芝加哥论文格式手册

芝加哥论文格式手册
《芝加哥论文格式手册》（Chicago Manual of Style）
16th edition
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part One: The Publishing Process
1 Books and Journals
2 Manuscript Preparation, Manuscript Editing, and Proofreading
3 Illustrations and Tables
4 Rights, Permissions, and Copyright AdministrationbyWilliam S. Strong
Part Two: Style and Usage
5 Grammar and UsagebyBryan A. Garner
6 Punctuation
7 Spelling, Distinctive Treatment of Words, and Compounds
8 Names and Terms
9 Numbers
10 Abbreviations
11 Foreign Languages
12 Mathematics in Type
13 Quotations and Dialogue
Part Three: Documentation
14 Documentation I: Notes and Bibliography
15 Documentation II: Author-Date References
16 Indexes
Appendix A: Production and Digital Technology Appendix B: Glossary
Bibliography
Index
Figures
1 Books and Journals
1.1 A typical copyright page
1.2 Copyright notice of a second edition 1.3 The copyright page of a translation
1.4 A copyright page acknowledging earlier publication of certain chapters
1.5 Table of contents showing front matter, introduction, parts, chapters, back matter, and location of photo gallery
1.6 Partial list of illustrations, with subheads for figures and tables
1.7 Partial list of illustrations showing numbers, titles, and placement of unpaginated plates
1.8 A list of abbreviations
1.9 Opening page of a chronology
1.10 Partial list of contributors to an edited collection
1.11 Table of contents for an issue of an online scholarly journal
2 Manuscript Preparation, Manuscript Editing, and Proofreading
2.1 Sample design and production schedule for a printed book
2.2 Sample production schedule for a quarterly journal published in both print and electronic forms
2.3 Manuscript editor’s style sheet
2.4 A manuscript page illustrating the principles of on-screen revision marks (redlining) and author queries
2.5 An example of a hand-marked manuscript page
2.6 Proofreaders’ marks
2.7 Marked proofs
3 Illustrations and Tables
3.1 A halftone image of an original photo 3.2 Detail of figure 3.1 showing the halftone dot pattern
3.3 A line drawing with descriptive labels 3.4 A line drawing with figure number and caption
3.5 A musical example
3.6 A figure consisting of a photograph and
a line drawing
3.7 Another composite figure, whose parts are identified in the caption
3.8 A bar chart (also called a bar graph) 3.9 A graph with symbols identified in the caption
3.10 A genealogical chart
3.11 A four-column table with three column headings, three stub entries, and nine data cells
3.12 A four-column table with two levels of stub entries
3.13 A four-column table with a spanner head across the second and third columns
3.14 A four-column table with two cut-in heads across three columns
3.15 A four-column table with Total appearing in italics
3.16 An eleven-column table with three levels of column heads
3.17 A seven-column matrix
3.18 An eight-column matrix
3.19 A three-column table with no stub entries
3.20 A three-column table in which values are aligned on the decimal point except for N values
3.21 A five-column table with subtotals and
total
3.22 A four-column table with notes on significance, or probability, levels (p)
3.23 A three-column table doubled into two columns
3.24 An eight-column table with numbers replacing column heads to reduce width
3.25 A six-column table with repeated column heads and “continued” indication following a page break
4 Rights, Permissions, and Copyright Administration
4.1 Agreement, or consent, for publication of an article or a chapter commissioned as a contribution to a collective work
4.2 Agreement for publication of a journal article
4.3 Suggestions for a letter seeking permission to reprint material in a scholarly book
12 Mathematics in Type
12.1 An example of typewritten and
hand-marked mathematical copy
12.2 The page of manuscript shown in figure 12.1 set in type
12.3 LaTeX source listing that would generate a portion of the mathematical copy shown in figure 12.2
14 Documentation I: Notes and Bibliography 14.1 A page of text with footnotes
14.2 A page of endnotes
14.3 Chapter endnotes (first page)
14.4 Translator’s footnote referenced by an asterisk, fol lowed by author’s numbered notes 14.5 Footnotes keyed to line numbers
14.6 Endnotes keyed to page numbers 14.7 A short list of abbreviations preceding endnotes
14.8 The first page of a bibliography for a book
14.9 The opening page of a bibliography divided into sections
14.10 Part of the first section of an annotated bibliography
14.11 Part of the first section of a bibliographic essay
14.12 The first page of a discography
15 Documentation II: Author-Date References 15.1 Part of a reference list for a journal article in the social sciences
15.2 A sample of text with both parenthetical text citations and a footnote
16 Indexes
16.1 Sample page of proof, marked up for indexing
Appendix AProduction and Digital Technology A.1 An example of XML markup in a graphical interface
A.2 Another view of figure A.1, showing the XML markup as plain text
A.3 Sample set of rules for composition and page makeup
A.4 Sample design specifications for a book A.5 A simplified XML workflow
A.6 Principle of offset printing
A.7 A sheet consisting of sixteen printed
pages
A.8 Two methods of sewing used in binding A.9 Three methods of adhesive binding
Tables
6 Punctuation
6.1 Punctuation relative to closing quotation marks and parentheses or brackets
9 Numbers
9.1 Roman and arabic numerals
11 Foreign Languages
11.1 Special characters (and Unicode numbers) for languages using the Latin alphabet 11.2 Special characters (and Unicode numbers) for transliterated Arabic, Hebrew, Japanese, and South Asian languages
11.3 Russian alphabet (and Unicode numbers) and romanization
11.4 Greek alphabet (and Unicode numbers) and romanization
11.5 Greek numerals
12 Mathematics in Type
12.1 Common mathematical signs and symbols (with Unicode numbers and LaTeX commands)
12.2 Standard abbreviated notations in mathematical copy
12.3 Statistical notation
12.4 Potentially ambiguous mathematical symbols
Index
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A
References are to paragraph numbers except where specified as table, figure (fig.), or page number (p.). Page numbers in the online edition link directly to terms in the glossary (appendix B).
a and an
abbreviations and, 7.44, 10.9
acronyms and, 10.9
appropriate use of, 5.72, 5.220, 7.44
coordinate nouns and, 5.73
disregarded in alphabetizing, 14.67, 16.51–52, 16.56, 16.68, 16.88
as indefinite articles, 5.68, 5.70–71
meaning affected by, 5.73–74, 5.76
in proper names, 16.88
in titles, 14.67, 16.51–52, 16.56
when to drop from titles in running text, 8.167–68
which to use, a vs. an, 5.72
See also articles (definite and indefinite)
AAs (author’s alterations), 2.67, 2.131–32, p. 891 abbreviations, general, 10.1
a, an, or the, which to use, 7.44, 10.9 alphabetizing of, 1.43, 14.55, 16.64, 16.93, fig. 1.8, fig. 14.7
chart labels, 3.43–44
commas with: academic and professional
designations, 10.4, 10.16, 10.20–21; addresses, mailing, 6.46, 10.28, 10.30; e.g. and i.e., 5.220; etc. and et al., 6.20; Inc., Ltd., and such, 6.48; Jr., Sr., and such, 6.47
compound, 6.80
definitions and uses, 10.2–3
after first occurrence of spelled-out version, 1.43, 10.24
frequently cited works, 13.65, 14.54–55, fig. 14.7 indexing of: acronyms, 16.46, 16.49, 16.64; periodical titles, 16.49
journal titles, 14.179, 15.13, 15.44, 16.49
lists of: alphabetizing, 1.43, 14.55, 16.64, fig. 1.8, fig. 14.7; cross-checking, 2.29; format and placement, 1.43, 2.21, fig. 1.8; for frequently cited works, 13.65, 14.54–55, fig. 14.7
numbers with, 9.16–17
plurals of, 7.14
publication details, 1.21
punctuation with: ampersands, 6.21, 10.10; commas (see under commas with, above); hyphens vs. en dashes for compound, 6.80;
periods with or not, 10.4; slashes, 6.107; surrounding text and, 6.117
short title compared with, 14.54
spelled out: capitals vs. lowercase, 10.6; guidance on, 10.3; marking manuscript for, 2.90; marking proofs for, 2.126
typographic considerations: capitals vs. lowercase, 10.6; italic vs. roman type, 10.7; line breaks, 7.40; small vs. full-size capitals, 10.8, 10.24, 10.39, 10.42; space or no space, 10.5
word division, 7.40
See also acronyms; contractions; initialisms abbreviations, specific
Bible: books, Apocrypha, 10.49; books, New Testament, 10.50; books, Old Testament, 10.48; books, citing in text and notes, 10.46; resources on, 10.45; sections and versions of, 10.51; short forms, 10.47
binary systems, 9.11
business and commerce, 10.22–23, 10.72
in documentation of: classical references, 14.258–59, 14.264, 14.266; dictionary and
encyclopedia entries, 14.247–48; editor, translator, and such, 15.6, 15.15; English poems and plays (short forms), 14.268; frequently cited works, 13.65, 14.54–55, fig. 14.7; journal titles, 14.179, 15.13, 15.44; legal-style citations (see below); organization names, 15.36; publishers’ names, 14.139–40
file formats (e.g., HTTP), 7.76
genus, subspecies, and such, 8.120–23 geographical terms: avenue, street, and such, 10.34; Canadian provinces and territories, 10.29; city plus state, comma with, 10.30; compass points, 10.35–36; country names, 10.32; latitude and longitude, 10.37; place-names with Fort, Saint, and such, 10.31; US, when to use, 10.33; US states and territories, 10.4, 10.28
legal-style citations, 14.286; cases and court decisions, 14.288–91, 14.306; constitutions, 14.292
mathematical expressions, 12.17, 12.63, table 12.2
names and titles: academic and professional
designations, 10.4, 10.16, 10.20–21; agencies and organizations, 10.24–25; author names, 1.18; civil titles, 10.13–14; firms and companies, 10.22–23; given names, 10.11; initials, 10.12; military, 10.15; Rev. and Hon., 10.18; Saint, St., and such, 10.26–27, 10.31, 11.29, 16.75, 16.90, 16.93; social, 10.16–17
page, volume, and such, 14.157
Rev. and Hon., 10.18
scholarly words, 10.43
scientific and technical: astronomical and astrophysical, 10.64–65; chemical elements, 10.66; latitude and longitude, 10.37; miscellaneous technical, list of, 10.52; periods omitted, 10.4; resources, 10.1; SI units, 10.52, 10.54–62; statistics, 10.53; US measurements, 10.67–71
states and territories (US), 10.4, 10.28
stub column of tables, 3.60
time designations: a.m. and p.m., 9.38–40, 10.42; chronology systems, 9.35, 9.63, 10.39; days of the week, 10.41; months, 10.40; numerical, 9.31,
9.34, 9.36, 9.38–41; time of day, 10.42; units (seconds, minutes, etc.), 10.71
time zones, 8.89, 10.42
See also postal codes; and under specific abbreviations (e.g., Jr. [“Junior”]) abridgements
copyright issues, 4.14, 4.69
editing materials from, 2.58
abstractions, 8.36, 8.93
abstracts
copyright issues and, 4.60
description, 1.88, 1.90
documentation of, 14.197
hyperlinks to, 1.83, fig. 1.11
submitted with manuscript, 2.3
academic concerns
course names, 8.85
degrees and affiliations: abbreviations, 10.4, 10.16, 10.20–21; of author, 1.49, 1.88, 1.94; capitalization, 8.28, 10.20–21; in contributors’ list, 1.62, fig. 1.10; indexing of, 16.40; omitted in documentation of works, 14.72; use of, 1.18, 1.20
honors and awards, 8.30, 8.82
institutions and departments: capitalization, 8.67, 8.84; in documentation of dissertations, theses, lectures, and such, 14.224, 14.226; place-names with, 6.46, 6.81; special imprints of, 14.146 (see also institutions; universities)
letter grades, 7.60
student status terms, 8.28
subjects and disciplines: authorities in specific, 8.118; specific course names, 8.85; spellings peculiar to, 7.2; treatment of names, 8.84–85 titles and offices, 8.27, 8.29
See also lectures and lecture series; universities accents. See diacritical marks; special characters
access dates
online journal articles, 14.7, 14.185
online legal and public documents, 14.282 online reference works, 14.248
undated online documents, 15.51 acknowledgments
on copyright page, 1.19, 1.30–31, fig. 1.1, figs.
1.3–4
of data sources, 3.75
of grants and subventions, 1.19, 1.31, 1.40, fig.
1.1
illustration credits in, 3.29
in journals, 1.85, 1.88
material appropriate for, 1.42
and indexing, 16.109
of permissions, 4.98–99
in preface, 1.40
references to, 8.177
separate section for, 1.41
in table notes, 3.75
in unnumbered notes, 14.50
acronyms
a, an, or the, which to use, 7.44, 10.9 capitalization of, 10.6
definition and use, 10.2, 10.14
disease and medical terms, 8.143
indexing of, 16.46, 16.49, 16.64
journal titles, 14.179, 15.13, 15.44, 16.49
small vs. full-size capitals for, 10.8, 10.24
space omitted in, 10.5
See also abbreviations; initialisms
active voice, 5.18, 5.104, 5.115, 5.188
acts and treaties
documentation of, 14.287, 14.302
treatment in text, 8.65, 8.79–80
See also legal documents; public documents
AD (anno Domini), and such, 9.35, 9.63, 10.39 additions and insertions
marking manuscript for, 2.91–92
marking proofs for, 2.122, 2.124, fig. 2.6 stetting or reversal of, 2.127
address, spoken. See dialogue; direct address; speech; speeches
addresses, e-mail, 14.11
hyperlinks to, 1.114
hyphenation issues, 6.77
line breaks in, 7.42
punctuation of, 6.8
See also addresses, mailing; URLs (uniform resource locators)
addresses, mailing
abbreviations: avenue, street, and such, 10.34; city plus state, comma with, 10.30; compass points, 10.35; provinces and territories (Canada), 10.29; states and territories (US), 10.28 compass points in, 10.35
numbers in, 9.51–53
publishers’, 1.18–19, 1.21
treatment in text, 6.46, 10.28, 10.30
See also addresses, e-mail; compass points and directions; geographical terminology adjectives, 5.66–94
adverbs compared with, 5.156
articles as limiting adjectives: articles defined, 5.68; a vs. an, 5.72; coordinate nouns with, 5.73; definite, 5.69, 5.73; indefinite, 5.70–71; meaning affected by, 5.73–74, 5.76; omitted, 5.76; as pronoun substitute, 5.77; zero (implicit), 5.75 avoiding biases in uses, 5.230
coinage of, 8.59
compound, 6.80
dates as, 5.82
definitions, 5.66
degrees: comparative, 5.84, 5.86; equal and unequal comparisons, 5.87; positive or absolute, 5.83; superlative, 5.85–86; uncomparable, 5.88 derivations: from legislative bodies, 8.61; from place-names (e.g., Californian), 5.67, 8.44; from proper names, 8.59–60
ethnic and national group names with, 8.37 functional variations of, 5.92–94
idiomatic uses, 5.75
infinitives as, 5.105
as interjections, 5.210
irregular, 5.86
nouns as/as nouns, 5.22, 5.25, 5.92, 5.226, 7.25 participles and participial phrases as, 5.89, 5.109 position: basic rules, 5.78; dates and, 5.82; meaning affected by, 5.74, 5.76; when modifying pronoun, 5.80; after possessive pronoun, 5.79; predicate, 5.78, 5.81
predicate, 5.78, 5.81
prepositional phrase as, 5.173, 5.175 pronominal, 5.65
pronouns and, 5.29, 5.47, 5.65, 5.77, 5.79–80
proper, 5.67
punctuation: commas, 5.90, 6.33–34; dates in text, 5.82; hyphenation, 5.91, 6.80
repeated, 6.34
sex-specific labels as, 5.226
special types: coordinate, 5.90, 6.33; participial, 5.89, 5.109; phrasal (compound modifier), 5.78, 5.91, 7.81
as verbs, 5.93
administrative bodies, 8.62, 11.8. See also business and commerce; governmental entities; institutions; organizations
adverbs, 5.153–68
adjectives compared with, 5.156
as conjunctions, 5.202
definition, 5.153
degrees: comparative, 5.160; intensifiers, 5.164; irregular, 5.162; positive, 5.159; superlative, 5.161; uncomparable, 5.163
flat, 5.157
formation of, 5.154–55
infinitives as, 5.105
as interjections, 5.210
introductory phrases, 6.36
-ly ending, 5.91, 5.154, 5.160–61, 5.167, 7.82 nouns as, 5.24–25, 5.154
participial phrases as, 5.109
phrasal and compound, 5.158, 6.36, 7.82 position: intransitive verbs modified by, 5.166; linking verbs and, 5.167; meaning affected by, 5.165; placement considerations, 5.165; in verb phrases, 5.168
prepositional phrases: as, 5.173, 5.175; compared with, 5.100, 5.156, 5.180; replaced by, 5.186
punctuation with, 6.25, 6.36, 6.55
simple, 5.157
suffixes, 5.154–55
transitional (however, therefore, and such), 5.207, 6.25, 6.55
verb phrases modified by, 5.102
See also infinitives; participles and participial phrases
advertisements in journals, 1.72, 1.78, 1.82
African languages, 11.14–15. See also Arabic language
afterwords, 1.26, 1.52, 14.91, 14.116
agents, literary, 4.18
age terms, hyphenation guide, 7.85
ah, 6.37
AH (anno Hegirae), and such, 9.35, 9.63, 10.39 aircraft, 8.2, 8.115–16. See also vehicles and vessels
a.k.a., 10.72
Albanian language, 11.16–17
alignment
checking facing pages for, 2.114
marking proofs for, 2.124
of subscripts and superscripts, 12.21–22, 12.38 tables: cells, 3.68–72, figs. 3.19–21; decimal points, 3.70, 3.84, fig. 3.13, figs. 3.15–16, fig. 3.20 See also lists; margins; tables
all rights reserved, 1.19, 1.22, 4.40, figs. 1.1–4 alphabetizing, 16.56, 16.62–67
abbreviations and abbreviations lists, 1.43, 14.55, 16.64, 16.93, fig. 1.8, fig. 14.7
accented letters (diacritical marks and special characters), 16.29, 16.67
bibliographies, 2.60, 14.57, 14.60–62, 14.64–65, 14.67, fig. 14.8
business names, 16.88–89
compound words, 16.59–60, 16.72, 16.84 computerized sorting options, 16.5, 16.57, 16.104, 16.123
cross-references, 16.17, 16.20
dates, 16.65
elements to disregard in, 14.67, 16.48, 16.51–52, 16.56, 16.68, 16.88, 16.91
foreign words, 16.67
glossaries, 1.60
indexes: main headings, 16.56; subentries, 16.68 letter-by-letter: basics of, 16.58–59; bibliographies, example of, 14.60; word-by-word compared, 16.61, 16.123
names: abbreviations and acronyms, 16.64; basic rules, 16.71–76; compound, 16.72; foreign, 16.67, 16.76–87; initials vs. spelled-out, 16.63, 16.79; list of contributors, 1.62, fig. 1.10; Mac or
Mc with, 16.73; monarchs, popes, and such, 16.37; nobility, titles, and such, 16.38, 16.66; numerals in (e.g., Henry III), 16.66; O’ with, 16.74; with particles, 16.71, 16.84; personal, as corporate names, 16.89; Saint, St., and such, 16.75, 16.93; same, of person, place, and thing, 16.62
names, foreign personal, 16.76–87; Arabic, 16.76; Asian, generally, 16.87; Burmese, 16.77; Chinese, 16.78; Hungarian, 16.79; Indian, 16.80; Indonesian, 16.81; Japanese, 16.82; Portuguese, 16.83; Spanish, 16.84; Thai, 16.85; Vietnamese, 16.86
numerals, 16.65–66
organization names, 16.46, 16.88–89
place-names, 16.90–93
punctuation and, 16.59–61
reference lists, 2.60, 14.61–62, 15.11, fig. 15.1 titles of nobility and such, 16.66
titles of works, 16.48–49, 16.51–52, 16.56
word-by-word: basics of, 16.58, 16.60; bibliographies, example of, 14.60;
letter-by-letter compared, 16.61, 16.123 alphabets
character sets for Latin, 11.12, table 11.1 character sets for non-Latin, 11.92, 11.110, tables 11.2–11.4
dictionary tables of, 11.96, 11.111
in mathematical expressions, 12.12 modernizing archaic letters, 13.7
proofreading copy in non-Latin, 11.92
See also Arabic language; Cyrillic alphabet; Greek language; Hebrew language; International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA); Latin alphabet; letters (alphabet); transliteration; Unicode standard; and names of other languages
alterations
author’s (AAs), 2.67, 2.131–32, p. 891 definition, p. 891
designer’s (DAs), 2.131, p. 894
editor’s (EAs), 2.131–32, p. 894
printer’s errors (PEs) and, 2.131, p. 900
a.m. and p.m., 9.38–40, 10.42
American Indians, 7.9, 8.37
American Medical Association (AMA), 10.7, 14.3, 14.76
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 1.34, A.44
American Psychological Association (APA), 3.46, 3.78, 14.3
American Sign Language (ASL), 11.144–54 Deaf and deaf, 8.42
fingerspelling in, 6.77, 11.149
resources on, 11.146
signed languages, defined, 11.144
signs: components of, 11.145; compound, 11.148; glosses of, 11.147–54; handshapes, 11.151; lexicalized, 11.150; nonmanual, 11.154; pronouns, possessives, and reference, 11.153 transcriptions and writing of, 11.146–54 American Society for Indexing (ASI), 16.104 ampersands
changed to and, 8.163
in company names, 10.23
initialisms with, 10.10
in Old and Middle English, 11.143
in publishers’ names, 14.141
serial comma omitted before, 6.21
spacing with, 10.10
in URLs and e-mail addresses, 7.42
See also and; conjunctions
and
ampersand changed to, 8.163
appropriate use of, 5.220
between with, 6.78, 9.59
both with, 5.195, 5.214
coordinate adjectives separated by, 5.90
in generic cross-references of indexes, 16.23
or with, 5.220
pronoun and antecedent with, 5.32–34
in publisher’s name, 14.141
punctuation with, 6.18, 6.28–29
sentences beginning with, 5.206
serial commas and, 6.18–19
slash instead of, 6.104
two or more authors (or editors) in documentation, 14.76
See also ampersands; conjunctions
and if, 6.32
and/or, 5.220
and other stories, 14.100
and so forth or and the like, 6.20, 11.35
angle brackets
in generic markup, 2.15, 2.27, 2.78
for less than and more than, 3.81
in mathematical expressions, 6.102, 12.26, 12.28, 12.31, 12.55, 12.58
with URLs, 6.8, 14.11
in XML, 6.102, fig. A.2
See also brackets
animals
domestic breeds, 8.128
scientific names: authorities on, 8.118; author names in, 8.123; divisions higher than genus, 8.125; English derivatives from taxonomic system, 8.126; genus, species, and subspecies, 8.119–21; unspecified species and varieties, 8.122
vernacular names, 8.127–29
See also scientific and technical terminology animations, 1.100, 2.4. See also audiovisual materials
Annals of the Congress of the United States, 14.299
annotated bibliographies, 14.59, fig. 14.10 annotations
as copyrightable, 4.5
excessive, 2.59, 14.51–55
See also documentation; notes announcements in journals, 1.83, 1.85, 1.93 anonymity of research subjects, 13.47 anonymous works
abbreviation of anonymous, 10.43
copyright of, 4.24
documentation of: known authorship, 14.80, 15.33; unattributed interviews, 14.220; unknown authorship, 14.79, 15.32
use of anonymous, 14.79
ANSI (American National Standards Institute), 1.34
anthologies
author-and-title index of, 16.6
as collective works, 4.8
copyright issues and, 4.55, 4.60, 4.90
editorial additions bracketed in, 6.97
material copyrightable in, 4.5
permissions and fees for, 4.101
unnumbered source notes in, 3.31, 14.49
See also collected works; compilations; derivative works; previously published materials
aphorisms. See figures of speech; maxims Apocrypha
abbreviations of books, 10.49
capitalization, 8.105
See also Bible
apostrophes, 6.113–15
in foreign languages: African languages, 11.15; Chinese, 11.104; French, 11.38; German, 11.43; Hebrew, 11.113; Italian, 11.53, 11.57–58; Japanese, 11.107
and manuscript cleanup, 2.77
marking on manuscript, 2.91
marking on proofs, 2.129
other punctuation with: generally, 6.115; periods or commas, 6.115; single closing quotation mark, 6.9
in plurals: abbreviations, 7.14; letters as letters, 7.14, 7.59–61; noun coinages, 7.13; proper nouns, 7.8; words in quotation marks, 7.12
in possessives: basic use, 5.50; compounds, 7.23; for . . . sake expressions, 7.20; general rule, 7.15; genitive case, 7.24; gerunds, 7.26; italicized or quoted words, 7.28; nouns, proper, 7.16–18; nouns ending in eez sound, 7.18; nouns plural in form, singular in meaning, 7.19; nouns used attributively, 7.25; of, 7.27; two nouns as unit, 7.22; words ending in unpronounced s, 7.17 “smart,” 6.114, 7.29
uses, other, 6.113; abbreviated decades (e.g., ’70s), 9.34; abbreviated years, 9.31; contractions, 7.29; hamza vs., 11.97; inappropriate, 5.47, 5.50, 6.114, 7.60; nouns, genitive, 5.12, 5.19–20
appendixes
chronologies as, 1.58, fig. 1.9
content and format of, 1.57
figures or illustrations in, numbering of, 3.11 indexing of, 16.109
multiple, 1.47
note materials moved to, 14.51
numbering of, 8.178
online alternative to, 1.57
part title for, 1.47
references to, 8.177
running heads for, 1.13
web-based publications, 1.117
as work made for hire, 4.10
appositives, 5.21, 6.23, 6.51
Arabic language, 11.96–101
capitalization, 11.100
definite article, al, 11.99
hamza and ʿayn, 11.97, 11.101, 11.112, table 11.2 names: alphabetizing, 16.76; treatment, 8.14 spelling, 11.98
transliteration, 11.99; resources on, 11.96
word division, 11.101
arabic numerals
building and apartment numbers, 9.53 Chicago’s preference for, 9.66
columns in tables, 3.54
definition, p. 891
documentation and references: chapters, figures, and such, 8.178, 14.154; classical Greek and Latin references, 14.256–66; parts of poems and plays, 8.182, 14.267–68; ranges (inclusive), 9.60–61, 14.155; volume numbers of multivolume works, 14.121–27; when to use, 14.154
highways and streets, 9.51–52
illustrations, 3.12, fig. 3.7
line breaks and, 7.39
manuscript page numbers, 1.4, 1.7, 1.45–46, 2.35 numbered divisions in publications and documents, 9.27–29
roman numerals compared with, table 9.1 spelled out: alternative rule, 9.3; beginning a sentence, 9.5; Chicago’s general rule, 9.2; consistency, readability, and flexibility, 9.7;
direct discourse, 13.42; fractions, 9.14–15; hundreds, thousands, and hundred thousands (round numbers), 9.4; hyphens with, 7.85; marking manuscript for, 2.90; marking proofs for, 2.126; ordinals, 9.6; physical quantities, 9.13; to vs. en dash with, 9.59
See also inclusive (or continuing) numbers; numbers; roman numerals
archaeology, 7.2, 9.35
archival practices, 1.107, 2.86–87. See also backup copies
archives
electronic sources, 14.282
unpublished government documents, 14.232, 14.304, 14.308
See also legal documents; legal-style citations; letters (correspondence); manuscript collections; public documents; unpublished and informally published materials
articles (definite and indefinite)
a vs. an, 5.72
abbreviations and, 7.44, 10.9
acronyms and, 7.44, 10.9
in alphabetizing, disregarded, 14.67, 16.48, 16.51–52, 16.56, 16.68, 16.88, 16.91 appropriate use of, 5.72, 5.220, 7.44
in Arabic, 11.99, 16.76
in blog titles, 8.187
celestial bodies and, 8.137
coordinate nouns with, 5.73
definite, 5.69, 5.71, 5.73, 16.91–92
definition, 5.68
dropping of, 5.76, 8.167–68, 14.28, 14.179, 14.210 earth with, 8.139
in foreign names for places and structures, 8.58 gender indicated by, 5.14
implicit, 5.75
indefinite, 5.70–71
indexing: articles disregarded, 16.48, 16.51–52, 16.56, 16.68, 16.88, 16.91; first lines, 16.144; organization and business names, 16.88; personal and foreign names, 16.76, 16.91–92; place-names, 16.91–92; in subentries, 16.51, 16.68, 16.129; titles of newspapers and
periodicals, 16.48–49; titles of works, 16.51–52, 16.56
as limiting adjectives: articles defined, 5.68; a vs. an, 5.72; coordinate nouns with, 5.73; definite, 5.69, 5.73; indefinite, 5.70–71; indefinite, in specific reference, 5.71; meaning affected by, 5.74, 5.76; omitted, 5.76; as pronoun substitute, 5.77; zero (implicit), 5.75
meaning affected by, 5.73–74, 5.76
names with: articles disregarded in alphabetizing, 16.88; capitalized or not, 8.67, 8.69; publisher’s, in documentation, 14.140; titles and the, 8.20, 8.29, 8.35, 10.18
newspaper and periodical titles beginning with, 8.168, 14.179, 14.210, 16.48–49
organization and business names with, 8.67, 16.88
place-names with, 8.58, 16.91–92
preceding mass noun followed by prepositional phrase, 5.9
as pronoun substitute, 5.77
in titles in running text, 8.167–68。