高中英语非谓语动词之过去分词

非谓语动词之过去分词

1.概述

分词的定义:动词的-ed 分词即过去分词，是由动词的过去分词构成，一般只有一种形式。

过去分词构成规则

2. 过去分词的语法作用：

过去分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个形容词或副词，在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。

1）过去分词作表语

1. 过去分词用作表语时，通常说明主语的心理感觉或所处的状态等。例如：

I noticed the doors and windows were locked when I came to see him.

She seemed terribly shocked upon hearing the sad news.

Don’t touch the glass because it is broken. 不要碰那个杯子，它是坏的。

He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜欢那礼服的式样。

2. 当过去分词与be 连用时，要注意区分是“系表结构”还是“被动语态”。

过去分词在“系表结构”中表示状态，在“被动语态”中表示动作。例如：

The lake is surrounded by grass. （状态）

The lake will soon be surrounded by tall trees. （动作）

The window is broken. （状态）

The window was broken by Tom. （动作）

2) 过去分词做定语

作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成.

1. 过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的,常置于其所修饰的名词之前.

We need more qualified teachers. 我们需要更多合格的教师。

We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况.

2. 过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁,多用于书面语中.

The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功.

Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活动吗？

3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号.

The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.

The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.

3）过去分词作状语

①表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时过去分词前可加连词when或while来强

调时间概念.

Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden.

Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.

②表原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：

Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other. Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.

③表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，有时过去分词前可用if等词。

Given another chance, he will do better.再给他一次机会，他会做得更好。

Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English.

If heated, water can be turned into steam.水如果被加热，会变成水蒸气。

④表让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。

Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.

尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。

Laughed at by many people, he continued his study. 尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。

⑤表方式或伴随情况。

The old man went into the room, supported by his wife.

Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job.

注意：

1.过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作.

(1) Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好.

【解析】written 为过去分词作状语,表示这篇文章是被写的,而且已经被写.

值得注意的是,有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过

去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦).

Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音.

2. 过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语,此时应注意人称一致.

(1) Given another hour, I can also work out this problem. 再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题.

(given 为过去分词作状语,它的逻辑主语为主句主语 I ,即 I 被再给一个小时.)

(2)Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us. 从山顶看城市,城市显得更漂亮.

(seen 为过去分词作状语,表"被看",由语境可知,它的逻辑主语必须是城市,而不是"我们",因为"我们"应主动看城市.)

【注意】如果过去分词作状语时,前面再加逻辑主语,主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语,这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构.

(1) The signal given, the bus started. 信号一发出,汽车就开动了.(the signal 是 given 的逻

辑主语,因此主句主语 the bus 就不是given 的逻辑主语.

(2) Her head held high, she went by. 她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去.(her head 是 held high 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 she 就不再是held high 的逻辑主语.)

3. 过去分词作状语来源于状语从句.

(1) Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨,所以他全身湿透了.

caught in a heavy rain 为过去分词短语作原因状语,它来源于原因状语从句 Because he was caught in a heavy rain.

(2)Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得

很快.

grown in rich soil 为过去分词作条件状语,它来源于条件状语从句 If these seeds are grown in rich soil.