礼貌原则英语
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Have another sandwich. Enjoy your holiday. Look at that. Sit down. Hand me the newspaper. Peel these potatoes.
cost to h
9
Politeness scale: Directness/optionality (have to do with manner-regualting)
4
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
The 6 maxims of Leech’s PP
tact vs generosity approbation vs modesty
agreement sympathy
5
Leech’s Politeness Principle
Tact Maxim (in impositives/directives and commissives)
Politeness Theory
1
Back to Grice’s CP
A: We’ll all miss Robin Harr and Bob, won’t we? B: Well, we’ll all miss Robin Harr.
2
Leech (1983) defines POLITENESS as forms of behavior which are aimed at the establishment and maintenance of comity, i.e., the ability of participants in a social-communicative interaction to engage in interaction at an atmosphere of relative harmony.
indirect
Could you possibly answer the phone? Would you mind answering the phone? Can you answer the phone? Will you answer the phone? I want you to answer the phone. Answer the phone.
regulating senses) (ii) At the conversational level (a) Minimize cost to self
8
Politeness scale: Cost – benefit (have to do with content-regualting)
benefit to h
6
Examples
Maxims of tact and generosity
Take a seat. /Have a banana. Wait a second. Could you sharpen these pencils, please. (less polite) Could these pencils be sharpened, please. (more polite)
----------------------------------------------I can offer you my car if you need it.
You can offer me your car because I need it
I can drop you in town if you like.
regulating senses) (ii) At the conversational level (a) Maximize benefit received
The Generosity Maxim (in commissives) (i) At the motivational level (a) Maximize benefit to other (including content- and manner-
direct
10
Approbation Maxim (in expressives and assertives)
a. Minimize dispraise of other b. Maximize praise of other
Maxim of modesty (in expressives and assertives)
a. Minimize praise of self b. Maximize dispraise of self
Source: Leech 1983: 81, 132.
11
Speech-regulating
A: I can drop you in town if you like. B: It’s very kind of you, but it will cause you
You can drop me in town.
7
Gu Yueguo (1990)’s revision:
The Tact Maxim (in impositives) (i) At the motivational level (a) Minimize cost to other (including content- and manner-
a. Minimize cost to other b. Maximize benefit to other
Generosity Maxim (in impositives/directives and commissives)
a. Minimize benefit to self b. Maximize cost to self
3
Leech’s Politeness Principle
Minimize (other things being equal) the expression of impolite beliefs and Maximize (other things being equal) the expression of polite beliefs.
cost to h
9
Politeness scale: Directness/optionality (have to do with manner-regualting)
4
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
The 6 maxims of Leech’s PP
tact vs generosity approbation vs modesty
agreement sympathy
5
Leech’s Politeness Principle
Tact Maxim (in impositives/directives and commissives)
Politeness Theory
1
Back to Grice’s CP
A: We’ll all miss Robin Harr and Bob, won’t we? B: Well, we’ll all miss Robin Harr.
2
Leech (1983) defines POLITENESS as forms of behavior which are aimed at the establishment and maintenance of comity, i.e., the ability of participants in a social-communicative interaction to engage in interaction at an atmosphere of relative harmony.
indirect
Could you possibly answer the phone? Would you mind answering the phone? Can you answer the phone? Will you answer the phone? I want you to answer the phone. Answer the phone.
regulating senses) (ii) At the conversational level (a) Minimize cost to self
8
Politeness scale: Cost – benefit (have to do with content-regualting)
benefit to h
6
Examples
Maxims of tact and generosity
Take a seat. /Have a banana. Wait a second. Could you sharpen these pencils, please. (less polite) Could these pencils be sharpened, please. (more polite)
----------------------------------------------I can offer you my car if you need it.
You can offer me your car because I need it
I can drop you in town if you like.
regulating senses) (ii) At the conversational level (a) Maximize benefit received
The Generosity Maxim (in commissives) (i) At the motivational level (a) Maximize benefit to other (including content- and manner-
direct
10
Approbation Maxim (in expressives and assertives)
a. Minimize dispraise of other b. Maximize praise of other
Maxim of modesty (in expressives and assertives)
a. Minimize praise of self b. Maximize dispraise of self
Source: Leech 1983: 81, 132.
11
Speech-regulating
A: I can drop you in town if you like. B: It’s very kind of you, but it will cause you
You can drop me in town.
7
Gu Yueguo (1990)’s revision:
The Tact Maxim (in impositives) (i) At the motivational level (a) Minimize cost to other (including content- and manner-
a. Minimize cost to other b. Maximize benefit to other
Generosity Maxim (in impositives/directives and commissives)
a. Minimize benefit to self b. Maximize cost to self
3
Leech’s Politeness Principle
Minimize (other things being equal) the expression of impolite beliefs and Maximize (other things being equal) the expression of polite beliefs.