystal structure and a crystal system?3.4Show for the body-centered cubic crystal structure that the unit cell edge lengtha and the atomic radius R are related through a =4R/√3.3.6 Show that the atomic packing factor for BCC is 0.68. .3.27* Show that the minimum cation-to-anion radius ratio for a coordinationnumber of 6 is 0.414. Hint: Use the NaCl crystal structure (Figure 3.5), and assume that anions and cations are just touching along cube edges and across face diagonals.3.48 Draw an orthorhombic unit cell, and within that cell a [121] direction and a(210) plane.3.50 Here are unit cells for two hypothetical metals:(a)What are the indices for the directions indicated by the two vectors in sketch(a)?(b) What are the indices for the two planes drawn in sketch (b)?3.51* Within a cubic unit cell, sketch the following directions:.3.53 Determine the indices for the directions shown in the following cubic unit cell:3.57 Determine the Miller indices for the planesshown in the following unit cell:3.58Determine the Miller indices for the planes shown in the following unit cell: 3.61* Sketch within a cubic unit cell the following planes:3.62 Sketch the atomic packing of (a) the (100)plane for the FCC crystal structure, and (b) the (111) plane for the BCC crystal structure (similar to Figures 3.24b and 3.25b).3.77 Explain why the properties of polycrystalline materials are most oftenisotropic.5.1 Calculate the fraction of atom sites that are vacant for lead at its meltingtemperature of 327_C. Assume an energy for vacancy formation of 0.55eV/atom.5.7 If cupric oxide (CuO) is exposed to reducing atmospheres at elevatedtemperatures, some of the Cu2_ ions will become Cu_.(a) Under these conditions, name one crystalline defect that you would expect toform in order to maintain charge neutrality.(b) How many Cu_ ions are required for the creation of each defect?5.8 Below, atomic radius, crystal structure, electronegativity, and the most commonvalence are tabulated, for several elements; for those that are nonmetals, only atomic radii are indicated.Which of these elements would you expect to form the following with copper:(a) A substitutional solid solution having complete solubility?(b) A substitutional solid solution of incomplete solubility?(c) An interstitial solid solution?5.9 For both FCC and BCC crystal structures, there are two different types ofinterstitial sites. In each case, one site is larger than the other, which site isnormally occupied by impurity atoms. For FCC, this larger one is located at the center of each edge of the unit cell; it is termed an octahedral interstitial site. On the other hand, with BCC the larger site type is found at 0, __, __ positions—that is, lying on _100_ faces, and situated midway between two unit cell edges on this face and one-quarter of the distance between the other two unit cell edges; it is termed a tetrahedral interstitial site. For both FCC and BCC crystalstructures, compute the radius r of an impurity atom that will just fit into one of these sites in terms of the atomic radius R of the host atom.5.10 (a) Suppose that Li2O is added as an impurity to CaO. If the Li_ substitutes forCa2_, what kind of vacancies would you expect to form? How many of thesevacancies are created for every Li_ added?(b) Suppose that CaCl2 is added as an impurity to CaO. If the Cl_ substitutes forO2_, what kind of vacancies would you expect to form? How many of thevacancies are created for every Cl_ added?5.28 Copper and platinum both have the FCC crystal structure and Cu forms asubstitutional solid solution for concentrations up to approximately 6 wt% Cu at room temperature. Compute the unit cell edge length for a 95 wt% Pt-5 wt% Cu alloy.5.29 Cite the relative Burgers vector–dislocation line orientations for edge, screw, andmixed dislocations.6.1 Briefly explain the difference between selfdiffusion and interdiffusion.6.3 (a) Compare interstitial and vacancy atomic mechanisms for diffusion.(b) Cite two reasons why interstitial diffusion is normally more rapid thanvacancy diffusion.6.4 Briefly explain the concept of steady state as it applies to diffusion.6.5 (a) Briefly explain the concept of a driving force.(b) What is the driving force for steadystate diffusion?6.6Compute the number of kilograms of hydrogen that pass per hour through a5-mm thick sheet of palladium having an area of 0.20 m2at 500℃. Assume a diffusion coefficient of 1.0×10- 8 m2/s, that the concentrations at the high- and low-pressure sides of the plate are 2.4 and 0.6 kg of hydrogen per cubic meter of palladium, and that steady-state conditions have been attained.6.7 A sheet of steel 1.5 mm thick has nitrogen atmospheres on both sides at 1200℃and is permitted to achieve a steady-state diffusion condition. The diffusion coefficient for nitrogen in steel at this temperature is 6×10-11m2/s, and the diffusion flux is found to be 1.2×10- 7kg/m2-s. Also, it is known that the concentration of nitrogen in the steel at the high-pressure surface is 4 kg/m3. How far into the sheet from this high-pressure side will the concentration be 2.0 kg/m3?Assume a linear concentration profile.6.24. Carbon is allowed to diffuse through a steel plate 15 mm thick. Theconcentrations of carbon at the two faces are 0.65 and 0.30 kg C/m3 Fe, whichare maintained constant. If the preexponential and activation energy are 6.2 _10_7 m2/s and 80,000 J/mol, respectively, compute the temperature at which the diffusion flux is 1.43 _ 10_9 kg/m2-s.6.25 The steady-state diffusion flux through a metal plate is 5.4_10_10 kg/m2-s at atemperature of 727_C (1000 K) and when the concentration gradient is _350kg/m4. Calculate the diffusion flux at 1027_C (1300 K) for the sameconcentration gradient and assuming an activation energy for diffusion of125,000 J/mol.10.2 What thermodynamic condition must be met for a state of equilibrium to exist? 10.4 What is the difference between the states of phase equilibrium and metastability?10.5 Cite the phases that are present and the phase compositions for the followingalloys:(a) 90 wt% Zn–10 wt% Cu at 400℃(b) 75 wt% Sn–25wt%Pb at 175℃(c) 55 wt% Ag–45 wt% Cu at 900℃(d) 30 wt% Pb–70 wt% Mg at 425℃(e) 2.12 kg Zn and 1.88 kg Cu at 500℃(f ) 37 lbm Pb and 6.5 lbm Mg at 400℃(g) 8.2 mol Ni and 4.3 mol Cu at 1250℃.(h) 4.5 mol Sn and 0.45 mol Pb at 200℃10.6 For an alloy of composition 74 wt% Zn–26 wt% Cu, cite the phases presentand their compositions at the following temperatures: 850℃, 750℃, 680℃, 600℃, and 500℃.10.7 Determine the relative amounts (in terms of mass fractions) of the phases forthe alloys and temperatures given inProblem 10.5.10.9 Determine the relative amounts (interms of volume fractions) of the phases forthe alloys and temperatures given inProblem 10.5a, b, and c. Below are given theapproximate densities of the various metalsat the alloy temperatures:10.18 Is it possible to have a copper–silveralloy that, at equilibrium, consists of a _ phase of composition 92 wt% Ag–8wt% Cu, and also a liquid phase of composition 76 wt% Ag–24 wt% Cu? If so, what will be the approximate temperature of the alloy? If this is not possible,explain why.10.20 A copper–nickel alloy of composition 70 wt% Ni–30 wt% Cu is slowly heatedfrom a temperature of 1300_C .(a) At what temperature does the first liquid phase form?(b) What is the composition of this liquid phase?(c) At what temperature does complete melting of the alloy occur?(d) What is the composition of the last solid remaining prior to completemelting?10.28 .Is it possible to have a copper–silver alloy of composition 50 wt% Ag–50 wt%Cu, which, at equilibrium, consists of _ and _ phases having mass fractions W_ _0.60 and W_ _ 0.40? If so, what will be the approximate temperature of the alloy?If such an alloy is not possible, explain why.10.30 At 700_C , what is the maximum solubility (a) of Cu in Ag? (b) Of Ag in Cu?第三章习题和思考题3.3If the atomic radius of aluminum is 0.143nm, calculate the volume of its unitcell in cubic meters.3.8 Iron has a BCC crystal structure, an atomic radius of 0.124 nm, and an atomicweight of 55.85 g/mol. Compute and compare its density with the experimental value found inside the front cover.3.9 Calculate the radius of an iridium atom given that Ir has an FCC crystal structure,a density of 22.4 g/cm3, and an atomic weight of 192.2 g/mol.3.13 Using atomic weight, crystal structure, and atomic radius data tabulated insidethe front cover, compute the theoretical densities of lead, chromium, copper, and cobalt, and then compare these values with the measured densities listed in this same table. The c/a ratio for cobalt is 1.623.3.15 Below are listed the atomic weight, density, and atomic radius for threehypothetical alloys. For each determine whether its crystal structure is FCC,BCC, or simple cubic and then justify your determination. A simple cubic unitcell is shown in Figure 3.40.3.21 This is a unit cell for a hypotheticalmetal:(a) To which crystal system doesthis unit cell belong?(b) What would this crystal structure be called?(c) Calculate the density of the material, given that its atomic weight is 141g/mol.3.25 For a ceramic compound, what are the two characteristics of the component ionsthat determine the crystal structure?3.29 On the basis of ionic charge and ionic radii, predict the crystal structures for thefollowing materials: (a) CsI, (b) NiO, (c) KI, and (d) NiS. Justify your selections.3.35 Magnesium oxide has the rock salt crystal structure and a density of 3.58 g/cm3.(a) Determine the unit cell edge length. (b) How does this result compare withthe edge length as determined from the radii in Table 3.4, assuming that theMg2_ and O2_ ions just touch each other along the edges?3.36 Compute the theoretical density of diamond given that the CUC distance andbond angle are 0.154 nm and 109.5°, respectively. How does this value compare with the measured density?3.38 Cadmium sulfide (CdS) has a cubic unit cell, and from x-ray diffraction data it isknown that the cell edge length is 0.582 nm. If the measured density is 4.82 g/cm3 , how many Cd 2+ and S 2—ions are there per unit cell?3.41 A hypothetical AX type of ceramic material is known to have a density of 2.65g/cm 3 and a unit cell of cubic symmetry with a cell edge length of 0.43 nm. The atomic weights of the A and X elements are 86.6 and 40.3 g/mol, respectively.On the basis of this information, which of the following crystal structures is (are) possible for this material: rock salt, cesium chloride, or zinc blende? Justify your choice(s).3.42 The unit cell for Mg Fe2O3 (MgO-Fe2O3) has cubic symmetry with a unit celledge length of 0.836 nm. If the density of this material is 4.52 g/cm 3 , compute its atomic packing factor. For this computation, you will need to use ionic radii listed in Table 3.4.3.44 Compute the atomic packing factor for the diamond cubic crystal structure(Figure 3.16). Assume that bonding atoms touch one another, that the angle between adjacent bonds is 109.5°, and that each atom internal to the unit cell is positioned a/4 of the distance away from the two nearest cell faces (a is the unit cell edge length).3.45 Compute the atomic packing factor for cesium chloride using the ionic radii inTable 3.4 and assuming that the ions touch along the cube diagonals.3.46 In terms of bonding, explain why silicate materials have relatively low densities.3.47 Determine the angle between covalent bonds in an SiO44—tetrahedron.3.63 For each of the following crystal structures, represent the indicated plane in themanner of Figures 3.24 and 3.25, showing both anions and cations: (a) (100)plane for the rock salt crystal structure, (b) (110) plane for the cesium chloride crystal structure, (c) (111) plane for the zinc blende crystal structure, and (d) (110) plane for the perovskite crystal structure.3.66 The zinc blende crystal structure is one that may be generated from close-packedplanes of anions.(a) Will the stacking sequence for this structure be FCC or HCP? Why?(b) Will cations fill tetrahedral or octahedral positions? Why?(c) What fraction of the positions will be occupied?3.81* The metal iridium has an FCC crystal structure. If the angle of diffraction forthe (220) set of planes occurs at 69.22°(first-order reflection) when monochromatic x-radiation having a wavelength of 0.1542 nm is used, compute(a) the interplanar spacing for this set of planes, and (b) the atomic radius for aniridium atom.4.10 What is the difference between configuration and conformation in relation topolymer chains? vinyl chloride).4.22 (a) Determine the ratio of butadiene to styrene mers in a copolymer having aweight-average molecular weight of 350,000 g/mol and weight-average degree of polymerization of 4425.(b) Which type(s) of copolymer(s) will this copolymer be, considering thefollowing possibilities: random, alternating, graft, and block? Why?4.23 Crosslinked copolymers consisting of 60 wt% ethylene and 40 wt% propylenemay have elastic properties similar to those for natural rubber. For a copolymer of this composition, determine the fraction of both mer types.4.25 (a) Compare the crystalline state in metals and polymers.(b) Compare thenoncrystalline state as it applies to polymers and ceramic glasses.4.26 Explain briefly why the tendency of a polymer to crystallize decreases withincreasing molecular weight.4.27* For each of the following pairs of polymers, do the following: (1) state whetheror not it is possible to determine if one polymer is more likely to crystallize than the other; (2) if it is possible, note which is the more likely and then cite reason(s) for your choice; and (3) if it is not possible to decide, then state why.(a) Linear and syndiotactic polyvinyl chloride; linear and isotactic polystyrene.(b) Network phenol-formaldehyde; linear and heavily crosslinked ci s-isoprene.(c) Linear polyethylene; lightly branched isotactic polypropylene.(d) Alternating poly(styrene-ethylene) copolymer; randompoly(vinylchloride-tetrafluoroethylene) copolymer.4.28 Compute the density of totally crystalline polyethylene. The orthorhombic unitcell for polyethylene is shown in Figure 4.10; also, the equivalent of two ethylene mer units is contained within each unit cell.5.11 What point defects are possible for MgO as an impurity in Al2O3? How manyMg 2+ ions must be added to form each of these defects?5.13 What is the composition, in weight percent, of an alloy that consists of 6 at% Pband 94 at% Sn?5.14 Calculate the composition, in weight per-cent, of an alloy that contains 218.0 kgtitanium, 14.6 kg of aluminum, and 9.7 kg of vanadium.5.23 Gold forms a substitutional solid solution with silver. Compute the number ofgold atoms per cubic centimeter for a silver-gold alloy that contains 10 wt% Au and 90 wt% Ag. The densities of pure gold and silver are 19.32 and 10.49 g/cm3 , respectively.8.53 In terms of molecular structure, explain why phenol-formaldehyde (Bakelite)will not be an elastomer.10.50 Compute the mass fractions of αferrite and cementite in pearlite. assumingthat pressure is held constant.10.52 (a) What is the distinction between hypoeutectoid and hypereutectoid steels?(b) In a hypoeutectoid steel, both eutectoid and proeutectoid ferrite exist. Explainthe difference between them. What will be the carbon concentration in each?10.56 Consider 1.0 kg of austenite containing 1.15 wt% C, cooled to below 727_C(a) What is the proeutectoid phase?(b) How many kilograms each of total ferrite and cementite form?(c) How many kilograms each of pearlite and the proeutectoid phase form?(d) Schematically sketch and label the resulting microstructure.10.60 The mass fractions of total ferrite and total cementite in an iron–carbon alloyare 0.88 and 0.12, respectively. Is this a hypoeutectoid or hypereutectoid alloy?Why?10.64 Is it possible to have an iron–carbon alloy for which the mass fractions of totalferrite and proeutectoid cementite are 0.846 and 0.049, respectively? Why orwhy not?第四章习题和思考题7.3 A specimen of aluminum having a rectangular cross section 10 mm _ 12.7 mmis pulled in tension with 35,500 N force, producing only elastic deformation. 7.5 A steel bar 100 mm long and having a square cross section 20 mm on an edge ispulled in tension with a load of 89,000 N , and experiences an elongation of 0.10 mm . Assuming that the deformation is entirely elastic, calculate the elasticmodulus of the steel.7.7 For a bronze alloy, the stress at which plastic deformation begins is 275 MPa ,and the modulus of elasticity is 115 Gpa .(a) What is the maximum load that may be applied to a specimen with across-sectional area of 325mm, without plastic deformation?(b) If the original specimen length is 115 mm , what is the maximum length towhich it may be stretched without causing plastic deformation?7.8 A cylindrical rod of copper (E _ 110 GPa, Stress (MPa) ) having a yield strengthof 240Mpa is to be subjected to a load of 6660 N. If the length of the rod is 380 mm, what must be the diameter to allow an elongation of 0.50 mm?7.9 Consider a cylindrical specimen of a steel alloy (Figure 7.33) 10mm in diameterand 75 mm long that is pulled in tension. Determine its elongation when a load of 23,500 N is applied.7.16 A cylindrical specimen of some alloy 8 mm in diameter is stressed elasticallyin tension. A force of 15,700 N produces a reduction in specimen diameter of 5 _ 10_3 mm. Compute Poisson’s ratio for this material if its modulus of elasticity is 140 GPa .7.17 A cylindrical specimen of a hypothetical metal alloy is stressed in compression.If its original and final diameters are 20.000 and 20.025 mm, respectively, and its final length is 74.96 mm, compute its original length if the deformation is totally elastic. The elastic and shear moduli for this alloy are 105 Gpa and 39.7 GPa,respectively.7.19 A brass alloy is known to have a yield strength of 275 MPa, a tensile strength of380 MPa, and an elastic modulus of 103 GPa . A cylindrical specimen of thisalloy 12.7 mm in diameter and 250 mm long is stressed in tension and found to elongate 7.6 mm . On the basis of the information given, is it possible tocompute the magnitude of the load that is necessary to produce this change inlength? If so, calculate the load. If not, explain why.7.20A cylindrical metal specimen 15.0mmin diameter and 150mm long is to besubjected to a tensile stress of 50 Mpa; at this stress level the resulting deformation will be totally elastic.(a)If the elongation must be less than 0.072mm,which of the metals in Tabla7.1are suitable candidates? Why ?(b)If, in addition, the maximum permissible diameter decrease is 2.3×10-3mm,which of the metals in Table 7.1may be used ? Why?7.22 Cite the primary differences between elastic, anelastic, and plastic deformationbehaviors.7.23 diameter of 10.0 mm is to be deformed using a tensile load of 27,500 N. It mustnot experience either plastic deformation or a diameter reduction of more than7.5×10-3 mm. Of the materials listed as follows, which are possible candidates?Justify your choice(s).7.24 A cylindrical rod 380 mm long, having a diameter of 10.0 mm, is to besubjected to a tensile load. If the rod is to experience neither plastic deformationnor an elongation of more than 0.9 mm when the applied load is 24,500 N,which of the four metals or alloys listed below are possible candidates?7.25 Figure 7.33 shows the tensile engineering stress–strain behavior for a steel alloy.(a) What is the modulus of elasticity?(b) What is the proportional limit?(c) What is the yield strength at a strain offset of 0.002?(d) What is the tensile strength?7.27 A load of 44,500 N is applied to a cylindrical specimen of steel (displaying thestress–strain behavior shown in Figure 7.33) that has a cross-sectional diameter of 10 mm .(a) Will the specimen experience elastic or plastic deformation? Why?(b) If the original specimen length is 500 mm), how much will it increase inlength when t his load is applied?7.29 A cylindrical specimen of aluminumhaving a diameter of 12.8 mm and a gaugelength of 50.800 mm is pulled in tension. Usethe load–elongation characteristics tabulatedbelow to complete problems a through f.(a)Plot the data as engineering stressversusengineering strain.(b) Compute the modulus of elasticity.(c) Determine the yield strength at astrainoffset of 0.002.(d) Determine the tensile strength of thisalloy.(e) What is the approximate ductility, in percent elongation?(f ) Compute the modulus of resilience.7.35 (a) Make a schematic plot showing the tensile true stress–strain behavior for atypical metal alloy.(b) Superimpose on this plot a schematic curve for the compressive truestress–strain behavior for the same alloy. Explain any difference between thiscurve and the one in part a.(c) Now superimpose a schematic curve for the compressive engineeringstress–strain behavior for this same alloy, and explain any difference between this curve and the one in part b.7.39 A tensile test is performed on a metal specimen, and it is found that a true plasticstrain of 0.20 is produced when a true stress of 575 MPa is applied; for the same metal, the value of K in Equation 7.19 is 860 MPa. Calculate the true strain that results from the application of a true stress of 600 Mpa.7.40 For some metal alloy, a true stress of 415 MPa produces a plastic true strain of0.475. How much will a specimen of this material elongate when a true stress of325 MPa is applied if the original length is 300 mm ? Assume a value of 0.25 for the strain-hardening exponent n.7.43 Find the toughness (or energy to cause fracture) for a metal that experiences bothelastic and plastic deformation. Assume Equation 7.5 for elastic deformation,that the modulus of elasticity is 172 GPa , and that elastic deformation terminates at a strain of 0.01. For plastic deformation, assume that the relationship between stress and strain is described by Equation 7.19, in which the values for K and n are 6900 Mpa and 0.30, respectively. Furthermore, plastic deformation occurs between strain values of 0.01 and 0.75, at which point fracture occurs.7.47 A steel specimen having a rectangular cross section of dimensions 19 mm×3.2mm (0.75in×0.125in.) has the stress–strain behavior shown in Figure 7.33. If this specimen is subjected to a tensile force of 33,400 N (7,500lbf ), then(a) Determine the elastic and plastic strain values.(b) If its original length is 460 mm (18 in.), what will be its final length after theload in part a is applied and then released?7.50 A three-point bending test was performed on an aluminum oxide specimenhaving a circular cross section of radius 3.5 mm; the specimen fractured at a load of 950 N when the distance between the support points was 50 mm . Another test is to be performed on a specimen of this same material, but one that has a square cross section of 12 mm length on each edge. At what load would you expect this specimen to fracture if the support point separation is 40 mm ?7.51 (a) A three-point transverse bending test is conducted on a cylindrical specimenof aluminum oxide having a reported flexural strength of 390 MPa . If the speci- men radius is 2.5 mm and the support point separation distance is 30 mm ,predict whether or not you would expect the specimen to fracture when a load of 620 N is applied. Justify your prediction.(b) Would you be 100% certain of the prediction in part a? Why or why not?7.57 When citing the ductility as percent elongation for semicrystalline polymers, it isnot necessary to specify the specimen gauge length, as is the case with metals.Why is this so?7.66 Using the data represented in Figure 7.31, specify equations relating tensilestrength and Brinell hardness for brass and nodular cast iron, similar toEquations 7.25a and 7.25b for steels.8.4 For each of edge, screw, and mixed dislocations, cite the relationship between thedirection of the applied shear stress and the direction of dislocation line motion.8.5 (a) Define a slip system.(b) Do all metals have the same slip system? Why or why not?8.7. One slip system for theBCCcrystal structure is _110__111_. In a manner similarto Figure 8.6b sketch a _110_-type plane for the BCC structure, representingatom positions with circles. Now, using arrows, indicate two different _111_ slip directions within this plane.8.15* List four major differences between deformation by twinning and deformationby slip relative to mechanism, conditions of occurrence, and final result.8.18 Describe in your own words the three strengthening mechanisms discussed inthis chapter (i.e., grain size reduction, solid solution strengthening, and strainhardening). Be sure to explain how dislocations are involved in each of thestrengthening techniques.8.19 (a) From the plot of yield strength versus (grain diameter)_1/2 for a 70 Cu–30 Zncartridge brass, Figure 8.15, determine values for the constants _0 and ky inEquation 8.5.(b) Now predict the yield strength of this alloy when the average grain diameteris 1.0 _ 10_3 mm.8.20. The lower yield point for an iron that has an average grain diameter of 5 _ 10_2mm is 135 MPa . At a grain diameter of 8 _ 10_3 mm, the yield point increases to 260MPa. At what grain diameter will the lower yield point be 205 Mpa ?8.24 (a) Show, for a tensile test, thatif there is no change in specimen volume during the deformation process (i.e., A0 l0 _Ad ld).(b) Using the result of part a, compute the percent cold work experienced bynaval brass (the stress–strain behavior of which is shown in Figure 7.12) when a stress of 400 MPa is applied.8.25 Two previously undeformed cylindrical specimens of an alloy are to be strainhardened by reducing their cross-sectional areas (while maintaining their circular cross sections). For one specimen, the initial and deformed radii are 16 mm and11 mm, respectively. The second specimen, with an initial radius of 12 mm, musthave the same deformed hardness as the first specimen; compute the secondspecimen’s radius after deformation.8.26 Two previously undeformed specimens of the same metal are to be plasticallydeformed by reducing their cross-sectional areas. One has a circular cross section, and the other is rectangular is to remain as such. Their original and deformeddimensions are as follows:Which of these specimens will be the hardest after plastic deformation, and why?8.27 A cylindrical specimen of cold-worked copper has a ductility (%EL) of 25%. Ifits coldworked radius is 10 mm (0.40 in.), what was its radius beforedeformation?8.28 (a) What is the approximate ductility (%EL) of a brass that has a yield strengthof 275 MPa ?(b) What is the approximate Brinell hardness of a 1040 steel having a yieldstrength of 690 MPa?8.41 In your own words, describe the mechanisms by which semicrystalline polymers(a) elasticallydeform and (b) plastically deform, and (c) by which elastomerselastically deform.8.42 Briefly explain how each of the following influences the tensile modulus of asemicrystallinepolymer and why:(a) molecular weight;(b) degree of crystallinity;(c) deformation by drawing;(d) annealing of an undeformed material;(e) annealing of a drawn material.8.43* Briefly explain how each of the following influences the tensile or yieldstrength of a semicrystalline polymer and why:(a) molecular weight;。
《材料科学与工程基础》英文影印版习题及思考题及答案
《材料科学与⼯程基础》英⽂影印版习题及思考题及答案《材料科学与⼯程基础》英⽂习题及思考题及答案第⼆章习题和思考题Questions and Problems2.6 Allowed values for the quantum numbers ofelectrons are as follows:The relationships between n and the shell designationsare noted in Table 2.1.Relative tothe subshells,l ＝0 corresponds to an s subshelll ＝1 corresponds to a p subshelll ＝2 corresponds to a d subshelll ＝3 corresponds to an f subshellFor the K shell, the four quantum numbersfor each of the two electrons in the 1s state, inthe order of nlmlms , are 100(1/2 ) and 100(-1/2 ).Write the four quantum numbers for allof the electrons inthe L and M shells, and notewhich correspond to the s, p, and d subshells.2.7 Give the electron configurations for the followingions: Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu+, Ba2+,Br-, andS2-.2.17 (a) Briefly cite the main differences betweenionic, covalent, and metallicbonding.(b) State the Pauli exclusion principle.2.18 Offer an explanation as to why covalently bonded materials are generally lessdense than ionically or metallically bonded ones.2.19 Compute the percents ionic character of the interatomic bonds for the followingcompounds: TiO2 , ZnTe, CsCl, InSb, and MgCl2 .2.21 Using Table 2.2, determine the number of covalent bonds that are possible foratoms of the following elements: germanium, phosphorus, selenium, and chlorine.2.24 On the basis of the hydrogen bond, explain the anomalous behavior of waterwhen it freezes. That is, why is there volume expansion upon solidification?3.1 What is the difference between atomic structure and crystal structure?3.2 What is the difference between a crystal structure and a crystal system?3.4Show for the body-centered cubic crystal structure that the unit cell edge lengtha and the atomic radius R are related through a =4R/√3.3.6 Show that the atomic packing factor for BCC is 0.68. .3.27* Show that the minimum cation-to-anion radius ratio for a coordinationnumber of 6 is 0.414. Hint: Use the NaCl crystal structure (Figure 3.5), and assume that anions and cations are just touching along cube edges and across face diagonals.3.48 Draw an orthorhombic unit cell, and within that cell a [121] direction and a(210) plane.3.50 Here are unit cells for two hypothetical metals:(a)What are the indices for the directions indicated by the two vectors in sketch(a)?(b) What are the indices for the two planes drawn in sketch (b)?3.51* Within a cubic unit cell, sketch the following directions:.3.53 Determine the indices for the directions shown in the following cubic unit cell:3.57 Determine the Miller indices for the planesshown in the following unit cell:3.58Determine the Miller indices for the planes shown in the following unit cell:3.61* Sketch within a cubic unit cell the following planes:3.62 Sketch the atomic packing of (a) the (100)plane for the FCC crystal structure, and (b) the (111) plane for the BCC crystal structure (similar to Figures 3.24b and 3.25b).3.77 Explain why the properties of polycrystalline materials are most oftenisotropic.5.1 Calculate the fraction of atom sites that are vacant for lead at its meltingtemperature of 327_C. Assume an energy for vacancy formation of 0.55eV/atom.5.7 If cupric oxide (CuO) is exposed to reducing atmospheres at elevatedtemperatures, some of the Cu2_ ions will become Cu_.(a) Under these conditions, name one crystalline defect that you would expect toform in order to maintain charge neutrality.(b) How many Cu_ ions are required for the creation of each defect?5.8 Below, atomic radius, crystal structure, electronegativity, and the most commonvalence are tabulated, for several elements; for those that are nonmetals, only atomic radii are indicated.Which of these elements would you expect to form the following with copper:(a) A substitutional solid solution having complete solubility?(b) A substitutional solid solution of incomplete solubility?(c) An interstitial solid solution?5.9 For both FCC and BCC crystal structures, there are two different types ofinterstitial sites. In each case, one site is larger than the other, which site isnormally occupied by impurity atoms. For FCC, this larger one is located at the center of each edge of the unit cell; it is termed an octahedral interstitial site. On the other hand, with BCC the larger site type is found at 0, __, __ positions—that is, lying on _100_ faces, and situated midway between two unit cell edges on this face and one-quarter of the distance between the other two unit cell edges; it is termed a tetrahedral interstitial site. For both FCC and BCC crystalstructures, compute the radius r of an impurity atom that will just fit into one of these sites in terms of the atomic radius R of the host atom.5.10 (a) Suppose that Li2O is added as an impurity to CaO. If the Li_ substitutes forCa2_, what kind of vacancies would you expect to form? How many of thesevacancies are created for every Li_ added?(b) Suppose that CaCl2 is added as an impurity to CaO. If the Cl_ substitutes forO2_, what kind of vacancies would you expect to form? How many of thevacancies are created for every Cl_ added?5.28 Copper and platinum both have the FCC crystal structure and Cu forms asubstitutional solid solution for concentrations up to approximately 6 wt% Cu at room temperature. Compute the unit cell edge length for a 95 wt% Pt-5 wt% Cu alloy.5.29 Cite the relative Burgers vector–dislocation line orientations for edge, screw, andmixed dislocations.6.1 Briefly explain the difference between selfdiffusion and interdiffusion.6.3 (a) Compare interstitial and vacancy atomic mechanisms for diffusion.(b) Cite two reasons why interstitial diffusion is normally more rapid thanvacancy diffusion.6.4 Briefly explain the concept of steady state as it applies to diffusion.6.5 (a) Briefly explain the concept of a driving force.(b) What is the driving force for steadystate diffusion?6.6Compute the number of kilograms of hydrogen that pass per hour through a5-mm thick sheet of palladium having an area of 0.20 m2at 500℃. Assume a diffusion coefficient of 1.0×10- 8 m2/s, that the concentrations at the high- and low-pressure sides of the plate are 2.4 and 0.6 kg of hydrogen per cubic meter of palladium, and that steady-state conditions have been attained.6.7 A sheet of steel 1.5 mm thick has nitrogen atmospheres on both sides at 1200℃and is permitted to achieve a steady-state diffusion condition. The diffusion coefficient for nitrogen in steel at this temperature is 6×10-11m2/s, and the diffusion flux is found to be 1.2×10- 7kg/m2-s. Also, it is known that the concentration of nitrogen in the steel at the high-pressure surface is 4 kg/m3. How far into the sheet from this high-pressure side will the concentration be 2.0 kg/m3?Assume a linear concentration profile.6.24. Carbon is allowed to diffuse through a steel plate 15 mm thick. Theconcentrations of carbon at the two faces are 0.65 and 0.30 kg C/m3 Fe, whichare maintained constant. If the preexponential and activation energy are 6.2 _10_7 m2/s and 80,000 J/mol, respectively, compute the temperature at which the diffusion flux is 1.43 _ 10_9 kg/m2-s.6.25 The steady-state diffusion flux through a metal plate is 5.4_10_10 kg/m2-s at atemperature of 727_C (1000 K) and when the concentration gradient is _350kg/m4. Calculate the diffusion flux at 1027_C (1300 K) for the sameconcentration gradient and assuming an activation energy for diffusion of125,000 J/mol.10.2 What thermodynamic condition must be met for a state of equilibrium to exist? 10.4 What is the difference between the states of phase equilibrium and metastability?10.5 Cite the phases that are present and the phase compositions for the followingalloys:(a) 90 wt% Zn–10 wt% Cu at 400℃(b) 75 wt% Sn–25wt%Pb at 175℃(c) 55 wt% Ag–45 wt% Cu at 900℃(d) 30 wt% Pb–70 wt% Mg at 425℃(e) 2.12 kg Zn and 1.88 kg Cu at 500℃(f ) 37 lbm Pb and 6.5 lbm Mg at 400℃(g) 8.2 mol Ni and 4.3 mol Cu at 1250℃.(h) 4.5 mol Sn and 0.45 mol Pb at 200℃10.6 For an alloy of composition 74 wt% Zn–26 wt% Cu, cite the phases presentand their compositions at the following temperatures: 850℃, 750℃, 680℃, 600℃, and 500℃.10.7 Determine the relative amounts (in terms of mass fractions) of the phases forthe alloys and temperatures given inProblem 10.5.10.9 Determine the relative amounts (interms of volume fractions) of the phases forthe alloys and temperatures given inProblem 10.5a, b, and c. Below are given theapproximate densities of the various metalsat the alloy temperatures:10.18 Is it possible to have a copper–silveralloy that, at equilibrium, consists of a _ phase of composition 92 wt% Ag–8。
《材料科学与工程基础》-第二章-课后习题答案.pdf
材料科学与工程基础 - 第二章 - 课后习题答案2.1 选择题1.D2.B3.C4.A5.D2.2 填空题1.结构、性质、性能、制备、应用2.金属、陶瓷、聚合物3.晶体4.金属材料、陶瓷材料、聚合物材料、复合材料5.原子、分子2.3 简答题1.材料科学与工程的基础概念和特点有：–材料科学：研究材料的结构、性质、制备和性能等方面的科学。
–材料工程：研究通过控制材料的结构和制备方法，得到具有特定性能和使用寿命的材料并应用于工程中。
材料科学与工程的特点包括：–综合性：材料科学与工程是一门综合性的学科，涉及物理、化学、力学、热学等各个学科。
–实用性：材料科学与工程以实际应用为目的，研究如何通过控制材料的结构和性能，满足工程和产品的需求。
–发展性：随着科技的进步和社会的发展，材料科学与工程也在不断发展，涌现出各种新材料和新技术。
2.不同材料的结构特点及其对材料性能的影响–金属材料：金属材料具有密排列的晶体结构，其晶粒间有较好的连续性，导致金属材料具有良好的导电性、导热性和机械性能。
–陶瓷材料：陶瓷材料以离子键或共价键为主要结合方式，具有非常硬、脆和耐高温的特点，但导电性差。
–聚合物材料：聚合物材料由长链状分子构成，具有良好的绝缘性、柔韧性和可塑性，但强度和硬度较低。
–复合材料：复合材料由不同的两种或更多种材料组成，通过它们的相互作用产生优异的整体性能。
同时，复合材料的结构也决定其性能。
3.材料的制备方法包括：–金属材料的制备方法有铸造、锻造、挤压、焊接等。
–陶瓷材料的制备方法有干法制备和湿法制备等。
–聚合物材料的制备方法有合成聚合法、溶液聚合法、熔融聚合法等。
–复合材料的制备方法有增强相法、混合相法、层压法等。
4.材料性能的测试方法包括：–机械性能的测试方法有拉伸试验、压缩试验、弯曲试验等。
–热性能的测试方法有热膨胀试验、热导率测试等。
–电学性能的测试方法有导电性测试、介电常数测试等。
–光学性能的测试方法有透光率测试、折射率测试等。
材料科学基础答案第二章答案
第二章答案2-1 略。
2-2 （1）一晶面在x、y、z轴上的截距分别为2a、3b、6c，求该晶面的晶面指数；（2）一晶面在x、y、z轴上的截距分别为a/3、b/2、c，求出该晶面的晶面指数。
答：（1）h:k:l==3:2:1,∴该晶面的晶面指数为（321）；（2）h:k:l=3:2:1，∴该晶面的晶面指数为（321）。
2-3 在立方晶系晶胞中画出下列晶面指数和晶向指数：（001）与[]，（111）与[]，（）与[111]，（）与[236]，（257）与[]，（123）与[]，（102），（），（），[110]，[]，[]答：（001）与[]为：2-4 定性描述晶体结构的参量有哪些？定量描述晶体结构的参量又有哪些？答：定性：对称轴、对称中心、晶系、点阵。
定量：晶胞参数。
2-5 依据结合力的本质不同，晶体中的键合作用分为哪几类？其特点是什么？答：晶体中的键合作用可分为离子键、共价键、金属键、范德华键和氢键。
离子键的特点是没有方向性和饱和性，结合力很大。
共价键的特点是具有方向性和饱和性，结合力也很大。
金属键是没有方向性和饱和性的的共价键，结合力是离子间的静电库仑力。
范德华键是通过分子力而产生的键合，分子力很弱。
氢键是两个电负性较大的原子相结合形成的键，具有饱和性。
2-6 等径球最紧密堆积的空隙有哪两种？一个球的周围有多少个四面体空隙、多少个八面体空隙？答：等径球最紧密堆积有六方和面心立方紧密堆积两种，一个球的周围有8个四面体空隙、6个八面体空隙。
2-7 n个等径球作最紧密堆积时可形成多少个四面体空隙、多少个八面体空隙？不等径球是如何进行堆积的？答：n个等径球作最紧密堆积时可形成n个八面体空隙、2n个四面体空隙。
不等径球体进行紧密堆积时，可以看成由大球按等径球体紧密堆积后，小球按其大小分别填充到其空隙中，稍大的小球填充八面体空隙，稍小的小球填充四面体空隙，形成不等径球体紧密堆积。
2-8 写出面心立方格子的单位平行六面体上所有结点的坐标。
《材料科学与工程基础》习题和思考题及答案
《材料科学与工程基础》习题和思考题及答案《材料科学与工程基础》习题和思考题及答案第二章2-1.按照能级写出N、O、Si、Fe、Cu、Br原子的电子排布（用方框图表示）。
2-2.的镁原子有13个中子，11.17%的镁原子有14个中子，试计算镁原子的原子量。
2-3.试计算N壳层内的最大电子数。
若K、L、M、N壳层中所有能级都被电子填满时，该原子的原子序数是多少？2-4.计算O壳层内的最大电子数。
并定出K、L、M、N、O壳层中所有能级都被电子填满时该原子的原子序数。
2-5.将离子键、共价键和金属键按有方向性和无方向性分类，简单说明理由。
2-6.按照杂化轨道理论，说明下列的键合形式：（1）CO2的分子键合（2）甲烷CH4的分子键合（3）乙烯C2H4的分子键合（4）水H2O的分子键合（5）苯环的分子键合（6）羰基中C、O间的原子键合2-7.影响离子化合物和共价化合物配位数的因素有那些？2-8.试解释表2-3-1中，原子键型与物性的关系？2-9.0℃时，水和冰的密度分别是1.0005 g/cm3和0.95g/cm3，如何解释这一现象？2-10.当CN=6时，K+离子的半径为0.133nm(a)当CN=4时，半径是多少？(b)CN=8时，半径是多少？2-11.(a)利用附录的资料算出一个金原子的质量？(b)每mm3的金有多少个原子？(c)根据金的密度，某颗含有1021个原子的金粒，体积是多少？(d)假设金原子是球形(rAu=0.1441nm),并忽略金原子之间的空隙，则1021个原子占多少体积？(e)这些金原子体积占总体积的多少百分比？2-12.一个CaO的立方体晶胞含有4个Ca2+离子和4个O2-离子，每边的边长是0.478nm，则CaO的密度是多少？2-13.硬球模式广泛的适用于金属原子和离子，但是为何不适用于分子？2-14.计算（a）面心立方金属的原子致密度；（b）面心立方化合物NaCl的离子致密度（离子半径rNa+=0.097，rCl-=0.181）；（C）由计算结果，可以引出什么结论？2-15.铁的单位晶胞为立方体，晶格常数a=0.287nm，请由铁的密度算出每个单位晶胞所含的原子个数。
顾宜《材料科学与工程基础》课后题答案
顾宜《材料科学与工程基础》课后题答案第一章：引言1.1 材料科学与工程基础的重要性材料科学与工程基础是现代工程领域不可或缺的一门基础课程。
它包括了材料科学与工程学科的基本原理和方法，为后续学习和研究提供了必要的基础知识。
材料是任何工程的基础，它在各个领域中都扮演着重要角色，如机械工程、电子工程、航空航天工程等。
因此，熟悉材料的结构、性质和应用对于工程师来说至关重要。
1.2 材料科学与工程基础的学习目标材料科学与工程基础的学习目标如下： - 理解材料的基本概念和分类方法； - 掌握材料制备、表征和性能分析的基本技术； - 理解不同材料的特性和应用； - 开发解决材料工程问题的能力。
第二章：晶体结构与晶体缺陷2.1 晶体的结构晶体是由原子、离子或分子按照一定的排列方式组成的长程有序固体结构。
晶体的结构可以通过晶体的晶胞来描述，晶胞是最小的重复单元。
2.2 晶体的缺陷晶体的缺陷指的是在晶体结构中存在的不完整或不规则的区域。
晶体的缺陷可以分为点缺陷、线缺陷和面缺陷三种类型。
点缺陷包括空位、插入原子和替代原子等。
线缺陷包括位错和脚位错。
面缺陷包括晶界和层错。
第三章：物理性能与力学性能3.1 物理性能物理性能是指材料的一些基本物理特性，如密度、热导率、电导率等。
物理性能的好坏对材料的应用和工程设计具有重要影响。
3.2 力学性能力学性能是指材料在力学作用下的表现。
常见的力学性能包括强度、硬度、韧性、可塑性等。
力学性能的好坏决定了材料在工程中的使用范围和耐久性。
第四章：金属材料4.1 金属的结构与特性金属是指电子云密度较大、以金属键连接的材料。
金属的结构特点是具有密堆结构和离域电子特性。
4.2 金属的物理性能与力学性能金属材料具有良好的导电性、导热性和延展性，对磨损和腐蚀有较好的抵抗能力。
金属材料的力学性能受材料的组织和处理方式的影响。
第五章：陶瓷材料与玻璃材料5.1 陶瓷材料的分类与特性陶瓷材料是以非金属元素为主要成分的材料，分为晶体陶瓷和非晶态陶瓷两大类。
武汉理工 材料科学基础 课后答案 第二章
第二章答案2-1略。
2-2（1）一晶面在x、y、z轴上的截距分别为2a、3b、6c，求该晶面的晶面指数；（2）一晶面在x、y、z轴上的截距分别为a/3、b/2、c，求出该晶面的晶面指数。
答：（1）h:k:l==3:2:1,∴该晶面的晶面指数为（321）；（2）h:k:l=3:2:1，∴该晶面的晶面指数为（321）。
2-3在立方晶系晶胞中画出下列晶面指数和晶向指数：（001）与[]，（111）与[]，（）与[111]，（）与[236]，（257）与[]，（123）与[]，（102），（），（），[110]，[]，[]答：2-4定性描述晶体结构的参量有哪些？定量描述晶体结构的参量又有哪些？答：定性：对称轴、对称中心、晶系、点阵。
定量：晶胞参数。
2-5依据结合力的本质不同，晶体中的键合作用分为哪几类？其特点是什么？答：晶体中的键合作用可分为离子键、共价键、金属键、范德华键和氢键。
离子键的特点是没有方向性和饱和性，结合力很大。
共价键的特点是具有方向性和饱和性，结合力也很大。
金属键是没有方向性和饱和性的的共价键，结合力是离子间的静电库仑力。
范德华键是通过分子力而产生的键合，分子力很弱。
氢键是两个电负性较大的原子相结合形成的键，具有饱和性。
2-6等径球最紧密堆积的空隙有哪两种？一个球的周围有多少个四面体空隙、多少个八面体空隙？答：等径球最紧密堆积有六方和面心立方紧密堆积两种，一个球的周围有8个四面体空隙、6个八面体空隙。
2-7n个等径球作最紧密堆积时可形成多少个四面体空隙、多少个八面体空隙？不等径球是如何进行堆积的？答：n个等径球作最紧密堆积时可形成n个八面体空隙、2n个四面体空隙。
不等径球体进行紧密堆积时，可以看成由大球按等径球体紧密堆积后，小球按其大小分别填充到其空隙中，稍大的小球填充八面体空隙，稍小的小球填充四面体空隙，形成不等径球体紧密堆积。
2-8写出面心立方格子的单位平行六面体上所有结点的坐标。
答：面心立方格子的单位平行六面体上所有结点为：（000）、（001）（100）（101）（110）（010）（011）（111）（0）（0）（0）（1）（1）（1）。
材料科学基础学习知识(武汉理工大学,张联盟版)课后习题集及其规范标准答案第二章
第二章答案2-1略。
2-2（1）一晶面在x、y、z轴上的截距分别为2a、3b、6c，求该晶面的晶面指数；（2）一晶面在x、y、z轴上的截距分别为a/3、b/2、c，求出该晶面的晶面指数。
答：（1）h:k:l==3:2:1,∴该晶面的晶面指数为（321）；（2）h:k:l=3:2:1，∴该晶面的晶面指数为（321）。
2-3在立方晶系晶胞中画出下列晶面指数和晶向指数：（001）与[]，（111）与[]，（）与[111]，（）与[236]，（257）与[]，（123）与[]，（102），（），（），[110]，[]，[]答：2-4定性描述晶体结构的参量有哪些？定量描述晶体结构的参量又有哪些？答：定性：对称轴、对称中心、晶系、点阵。
定量：晶胞参数。
2-5依据结合力的本质不同，晶体中的键合作用分为哪几类？其特点是什么？答：晶体中的键合作用可分为离子键、共价键、金属键、范德华键和氢键。
离子键的特点是没有方向性和饱和性，结合力很大。
共价键的特点是具有方向性和饱和性，结合力也很大。
金属键是没有方向性和饱和性的的共价键，结合力是离子间的静电库仑力。
范德华键是通过分子力而产生的键合，分子力很弱。
氢键是两个电负性较大的原子相结合形成的键，具有饱和性。
2-6等径球最紧密堆积的空隙有哪两种？一个球的周围有多少个四面体空隙、多少个八面体空隙？答：等径球最紧密堆积有六方和面心立方紧密堆积两种，一个球的周围有8个四面体空隙、6个八面体空隙。
2-7n个等径球作最紧密堆积时可形成多少个四面体空隙、多少个八面体空隙？不等径球是如何进行堆积的？答：n个等径球作最紧密堆积时可形成n个八面体空隙、2n个四面体空隙。
不等径球体进行紧密堆积时，可以看成由大球按等径球体紧密堆积后，小球按其大小分别填充到其空隙中，稍大的小球填充八面体空隙，稍小的小球填充四面体空隙，形成不等径球体紧密堆积。
2-8写出面心立方格子的单位平行六面体上所有结点的坐标。
答：面心立方格子的单位平行六面体上所有结点为：（000）、（001）（100）（101）（110）（010）（011）（111）（0）（0）（0）（1）（1）（1）。
“材料科学与工程基础”第二章习题 答案题目整合版要点
“材料科学与工程基础”第二章习题1. 铁的单位晶胞为立方体，晶格常数a=0.287nm ，请由铁的密度算出每个单位晶胞所含的原子数。
ρ铁＝7.8g/cm3 1mol 铁＝6.022×1023 个=55.85g所以， 7.8g/1(cm)3=(55.85/6.022×1023)X /(0.287×10-7)3cm3X ＝1.99≈2（个）2.在立方晶系单胞中，请画出：（a ）[100]方向和[211]方向，并求出他们的交角； （b ）（011）晶面和（111）晶面，并求出他们得夹角。
（c ）一平面与晶体两轴的截距a=0.5,b=0.75,并且与z 轴平行,求此晶面的密勒指数。
（a ）[2 1 1]和[1 0 0]之夹角θ＝arctg2=35.26。
或cos θ==， 35.26θ=（b ）cos θ==35.26θ= （c ） a=0.5 b=0.75 z = ∞倒数 2 4/3 0 取互质整数（3 2 0）3、请算出能进入fcc 银的填隙位置而不拥挤的最大原子半径。
室温下的原子半径R ＝1.444A 。
（见教材177页） 点阵常数a=4.086A最大间隙半径R’=（a-2R ）/2=0.598A4、碳在r-Fe （fcc ）中的最大固溶度为2.11﹪(重量百分数),已知碳占据r-Fe 中的八面体间隙,试计算出八面体间隙被C 原子占据的百分数。
在fcc 晶格的铁中，铁原子和八面体间隙比为1：1，铁的原子量为55.85，碳的原子量为12.01所以 （2.11×12.01）/(97.89×55.85)＝0.1002 即 碳占据八面体的10％。
5、由纤维和树脂组成的纤维增强复合材料，设纤维直径的尺寸是相同的。
请由计算最密堆棒的堆垛因子来确定能放入复合材料的纤维的最大体积分数。
见下图，纤维的最密堆积的圆棒，取一最小的单元，得，单元内包含一个圆（纤维）的面积。
《材料科学与工程基础》顾宜 第二章 课后答案
第二章习题及答案2-1．阐述原子质量和原子量的区别。
2-2．简要阐述四个量子数分别对应何种电子状态。
2-3.元素周期表中的所有VIIA 族元素的核外电子排布有何共同点？（1）各电子层最多容纳电子数为2n 2.（2）最外层不超过8个电子；次外层不超过18个电子；倒数第三层不超过32个电子.（3）核外电子总是先排布在能量最低的电子层内，排满后再一次向外排布.（4）电子排布总是遵循能量最低原理，泡利不相容原理，洪特定则.2-4.按照能级写出N、O、Si、Fe、Cu、Br 原子的电子排布（用方框图表示）。
223224Si1s22s22p63s23p2Fe1s22s22p63s23p63d8Cu1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1Br1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p52-5.按照能级写出Fe2+,Fe3+,Cu+,Ba2+,Br-,and S2-离子的电子排布。
（用方框图表示）。
同上题2-6.影响离子化合物和共价化合物配位数的因素有那些？中心离子类型、离子半径、配体大小、溶剂、配体多少、环境温度、PH、共价键数、原子的有效堆积。
2-7.将离子键、共价键和金属键按有方向性和无方向性分类，简单说明理由。
2-8.简要阐述离子键，共价键和金属键的区别。
2-9.阐述泡利不相容原理。
在原子中不能容纳运动状态完全相同的电子；同一个原子中,不可能有两个或两个以上的电子处在同一个状态；也可以说，不可能有两个或两个以上的电子具有完全相同的四个量子数。
2-10.判断以下元素的原子可能形成的共价键数目：锗，磷，锶和氯。
2-11.解释为什么共价键材料密度通常要小于离子键或金属键材料。
由于共价键具有严格的方向性和饱和性，一个特定原子的最邻近原子数是有限制的，并且只能在特定的方向进行键合。
所以共价键物质密度比金属键和离子键物质密度都要小.（共价键需按键长、键角要求堆垛，相对离子键、金属键较疏松）共价键的结合力较小，离子键结合力很大，形成的物质更致密。
《材料科学与工程基础》英文影印版习题及思考题及答案
《材料科学与工程基础》英文习题及思考题及答案第二章习题和思考题Questions and Problems2.6 Allowed values for the quantum numbers ofelectrons are as follows:The relationships between n and the shell designationsare noted in Table 2.1.Relative tothe subshells,l ＝0 corresponds to an s subshelll ＝1 corresponds to a p subshelll ＝2 corresponds to a d subshelll ＝3 corresponds to an f subshellFor the K shell, the four quantum numbersfor each of the two electrons in the 1s state, inthe order of nlmlms , are 100(1/2 ) and 100(-1/2 ).Write the four quantum numbers for allof the electrons inthe L and M shells, and notewhich correspond to the s, p, and d subshells.2.7 Give the electron configurations for the followingions: Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu+, Ba2+,Br-, andS2-.2.17 (a) Briefly cite the main differences betweenionic, covalent, and metallicbonding.(b) State the Pauli exclusion principle.2.18 Offer an explanation as to why covalently bonded materials are generally lessdense than ionically or metallically bonded ones.2.19 Compute the percents ionic character of the interatomic bonds for the followingcompounds: TiO2 , ZnTe, CsCl, InSb, and MgCl2 .2.21 Using Table 2.2, determine the number of covalent bonds that are possible foratoms of the following elements: germanium, phosphorus, selenium, and chlorine.2.24 On the basis of the hydrogen bond, explain the anomalous behavior of waterwhen it freezes. That is, why is there volume expansion upon solidification?3.1 What is the difference between atomic structure and crystal structure?3.2 What is the difference between a crystal structure and a crystal system?3.4Show for the body-centered cubic crystal structure that the unit cell edge lengtha and the atomic radius R are related through a =4R/√3.3.6 Show that the atomic packing factor for BCC is 0.68. .3.27* Show that the minimum cation-to-anion radius ratio for a coordinationnumber of 6 is 0.414. Hint: Use the NaCl crystal structure (Figure 3.5), and assume that anions and cations are just touching along cube edges and across face diagonals.3.48 Draw an orthorhombic unit cell, and within that cell a [121] direction and a(210) plane.3.50 Here are unit cells for two hypothetical metals:(a)What are the indices for the directions indicated by the two vectors in sketch(a)?(b) What are the indices for the two planes drawn in sketch (b)?3.51* Within a cubic unit cell, sketch the following directions:.3.53 Determine the indices for the directions shown in the following cubic unit cell:3.57 Determine the Miller indices for the planesshown in the following unit cell:3.58Determine the Miller indices for the planes shown in the following unit cell: 3.61* Sketch within a cubic unit cell the following planes:3.62 Sketch the atomic packing of (a) the (100)plane for the FCC crystal structure, and (b) the (111) plane for the BCC crystal structure (similar to Figures 3.24b and 3.25b).3.77 Explain why the properties of polycrystalline materials are most oftenisotropic.5.1 Calculate the fraction of atom sites that are vacant for lead at its meltingtemperature of 327_C. Assume an energy for vacancy formation of 0.55eV/atom.5.7 If cupric oxide (CuO) is exposed to reducing atmospheres at elevatedtemperatures, some of the Cu2_ ions will become Cu_.(a) Under these conditions, name one crystalline defect that you would expect toform in order to maintain charge neutrality.(b) How many Cu_ ions are required for the creation of each defect?5.8 Below, atomic radius, crystal structure, electronegativity, and the most commonvalence are tabulated, for several elements; for those that are nonmetals, only atomic radii are indicated.Which of these elements would you expect to form the following with copper:(a) A substitutional solid solution having complete solubility?(b) A substitutional solid solution of incomplete solubility?(c) An interstitial solid solution?5.9 For both FCC and BCC crystal structures, there are two different types ofinterstitial sites. In each case, one site is larger than the other, which site isnormally occupied by impurity atoms. For FCC, this larger one is located at the center of each edge of the unit cell; it is termed an octahedral interstitial site. On the other hand, with BCC the larger site type is found at 0, __, __ positions—that is, lying on _100_ faces, and situated midway between two unit cell edges on this face and one-quarter of the distance between the other two unit cell edges; it is termed a tetrahedral interstitial site. For both FCC and BCC crystalstructures, compute the radius r of an impurity atom that will just fit into one of these sites in terms of the atomic radius R of the host atom.5.10 (a) Suppose that Li2O is added as an impurity to CaO. If the Li_ substitutes forCa2_, what kind of vacancies would you expect to form? How many of thesevacancies are created for every Li_ added?(b) Suppose that CaCl2 is added as an impurity to CaO. If the Cl_ substitutes forO2_, what kind of vacancies would you expect to form? How many of thevacancies are created for every Cl_ added?5.28 Copper and platinum both have the FCC crystal structure and Cu forms asubstitutional solid solution for concentrations up to approximately 6 wt% Cu at room temperature. Compute the unit cell edge length for a 95 wt% Pt-5 wt% Cu alloy.5.29 Cite the relative Burgers vector–dislocation line orientations for edge, screw, andmixed dislocations.6.1 Briefly explain the difference between selfdiffusion and interdiffusion.6.3 (a) Compare interstitial and vacancy atomic mechanisms for diffusion.(b) Cite two reasons why interstitial diffusion is normally more rapid thanvacancy diffusion.6.4 Briefly explain the concept of steady state as it applies to diffusion.6.5 (a) Briefly explain the concept of a driving force.(b) What is the driving force for steadystate diffusion?6.6Compute the number of kilograms of hydrogen that pass per hour through a5-mm thick sheet of palladium having an area of 0.20 m2at 500℃. Assume a diffusion coefficient of 1.0×10- 8 m2/s, that the concentrations at the high- and low-pressure sides of the plate are 2.4 and 0.6 kg of hydrogen per cubic meter of palladium, and that steady-state conditions have been attained.6.7 A sheet of steel 1.5 mm thick has nitrogen atmospheres on both sides at 1200℃and is permitted to achieve a steady-state diffusion condition. The diffusion coefficient for nitrogen in steel at this temperature is 6×10-11m2/s, and the diffusion flux is found to be 1.2×10- 7kg/m2-s. Also, it is known that the concentration of nitrogen in the steel at the high-pressure surface is 4 kg/m3. How far into the sheet from this high-pressure side will the concentration be 2.0 kg/m3?Assume a linear concentration profile.6.24. Carbon is allowed to diffuse through a steel plate 15 mm thick. Theconcentrations of carbon at the two faces are 0.65 and 0.30 kg C/m3 Fe, whichare maintained constant. If the preexponential and activation energy are 6.2 _10_7 m2/s and 80,000 J/mol, respectively, compute the temperature at which the diffusion flux is 1.43 _ 10_9 kg/m2-s.6.25 The steady-state diffusion flux through a metal plate is 5.4_10_10 kg/m2-s at atemperature of 727_C (1000 K) and when the concentration gradient is _350kg/m4. Calculate the diffusion flux at 1027_C (1300 K) for the sameconcentration gradient and assuming an activation energy for diffusion of125,000 J/mol.10.2 What thermodynamic condition must be met for a state of equilibrium to exist? 10.4 What is the difference between the states of phase equilibrium and metastability?10.5 Cite the phases that are present and the phase compositions for the followingalloys:(a) 90 wt% Zn–10 wt% Cu at 400℃(b) 75 wt% Sn–25wt%Pb at 175℃(c) 55 wt% Ag–45 wt% Cu at 900℃(d) 30 wt% Pb–70 wt% Mg at 425℃(e) 2.12 kg Zn and 1.88 kg Cu at 500℃(f ) 37 lbm Pb and 6.5 lbm Mg at 400℃(g) 8.2 mol Ni and 4.3 mol Cu at 1250℃.(h) 4.5 mol Sn and 0.45 mol Pb at 200℃10.6 For an alloy of composition 74 wt% Zn–26 wt% Cu, cite the phases presentand their compositions at the following temperatures: 850℃, 750℃, 680℃, 600℃, and 500℃.10.7 Determine the relative amounts (in terms of mass fractions) of the phases forthe alloys and temperatures given inProblem 10.5.10.9 Determine the relative amounts (interms of volume fractions) of the phases forthe alloys and temperatures given inProblem 10.5a, b, and c. Below are given theapproximate densities of the various metalsat the alloy temperatures:10.18 Is it possible to have a copper–silveralloy that, at equilibrium, consists of a _ phase of composition 92 wt% Ag–8wt% Cu, and also a liquid phase of composition 76 wt% Ag–24 wt% Cu? If so, what will be the approximate temperature of the alloy? If this is not possible,explain why.10.20 A copper–nickel alloy of composition 70 wt% Ni–30 wt% Cu is slowly heatedfrom a temperature of 1300_C .(a) At what temperature does the first liquid phase form?(b) What is the composition of this liquid phase?(c) At what temperature does complete melting of the alloy occur?(d) What is the composition of the last solid remaining prior to completemelting?10.28 .Is it possible to have a copper–silver alloy of composition 50 wt% Ag–50 wt%Cu, which, at equilibrium, consists of _ and _ phases having mass fractions W_ _0.60 and W_ _ 0.40? If so, what will be the approximate temperature of the alloy?If such an alloy is not possible, explain why.10.30 At 700_C , what is the maximum solubility (a) of Cu in Ag? (b) Of Ag in Cu?第三章习题和思考题3.3If the atomic radius of aluminum is 0.143nm, calculate the volume of its unitcell in cubic meters.3.8 Iron has a BCC crystal structure, an atomic radius of 0.124 nm, and an atomicweight of 55.85 g/mol. Compute and compare its density with the experimental value found inside the front cover.3.9 Calculate the radius of an iridium atom given that Ir has an FCC crystal structure,a density of 22.4 g/cm3, and an atomic weight of 192.2 g/mol.3.13 Using atomic weight, crystal structure, and atomic radius data tabulated insidethe front cover, compute the theoretical densities of lead, chromium, copper, and cobalt, and then compare these values with the measured densities listed in this same table. The c/a ratio for cobalt is 1.623.3.15 Below are listed the atomic weight, density, and atomic radius for threehypothetical alloys. For each determine whether its crystal structure is FCC,BCC, or simple cubic and then justify your determination. A simple cubic unitcell is shown in Figure 3.40.3.21 This is a unit cell for a hypotheticalmetal:(a) To which crystal system doesthis unit cell belong?(b) What would this crystal structure be called?(c) Calculate the density of the material, given that its atomic weight is 141g/mol.3.25 For a ceramic compound, what are the two characteristics of the component ionsthat determine the crystal structure?3.29 On the basis of ionic charge and ionic radii, predict the crystal structures for thefollowing materials: (a) CsI, (b) NiO, (c) KI, and (d) NiS. Justify your selections.3.35 Magnesium oxide has the rock salt crystal structure and a density of 3.58 g/cm3.(a) Determine the unit cell edge length. (b) How does this result compare withthe edge length as determined from the radii in Table 3.4, assuming that theMg2_ and O2_ ions just touch each other along the edges?3.36 Compute the theoretical density of diamond given that the CUC distance andbond angle are 0.154 nm and 109.5°, respectively. How does this value compare with the measured density?3.38 Cadmium sulfide (CdS) has a cubic unit cell, and from x-ray diffraction data it isknown that the cell edge length is 0.582 nm. If the measured density is 4.82 g/cm3 , how many Cd 2+ and S 2—ions are there per unit cell?3.41 A hypothetical AX type of ceramic material is known to have a density of 2.65g/cm 3 and a unit cell of cubic symmetry with a cell edge length of 0.43 nm. The atomic weights of the A and X elements are 86.6 and 40.3 g/mol, respectively.On the basis of this information, which of the following crystal structures is (are) possible for this material: rock salt, cesium chloride, or zinc blende? Justify your choice(s).3.42 The unit cell for Mg Fe2O3 (MgO-Fe2O3) has cubic symmetry with a unit celledge length of 0.836 nm. If the density of this material is 4.52 g/cm 3 , compute its atomic packing factor. For this computation, you will need to use ionic radii listed in Table 3.4.3.44 Compute the atomic packing factor for the diamond cubic crystal structure(Figure 3.16). Assume that bonding atoms touch one another, that the angle between adjacent bonds is 109.5°, and that each atom internal to the unit cell is positioned a/4 of the distance away from the two nearest cell faces (a is the unit cell edge length).3.45 Compute the atomic packing factor for cesium chloride using the ionic radii inTable 3.4 and assuming that the ions touch along the cube diagonals.3.46 In terms of bonding, explain why silicate materials have relatively low densities.3.47 Determine the angle between covalent bonds in an SiO44—tetrahedron.3.63 For each of the following crystal structures, represent the indicated plane in themanner of Figures 3.24 and 3.25, showing both anions and cations: (a) (100)plane for the rock salt crystal structure, (b) (110) plane for the cesium chloride crystal structure, (c) (111) plane for the zinc blende crystal structure, and (d) (110) plane for the perovskite crystal structure.3.66 The zinc blende crystal structure is one that may be generated from close-packedplanes of anions.(a) Will the stacking sequence for this structure be FCC or HCP? Why?(b) Will cations fill tetrahedral or octahedral positions? Why?(c) What fraction of the positions will be occupied?3.81* The metal iridium has an FCC crystal structure. If the angle of diffraction forthe (220) set of planes occurs at 69.22°(first-order reflection) when monochromatic x-radiation having a wavelength of 0.1542 nm is used, compute(a) the interplanar spacing for this set of planes, and (b) the atomic radius for aniridium atom.4.10 What is the difference between configuration and conformation in relation topolymer chains? vinyl chloride).4.22 (a) Determine the ratio of butadiene to styrene mers in a copolymer having aweight-average molecular weight of 350,000 g/mol and weight-average degree of polymerization of 4425.(b) Which type(s) of copolymer(s) will this copolymer be, considering thefollowing possibilities: random, alternating, graft, and block? Why?4.23 Crosslinked copolymers consisting of 60 wt% ethylene and 40 wt% propylenemay have elastic properties similar to those for natural rubber. For a copolymer of this composition, determine the fraction of both mer types.4.25 (a) Compare the crystalline state in metals and polymers.(b) Compare thenoncrystalline state as it applies to polymers and ceramic glasses.4.26 Explain briefly why the tendency of a polymer to crystallize decreases withincreasing molecular weight.4.27* For each of the following pairs of polymers, do the following: (1) state whetheror not it is possible to determine if one polymer is more likely to crystallize than the other; (2) if it is possible, note which is the more likely and then cite reason(s) for your choice; and (3) if it is not possible to decide, then state why.(a) Linear and syndiotactic polyvinyl chloride; linear and isotactic polystyrene.(b) Network phenol-formaldehyde; linear and heavily crosslinked ci s-isoprene.(c) Linear polyethylene; lightly branched isotactic polypropylene.(d) Alternating poly(styrene-ethylene) copolymer; randompoly(vinylchloride-tetrafluoroethylene) copolymer.4.28 Compute the density of totally crystalline polyethylene. The orthorhombic unitcell for polyethylene is shown in Figure 4.10; also, the equivalent of two ethylene mer units is contained within each unit cell.5.11 What point defects are possible for MgO as an impurity in Al2O3? How manyMg 2+ ions must be added to form each of these defects?5.13 What is the composition, in weight percent, of an alloy that consists of 6 at% Pband 94 at% Sn?5.14 Calculate the composition, in weight per-cent, of an alloy that contains 218.0 kgtitanium, 14.6 kg of aluminum, and 9.7 kg of vanadium.5.23 Gold forms a substitutional solid solution with silver. Compute the number ofgold atoms per cubic centimeter for a silver-gold alloy that contains 10 wt% Au and 90 wt% Ag. The densities of pure gold and silver are 19.32 and 10.49 g/cm3 , respectively.8.53 In terms of molecular structure, explain why phenol-formaldehyde (Bakelite)will not be an elastomer.10.50 Compute the mass fractions of αferrite and cementite in pearlite. assumingthat pressure is held constant.10.52 (a) What is the distinction between hypoeutectoid and hypereutectoid steels?(b) In a hypoeutectoid steel, both eutectoid and proeutectoid ferrite exist. Explainthe difference between them. What will be the carbon concentration in each?10.56 Consider 1.0 kg of austenite containing 1.15 wt% C, cooled to below 727_C(a) What is the proeutectoid phase?(b) How many kilograms each of total ferrite and cementite form?(c) How many kilograms each of pearlite and the proeutectoid phase form?(d) Schematically sketch and label the resulting microstructure.10.60 The mass fractions of total ferrite and total cementite in an iron–carbon alloyare 0.88 and 0.12, respectively. Is this a hypoeutectoid or hypereutectoid alloy?Why?10.64 Is it possible to have an iron–carbon alloy for which the mass fractions of totalferrite and proeutectoid cementite are 0.846 and 0.049, respectively? Why orwhy not?第四章习题和思考题7.3 A specimen of aluminum having a rectangular cross section 10 mm _ 12.7 mmis pulled in tension with 35,500 N force, producing only elastic deformation. 7.5 A steel bar 100 mm long and having a square cross section 20 mm on an edge ispulled in tension with a load of 89,000 N , and experiences an elongation of 0.10 mm . Assuming that the deformation is entirely elastic, calculate the elasticmodulus of the steel.7.7 For a bronze alloy, the stress at which plastic deformation begins is 275 MPa ,and the modulus of elasticity is 115 Gpa .(a) What is the maximum load that may be applied to a specimen with across-sectional area of 325mm, without plastic deformation?(b) If the original specimen length is 115 mm , what is the maximum length towhich it may be stretched without causing plastic deformation?7.8 A cylindrical rod of copper (E _ 110 GPa, Stress (MPa) ) having a yield strengthof 240Mpa is to be subjected to a load of 6660 N. If the length of the rod is 380 mm, what must be the diameter to allow an elongation of 0.50 mm?7.9 Consider a cylindrical specimen of a steel alloy (Figure 7.33) 10mm in diameterand 75 mm long that is pulled in tension. Determine its elongation when a load of 23,500 N is applied.7.16 A cylindrical specimen of some alloy 8 mm in diameter is stressed elasticallyin tension. A force of 15,700 N produces a reduction in specimen diameter of 5 _ 10_3 mm. Compute Poisson’s ratio for this material if its modulus of elasticity is 140 GPa .7.17 A cylindrical specimen of a hypothetical metal alloy is stressed in compression.If its original and final diameters are 20.000 and 20.025 mm, respectively, and its final length is 74.96 mm, compute its original length if the deformation is totally elastic. The elastic and shear moduli for this alloy are 105 Gpa and 39.7 GPa,respectively.7.19 A brass alloy is known to have a yield strength of 275 MPa, a tensile strength of380 MPa, and an elastic modulus of 103 GPa . A cylindrical specimen of thisalloy 12.7 mm in diameter and 250 mm long is stressed in tension and found to elongate 7.6 mm . On the basis of the information given, is it possible tocompute the magnitude of the load that is necessary to produce this change inlength? If so, calculate the load. If not, explain why.7.20A cylindrical metal specimen 15.0mmin diameter and 150mm long is to besubjected to a tensile stress of 50 Mpa; at this stress level the resulting deformation will be totally elastic.(a)If the elongation must be less than 0.072mm,which of the metals in Tabla7.1are suitable candidates? Why ?(b)If, in addition, the maximum permissible diameter decrease is 2.3×10-3mm,which of the metals in Table 7.1may be used ? Why?7.22 Cite the primary differences between elastic, anelastic, and plastic deformationbehaviors.7.23 diameter of 10.0 mm is to be deformed using a tensile load of 27,500 N. It mustnot experience either plastic deformation or a diameter reduction of more than7.5×10-3 mm. Of the materials listed as follows, which are possible candidates?Justify your choice(s).7.24 A cylindrical rod 380 mm long, having a diameter of 10.0 mm, is to besubjected to a tensile load. If the rod is to experience neither plastic deformationnor an elongation of more than 0.9 mm when the applied load is 24,500 N,which of the four metals or alloys listed below are possible candidates?7.25 Figure 7.33 shows the tensile engineering stress–strain behavior for a steel alloy.(a) What is the modulus of elasticity?(b) What is the proportional limit?(c) What is the yield strength at a strain offset of 0.002?(d) What is the tensile strength?7.27 A load of 44,500 N is applied to a cylindrical specimen of steel (displaying thestress–strain behavior shown in Figure 7.33) that has a cross-sectional diameter of 10 mm .(a) Will the specimen experience elastic or plastic deformation? Why?(b) If the original specimen length is 500 mm), how much will it increase inlength when t his load is applied?7.29 A cylindrical specimen of aluminumhaving a diameter of 12.8 mm and a gaugelength of 50.800 mm is pulled in tension. Usethe load–elongation characteristics tabulatedbelow to complete problems a through f.(a)Plot the data as engineering stressversusengineering strain.(b) Compute the modulus of elasticity.(c) Determine the yield strength at astrainoffset of 0.002.(d) Determine the tensile strength of thisalloy.(e) What is the approximate ductility, in percent elongation?(f ) Compute the modulus of resilience.7.35 (a) Make a schematic plot showing the tensile true stress–strain behavior for atypical metal alloy.(b) Superimpose on this plot a schematic curve for the compressive truestress–strain behavior for the same alloy. Explain any difference between thiscurve and the one in part a.(c) Now superimpose a schematic curve for the compressive engineeringstress–strain behavior for this same alloy, and explain any difference between this curve and the one in part b.7.39 A tensile test is performed on a metal specimen, and it is found that a true plasticstrain of 0.20 is produced when a true stress of 575 MPa is applied; for the same metal, the value of K in Equation 7.19 is 860 MPa. Calculate the true strain that results from the application of a true stress of 600 Mpa.7.40 For some metal alloy, a true stress of 415 MPa produces a plastic true strain of0.475. How much will a specimen of this material elongate when a true stress of325 MPa is applied if the original length is 300 mm ? Assume a value of 0.25 for the strain-hardening exponent n.7.43 Find the toughness (or energy to cause fracture) for a metal that experiences bothelastic and plastic deformation. Assume Equation 7.5 for elastic deformation,that the modulus of elasticity is 172 GPa , and that elastic deformation terminates at a strain of 0.01. For plastic deformation, assume that the relationship between stress and strain is described by Equation 7.19, in which the values for K and n are 6900 Mpa and 0.30, respectively. Furthermore, plastic deformation occurs between strain values of 0.01 and 0.75, at which point fracture occurs.7.47 A steel specimen having a rectangular cross section of dimensions 19 mm×3.2mm (0.75in×0.125in.) has the stress–strain behavior shown in Figure 7.33. If this specimen is subjected to a tensile force of 33,400 N (7,500lbf ), then(a) Determine the elastic and plastic strain values.(b) If its original length is 460 mm (18 in.), what will be its final length after theload in part a is applied and then released?7.50 A three-point bending test was performed on an aluminum oxide specimenhaving a circular cross section of radius 3.5 mm; the specimen fractured at a load of 950 N when the distance between the support points was 50 mm . Another test is to be performed on a specimen of this same material, but one that has a square cross section of 12 mm length on each edge. At what load would you expect this specimen to fracture if the support point separation is 40 mm ?7.51 (a) A three-point transverse bending test is conducted on a cylindrical specimenof aluminum oxide having a reported flexural strength of 390 MPa . If the speci- men radius is 2.5 mm and the support point separation distance is 30 mm ,predict whether or not you would expect the specimen to fracture when a load of 620 N is applied. Justify your prediction.(b) Would you be 100% certain of the prediction in part a? Why or why not?7.57 When citing the ductility as percent elongation for semicrystalline polymers, it isnot necessary to specify the specimen gauge length, as is the case with metals.Why is this so?7.66 Using the data represented in Figure 7.31, specify equations relating tensilestrength and Brinell hardness for brass and nodular cast iron, similar toEquations 7.25a and 7.25b for steels.8.4 For each of edge, screw, and mixed dislocations, cite the relationship between thedirection of the applied shear stress and the direction of dislocation line motion.8.5 (a) Define a slip system.(b) Do all metals have the same slip system? Why or why not?8.7. One slip system for theBCCcrystal structure is _110__111_. In a manner similarto Figure 8.6b sketch a _110_-type plane for the BCC structure, representingatom positions with circles. Now, using arrows, indicate two different _111_ slip directions within this plane.8.15* List four major differences between deformation by twinning and deformationby slip relative to mechanism, conditions of occurrence, and final result.8.18 Describe in your own words the three strengthening mechanisms discussed inthis chapter (i.e., grain size reduction, solid solution strengthening, and strainhardening). Be sure to explain how dislocations are involved in each of thestrengthening techniques.8.19 (a) From the plot of yield strength versus (grain diameter)_1/2 for a 70 Cu–30 Zncartridge brass, Figure 8.15, determine values for the constants _0 and ky inEquation 8.5.(b) Now predict the yield strength of this alloy when the average grain diameteris 1.0 _ 10_3 mm.8.20. The lower yield point for an iron that has an average grain diameter of 5 _ 10_2mm is 135 MPa . At a grain diameter of 8 _ 10_3 mm, the yield point increases to 260MPa. At what grain diameter will the lower yield point be 205 Mpa ?8.24 (a) Show, for a tensile test, thatif there is no change in specimen volume during the deformation process (i.e., A0 l0 _Ad ld).(b) Using the result of part a, compute the percent cold work experienced bynaval brass (the stress–strain behavior of which is shown in Figure 7.12) when a stress of 400 MPa is applied.8.25 Two previously undeformed cylindrical specimens of an alloy are to be strainhardened by reducing their cross-sectional areas (while maintaining their circular cross sections). For one specimen, the initial and deformed radii are 16 mm and11 mm, respectively. The second specimen, with an initial radius of 12 mm, musthave the same deformed hardness as the first specimen; compute the secondspecimen’s radius after deformation.8.26 Two previously undeformed specimens of the same metal are to be plasticallydeformed by reducing their cross-sectional areas. One has a circular cross section, and the other is rectangular is to remain as such. Their original and deformeddimensions are as follows:Which of these specimens will be the hardest after plastic deformation, and why?8.27 A cylindrical specimen of cold-worked copper has a ductility (%EL) of 25%. Ifits coldworked radius is 10 mm (0.40 in.), what was its radius beforedeformation?8.28 (a) What is the approximate ductility (%EL) of a brass that has a yield strengthof 275 MPa ?(b) What is the approximate Brinell hardness of a 1040 steel having a yieldstrength of 690 MPa?8.41 In your own words, describe the mechanisms by which semicrystalline polymers(a) elasticallydeform and (b) plastically deform, and (c) by which elastomerselastically deform.8.42 Briefly explain how each of the following influences the tensile modulus of asemicrystallinepolymer and why:(a) molecular weight;(b) degree of crystallinity;(c) deformation by drawing;(d) annealing of an undeformed material;(e) annealing of a drawn material.8.43* Briefly explain how each of the following influences the tensile or yieldstrength of a semicrystalline polymer and why:(a) molecular weight;。
武汉理工大学 材料科学基础 第二章课后习题答案
解（1）
CaF2晶胞在（001）面上的投影图
（2）
CaF2（110）面上的离子排列简图
（3）正负离子半径之和
（4）[SiO4]四面体中心的Si4+离子可以部分地被Al3+离子所取代，取代后结构本身不发生太大变化，即所谓的同晶取代，但晶体的性质发生了很大的变化。这为材料的改性提供了可能。
硅酸盐的化学式表征方法主要有以下两种：
（1）氧化物表示法
将构成硅酸盐晶体的所有氧化物按一定的比例和顺序全部写出来，先是1价的碱金属氧化物，其次是2价、3价的金属氧化物，最后是SiO2
2-16氟化锂（LiF）为NaCl型结构，测得其密度为2.6g/cm3，根据此数据计算晶胞参数，并将此值与你从离子半径计算得到数值进行比较。
答：设晶胞的体积为V,相对原子质量为M,对于NaCl型结构来说，其n=4,
则晶胞体积 nm3
则晶胞参数： ,
根据离子半径计算：a=2(r++r-)=4.14nm∴ <a
故符合鲍林第二规则，又根据钙钛矿型结构知其配位多面体不存在共棱或共面的情况，结构情况也符合鲍林第四规则——不同配位体连接方式规则和鲍林第五规则——节约规则
所以钙钛矿结构遵守鲍林规则。
2-26硅酸盐晶体结构有何特点？怎样表征其学式？
答：硅酸盐晶体结构非常复杂，但不同的结构之间具有下面的共同特点：
组群状 1
2
2
2 双四面体
三节环
材料科学基础(武汉理工大学,张联盟版)课后习题及答案第二章
第二章答案2-1略。
2-2（1）一晶面在x、y、z轴上的截距分别为2a、3b、6c，求该晶面的晶面指数；（2）一晶面在x、y、z轴上的截距分别为a/3、b/2、c，求出该晶面的晶面指数。
答：（1）h:k:l==3:2:1,∴该晶面的晶面指数为（321）；（2）h:k:l=3:2:1，∴该晶面的晶面指数为（321）。
2-3在立方晶系晶胞中画出下列晶面指数和晶向指数：（001）与[]，（111）与[]，（）与[111]，（）与[236]，（257）与[]，（123）与[]，（102），（），（），[110]，[]，[]答：2-4定性描述晶体结构的参量有哪些？定量描述晶体结构的参量又有哪些？答：定性：对称轴、对称中心、晶系、点阵。
定量：晶胞参数。
2-5依据结合力的本质不同，晶体中的键合作用分为哪几类？其特点是什么？答：晶体中的键合作用可分为离子键、共价键、金属键、范德华键和氢键。
离子键的特点是没有方向性和饱和性，结合力很大。
共价键的特点是具有方向性和饱和性，结合力也很大。
金属键是没有方向性和饱和性的的共价键，结合力是离子间的静电库仑力。
范德华键是通过分子力而产生的键合，分子力很弱。
氢键是两个电负性较大的原子相结合形成的键，具有饱和性。
2-6等径球最紧密堆积的空隙有哪两种？一个球的周围有多少个四面体空隙、多少个八面体空隙？答：等径球最紧密堆积有六方和面心立方紧密堆积两种，一个球的周围有8个四面体空隙、6个八面体空隙。
2-7n个等径球作最紧密堆积时可形成多少个四面体空隙、多少个八面体空隙？不等径球是如何进行堆积的？答：n个等径球作最紧密堆积时可形成n个八面体空隙、2n个四面体空隙。
不等径球体进行紧密堆积时，可以看成由大球按等径球体紧密堆积后，小球按其大小分别填充到其空隙中，稍大的小球填充八面体空隙，稍小的小球填充四面体空隙，形成不等径球体紧密堆积。
2-8写出面心立方格子的单位平行六面体上所有结点的坐标。
答：面心立方格子的单位平行六面体上所有结点为：（000）、（001）（100）（101）（110）（010）（011）（111）（0）（0）（0）（1）（1）（1）。
“材料科学与工程基础”顾宜版第二章习题
“材料科学与工程基础”第二章习题1.铁的单位晶胞为立方体，晶格常数a=，请由铁的密度算出每个单位晶胞所含的原子数。
2.在立方晶系单胞中，请画出：（a）[100]方向和[211]方向，并求出他们的交角；（b）（011）晶面和（111）晶面，并求出他们得夹角。
（c）一平面与晶体两轴的截距a=,b=,并且与z轴平行,求此晶面的密勒指数。
3.请算出能进入fcc银的填隙位置而不拥挤的最大原子半径。
4.碳在r-Fe（fcc）中的最大固溶度为﹪(重量百分数),已知碳占据r-Fe中的八面体间隙,试计算出八面体间隙被C原子占据的百分数。
5.由纤维和树脂组成的纤维增强复合材料，设纤维直径的尺寸是相同的。
请由计算最密堆棒的堆垛因子来确定能放入复合材料的纤维的最大体积分数。
6.假设你发现一种材料，它们密排面以ABAC重复堆垛。
这种发现有意义吗？你能否计算这种新材料的原子堆垛因子?7.在FCC、HCP和BCC中最高密度面是哪些面？在这些面上哪些方向是最高密度方向？8.在铁中加入碳形成钢。
BCC结构的铁称铁素体，在912℃以下是稳定的，在这温度以上变成FCC结构，称之为奥氏体。
你预期哪一种结构能溶解更多碳?对你的答案作出解释。
9．试说明为何不能用描述宏观物质的运动方程来描述微观粒子的运动状态？描述微观粒子状态变化的基本方程是什么？10．设一能级的电子占据几率为1/4，另一能级为3/4，(1)分别计算两个能级的能量比费米能高出多少KT；(2)应用计算结果说明费米分布的特点。
11．何为能带？请用能带理论解释金属、绝缘体、半导体的电学性能。
12．试解释面心立方晶体和密排六方晶体结构不同、致密度相同的原因。
13．请解释名词：空间点阵、晶胞、晶系。
14. 试解释什么叫费米面和费米能。
15. 试分析晶体中的点缺陷是一种热力学平衡缺陷的原因。
16. 假设1%（质量分数）的B 加入Fe 中，a. B 以间隙还是置换杂质存在？b. 计算被B 原子占据的位置（不论是间隙或者是置换）的分数。
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“材料科学与工程基础”第二章习题1. 铁的单位晶胞为立方体，晶格常数a=0.287nm ，请由铁的密度算出每个单位晶胞所含的原子数。
ρ铁＝7.8g/cm3 1mol 铁＝6.022×1023 个=55.85g所以， 7.8g/1(cm)3=(55.85/6.022×1023)X /(0.287×10-7)3cm3X ＝1.99≈2（个）2.在立方晶系单胞中，请画出：（a ）[100]方向和[211]方向，并求出他们的交角； （b ）（011）晶面和（111）晶面，并求出他们得夹角。
（c ）一平面与晶体两轴的截距a=0.5,b=0.75,并且与z 轴平行,求此晶面的密勒指数。
（a ）[2 1 1]和[1 0 0]之夹角θ＝arctg2=35.26。
或cos θ==， 35.26θ=（b ）cos θ==35.26θ= （c ） a=0.5 b=0.75 z = ∞倒数 2 4/3 0 取互质整数（3 2 0）3、请算出能进入fcc 银的填隙位置而不拥挤的最大原子半径。
室温下的原子半径R ＝1.444A 。
（见教材177页） 点阵常数a=4.086A最大间隙半径R’=（a-2R ）/2=0.598A4、碳在r-Fe （fcc ）中的最大固溶度为2.11﹪(重量百分数),已知碳占据r-Fe 中的八面体间隙,试计算出八面体间隙被C 原子占据的百分数。
在fcc 晶格的铁中，铁原子和八面体间隙比为1：1，铁的原子量为55.85，碳的原子量为12.01所以 （2.11×12.01）/(97.89×55.85)＝0.1002 即 碳占据八面体的10％。
5、由纤维和树脂组成的纤维增强复合材料，设纤维直径的尺寸是相同的。
请由计算最密堆棒的堆垛因子来确定能放入复合材料的纤维的最大体积分数。
见下图，纤维的最密堆积的圆棒，取一最小的单元，得，单元内包含一个圆（纤维）的面积。
20.9064==。
即纤维的最大体积分数为90.64％。
6、假设你发现一种材料，它们密排面以ABAC 重复堆垛。
这种发现有意义吗？你能否计算这种新材料的原子堆垛因子?fcc 和hcp 密排面的堆积顺序分别是ABCABC……和ABAB…, 如果发现存在ABACABAC……堆积的晶体，那应该是一种新的结构，而堆积因子和fcc 和hcp 一样，为0.74。
7.在FCC、HCP和BCC中最高密度面是哪些面？在这些面上哪些方向是最高密度方向？密排面密排方向FCC {1 1 1)} <1 1 0>HCP (0 0 0 1) (1 1 2 0)BCC {1 1 0)} <1 1 1>8.在铁中加入碳形成钢。
BCC结构的铁称铁素体，在912℃以下是稳定的，在这温度以上变成FCC结构，称之为奥氏体。
你预期哪一种结构能溶解更多碳?对你的答案作出解释。
奥氏体比铁素体的溶碳量更大，原因是1、奥氏体为FCC结构，碳处于八面体间隙中，间隙尺寸大（0.414R）。
而铁素体为BCC结构，间隙尺寸小，四面体间隙0.291R，八面体间隙0.225R；2、FCC的间隙是对称的，BCC的间隙是非对称的，非对称的间隙产生的畸变能大；3、奥氏体的形成温度比铁素体高，固溶体温度高，溶碳量大；所以奥氏体的溶碳量比铁素体溶碳量大。
9．试说明为何不能用描述宏观物质的运动方程来描述微观粒子的运动状态？描述微观粒子状态变化的基本方程是什么？根据海森堡思维测不准原理，微观粒子由于具有玻粒两象性则对于经典力学中的一对共轭参量（如动量与位移，能量与时间），原则上不可能同时精确确定，而宏观物质的运动状态符合牛顿力学，原则上可以同时确定各个参量，描述微观粒子的运动状态是波函数，而波函数的变化需满足薛定谔方程。
10．设一能级的电子占据几率为1/4，另一能级为3/4，(1)分别计算两个能级的能量比费米能高出多少KT；(2)应用计算结果说明费米分布的特点。
由费米分布函数得：（1）1114FKTE Ee=+-得：ln3FE E KT KT-==3114FKTE Ee=+-得：ln3FE E KT KT-=-=-（2）以上的计算结果说明能量低于费米能（E F）KT的能级有1/4的电子发生了跃迁，而KT是平均势能，通常情况下势能KT（如室温）要比势能小两个数量级以上，可以在外场(如温度)的作用下，发生跃迁（跃过费米面）的电子需处于费米面附近的能级上，离费米面越远的能级发生跃迁的概率越低。
11．何为能带？请用能带理论解释金属、绝缘体、半导体的电学性能。
能带理论：当原子相互靠拢形成晶体时，原子的外层电子的能级发生了分裂和拓宽，形成准连续的能级。
由于这些外层电子在晶格中周期性的势场中运动，解电子运动状态波函数的薛定谔方程时，方程中的外势场U ≠0，由此解得，晶体中价电子得能带中存在着禁带和导带，这即是能带理论。
金属的能带结构：存在着两种情况，一是能带中存在着不完全价带，另一是能量重叠，这都使得金属具有导电性。
绝缘体的能带结构：能带结构中存在着宽的禁带，使价电子在外场作用下难以进入导带。
半导体的能带结构：能带结构中的禁带较窄，价电子在外场作用下能一定程度的进入导带，导电率介于导体和绝缘体之间。
12．试解释面心立方晶体和密排六方晶体结构不同、致密度相同的原因。
面心立方和密排六方晶体的堆垛都是最密排面（面配位数为6）的堆垛，层与层都堆垛在相互的凹槽当中，但是堆垛的顺序不同（分别为ABCABC…..和ABAB…），所以它们的致密度相同，结构不同。
13．请解释名词：空间点阵、晶胞、晶系空间点阵：是实际晶体结构的数字抽象，它概括晶体结构的周期性，空间点阵中的阵点（几何点）的周围环境是相同的，空间点阵有14种。
晶胞：晶胞是晶格中的最小基本单元，它反映了晶格排列的规律性和对称性，为一平行六面体。
晶系：根据晶胞中的点阵常数（a,b,c,α,β,γ）的相互关系，可以把晶格分为7大晶系。
14. 试解释什么叫费米面和费米能。
费米能：绝对零度时固体中电子所具有的最高能级，或者，在体积不变的条件下，系统增加一个电子所需的自由能。
费米面：在K空间中具有费米能的能级所处的面称为费米面。
15. 试分析晶体中的点缺陷是一种热力学平衡缺陷的原因。
根据热力学公式G H T S=-当晶体存在点缺陷时，系统的增加，也增加，点缺陷数量少时，每增加一个点缺陷，系统的内能增加一份（缺陷形成能），而熵值（混乱度）的增加较多，使得系统的自由能下降，随着晶体的缺陷数量的增加，焓近似的成线性增加，但是熵值的增加变缓，从而使得系统的自由能G H T S=-存在着一个最小值，这时所对应的晶体缺陷的数量即是平衡浓度。
16. 假设1%（质量分数）的B加入Fe中，a.B以间隙还是置换杂质存在？b.计算被B原子占据的位置（不论是间隙或者是置换）的分数。
c.若含B的Fe进行气体渗碳，这个过程会比在不含B的Fe中进行得快还是慢？请解释。
（a）B是小分子，它在铁的晶格中以间隙的形式存在。
（b）（1）若B占据α-Fe（bcc）中的八面体间隙位置，则bcc晶胞中有2个铁原子，6个八面体间隙，所以 1%/10.812(*)%1.74%99%/55.856= （2）若B 占据α-Fe （fcc ）中的八面体间隙位置，则1*55.851(*)% 5.22%99*10.811=（c ）当铁中的B 含量少时，少量的B 会使晶格产生畸变，系统能量升高，扩散系数D 增大，有利于渗碳时C 的扩散。
当铁中的B 趋向于饱和时，C 在铁中的溶解度大大下降（畸变能太大），即C 在铁中的溶剂和扩散的化学驱动力大大下降，不利于碳的扩散。
17. 在室温下SiO 2可以是玻璃也可以是晶态固体。
问在玻璃态的二氧化硅还是在晶态二氧化硅中扩散更快？为什么？玻璃态的二氧化硅系统自由能大于晶态的二氧化硅，所以玻璃态中的扩散系数更大些。
18. 何为位错？它有哪些类型？什么叫滑移？什么叫攀移？在什么情况下会发生滑移和攀移。
位错即是晶体中的线缺陷，基本类型有：刃位错，螺位错和混合位错。
滑移：晶体的一部分相对于另一部分在切应力作用下沿一定的晶面进行相对滑动。
滑移是位错在滑移面上移动并移出表面而实现的。
攀移：刃位错在正应力作用下垂直于滑移面的运动，滑移是位错在切应力作用下沿滑移面运动并移出晶体表面实现的，攀移是刃位错在正应力作用下垂直于滑移面的运动，攀移只有刃位错才能进行，并需借助于扩散才能攀移，所需的温度比位错的滑移要高。
19.是一个柏氏矢量为b的位错环， 在剪切应力的作用下，求：I)该位错环各段位错线的结构类型（位错线方向为顺时针方向）；II)指出其中刃型位错的半原子面位置；III ）在τ的作用下，该位错环在晶体中如何运动？运动结果如何？ IV) τ=0时，该位错线是否会稳定存在，为什么？答：Ⅰ.a 段为正刃，b 段为负刃，c 段为左螺，d 段为右螺。
Ⅱ.a 段半原子面在滑移面上方，b 段半原子面在滑移面下方。
Ⅲ.在切应力作用下，位错环沿着滑移面滑移，最终移出表面，在柏氏矢量方向产生一个柏氏矢量长度的台阶。
Ⅴ.切应力等于零时，该位错环在位错张力的作用下，存在一个指向位错环中心的收缩力，如果晶格阻力小于位错环的收缩力，位错环收缩变小。
晶格阻力如果为零，则位错环收缩为一点而消失。
20. 柏氏矢量的物理意义是什么？当一根位错线在什么条件下才能自发转变成另两根位错线？柏氏矢量的物理意义是反映了位错的畸变大小和方向，一根位错线自发转变成为两根位错线的条件是：矢量相等，能量下降。
（123b b b =+ ，123b b b +）。
21. 为什么间隙固溶体中的溶质扩散要比置换固溶体中的溶质扩散快得多？请解释之。
同隙固溶体溶质的扩散所需的激活能低（只要迁移能M H ）而置换固溶体溶质的扩散所需激活能较高（迁移能M H ＋空位形成能V H ），所以间隙固溶体溶质的扩散比置换的要快(0/RT D D e θ-=)。
22. 晶体在低温时的扩散以晶界扩散为主，高温时以体积扩散为主，试述理由。
由于扩散系数为0/RT D D e θ-=。
在低温时晶格的扩散系数很小（Q 大，T 小），晶界的扩散系数较大（Q 小，T 大）。
所以，低温时晶体扩散以晶界扩散为主，在高温时晶格的扩散系数D 大大增大（Q 比晶界的Q 大些，T 大），同时由于晶格的扩散路径比晶界要多得多，所以高温扩散以晶格扩散为主。
23.考察FCC 金属Cu ，其点阵常数a 为0.362nm 。
a. 计算这个材料最低能量的柏氏矢量的长度。
b. 以Cu 原子半径表达这一长度。
c. 在这种材料中，滑移发生在那个晶面族？(a) 最低能带的柏氏矢量即为晶格密排方向的原子间距，所以：2a 0.256nmb == (b) 2b R =(R 为Cu 的原子半径)。