What is Poetry 英国文学简介
Book 6 p 6 Unit 1 What is poetry p. 6
a painting that speaks 会说话的画面 the best words in the best order 最佳语序里的最佳词语 supreme fiction 至高无上的小说 a criticism of life 生活评论 •
What is poetry? Define the true nature of poetry the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge 一切知识的气息和更美好的精神 a little leaf in the drawer of a sublet room 一间转租房子抽屉里一片小树叶 a way of taking life by the throat 一种捏喉致死的方法 Poetry is the sum of its attributes. 诗歌是其属性的总和。 诗歌是其属性的总和。
poetry？ What is poetry？
A language that tells us something which cannot be said. • △ 告诉我们无法言传的东西的一种语言。 告诉我们无法言传的东西的一种语言。 • A search for syllables to shoot at the barriers of the unknown and the unknowable. • △ 寻找音节 ， 射向未知和不可知事物的障碍 。 寻找音节， 射向未知和不可知事物的障碍。 • The impish attempt to paint the color of the wind. • △ 想要画出风的颜色的淘气的企图。 想要画出风的颜色的淘气的企图。 •
Basic definition of poetry 诗歌的基本定义
英国文学poetry
2.Blank verse is a type of poetry having regular
meter but no rhyme
3.Free verse is a type of poetry written without
the use of strict meter or rhyme, but that is still recognizable as 'poetry'
Reverse rhyme
Pararhyme Rhyme
CVgrazed
great/groat great/bait
send/sell
send/sound send/bend
I B M L o t u s S o f t w a r e | M o b i l i t y
or Verse
What is Poetry?
• • • • • • • Types of Poetry Genres of Poetry Form of Poetry Foot Meter Metrical Pattern Rhyme
What is Poetry?
• Longman English-Chinese Dictionary of Contemporary English (LED): the art of a poet • Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: Poetry is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language — such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre — to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.
what_is_poetry
本质在于“给人快感” 英国浪漫主义诗人Coleridge认为 诗林斯基指出诗歌与科学的本质区别 “科学家用三段论法说话，诗人用形象和图画说话，然而他们 说的都是同一件事”
诗歌的特征
●情感强烈
想象丰富
感情是艺术内在的生命力
●语言精练
鲜明 生动 语言是唯一载体 最精炼最优美的语言可以产生 不寻常的感染力 节奏鲜明
●韵律和谐
●诗歌的构思与意境
只有强烈的激情，没有适当的构思和一定的形式 来巧妙表现就不会有诗意 更不会有余味不尽的意境 王国维“词以境界为最上。有境界则自成高格， 自有名句。”
“境非独谓景物也，喜怒哀乐亦人心中之一境界， 故能写真景物 真感情者，谓之有境界， 否则谓之无境界。”
●高度集中地反映生活
诗歌是文学的灵魂，最精炼的艺术形式，在有限 的诗行里包含着深刻而丰富的思想内容
WHAT IS POETRY
What is poetry? Who knows? Not a rose, but the scent of rose; Not the sky, but the light in the sky; Not the fly, but the gleam of the fly; Not the sea, but the sound of the sea Not myself, but what makes me See,hear, and feel something that prose Cannot: and what it is, who knows? Eleanor Farjeon
诗的本质
● 中国最早的文献记载是《今文尚书· 尧典》：“诗言志，
英国文学第七讲(诗歌)
What is Poetry? Who knows? Not a rose, but the scent of the rose; Not the sky, but the light in the sky; Not the fly, but the gleams of the fly; Not the sea, but the sound of the sea; Not myself, but what makes me See, hears, and feel something that prose Cannot; and what it is, who knows -----Eleanor Farjeon
POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY
POET The poet is the author of the poem. SPEAKER The speaker of the poem is the “narrator” of the poem.
POETRY FORM
FORM - the appearance
METER cont.
TYPES OF FEET (cont.)
Iambic - unstressed, stressed （e.g. adore, excite, above, around, appear,
besides, attack, supply, believe, return ）
Trochaic - stressed, unstressed (e.g. Happy, many, holy, yonder,
BLANK VERSE POETRY
from Julius Ceasar Cowards die many times before their deaths; The valiant never taste of death but once. Of all the wonders that I yet have heard, It seems to me most strange that men should fear; Seeing that death, a necessary end, Will come when it will come.
What is Poetry
What is PoetryCONTENTS Introduction (1)Chapter One Literary review (1)Chapter Two Poetry—A derivation of disillusion (3)Chapter Three Poetry—Poets’ emotional expression (5)Chapter Four Poetry—A device of inspiration (7)Conclusion (8)Bibliography (9)摘要本文就广义上的诗的概念，从历史上名家的各种不同观点入手，运用很多例证侧重在主体意蕴方面作了文本分析，并结合自身的理解对其进行了进一步的阐述和展开。
关键词幻想破灭情感激励Abstract<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><!--[endif]-->As to the definition of poetry, there’re numerous different arguments. According to var ious ideas of famous writers and poets, author of this article gives textual analysis and evidences as to the definition of poetry, and made a further presentation from an original point of view.Key words: disillusion emotion inspirationIntroductionWordsworth once had said: “People who did not wear fine clothes but could feel deeply.” This was the subject of many poems in which he judged as true humanity, a quality found in every station in life. Poem helps readers to understand and interpret life. When we see through the eyes of a good poet we can make sense of our experiences, understand our world more fully and see more possibilities for living in it. Through it we can contact with the essential truths of human existence. As to the definition of poetry, there're numerous different arguments. Even the most famous writers and poets, their opinions are various, sometimes widely divergent, even opposite. I just choose several important figures. Let's have a look at what brilliant expositions they have before we form our own opinions.Chapter One Literary review“Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility”.---William Wordsworth“If I read a book and it makes my body so cold no fire ever can warm me, I know that ispoetry;”--- Emily Dickinson“Poetry is what makes me laugh or cry or yawn, what makes my toenails twinkle, what makes me want to do this or that or nothing.”--- Dylan ThomasPoetry is not a turning loose of emotion, but an escape from emotion; it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from personality. But, of course, only those who have personality and emotions know what it means to want to escape from these things.---T.S. EliotHe beginneth not with obscure definitions, which must blur the margin with interpretations, and load the memory with doubtfulness, but he cometh to you with words set in delightful proportion, either accompanied with, or prepared for, the sweet enchanting skill of music; and with a tale forsooth he cometh unto you, with a tale which holdeth children from play, and old men from the chimney corner. And, pretending no more, doth intend the winning of the mind from wickedness to virtue"--- Sir Philip Sidney “Defense of Poesy”“metrical composition; the art or practice of writing poems”---Samuel Johnson“An art, which “brings the whole soul of man into activity.”---Coleridge“emotion put into measure”---Thomas Hardy“What is poetry? The suggestion by the imaginations, of noble grounds for the noble emotions.”---John Ruskin “ Lectures on Art”(1870)"Poetry is to hold judgment on your soul."- Henrik IbsenIt may become a problem when you first read these lines, for all these expressions are reasonable. No wonder that Samuel Johnson expressed the most accurate definition. Mr. Hardy also displayed his concise style. Eliot and Sidney, their concepts were beyond my understanding. Among these ideas, I found I more agreed with Wordsworth, Dickinson, Dylan Thomas, Coleridge and Ruskin.Chapter Two Poetry—A derivation of disillusionYou'll find that Dickinson had a pessimistic view of poetry. “it makes my body so cold no fire ever can warm me” suggested that she saw dreadful scene by read ing a poem. Some poems are really very gloomy, frustrated or desperate. In our textbook, you'll find "Aubade" by louis Maeneice: Aubade"Having bitten on life like a sharp appleOr, playing it like a fish, been happy,Having felt with fingers that the sky is blue,What have we after that to look forward to?Not the twilight of the gods but a precise dawnOf sallow and grey bricks, and newsboys crying war.Its literary comments said, " Here is an expression of how the best of human desires for beauty is often frustrated by reality: instead of an eternal skyblueness and divine twilight, we discover a dull, gray reality of buildings and news of human conflict. The expression of the contrast is sharp." After a night of love, dawn brought them fearful things. People couldn't help feeling despair if morning brings horror.There're many poems of this kind, such as Marge Pieray's "Barbie Doll"; Etheridge Knight's "Hard Rock Returns to Prison from the Hospital for the Criminal Insane"; William Blake's "London" and Diane Wakoski's "The Photos". All these poems were dismal and pessimistic, illustrating speaker's desperation. At certain times, poems were a derivation of poet's disillusion.From this perspective, poem must be a vivid record of the time. They keep down with events and lives of their times. In the past the poet has often been the spokesman of his society. Sometimes, because of political reasons, poets couldn't explicitly declare their attitudes, so they used lots of rhetorical approaches, which at the same time added the charm of the poems. That is, the art of using simple words to represent other meanings. Every good poem cries out the voices of the time and the people. Following was a poem of this kind:Robert Frost Us. 1946 King's XHaving invented a new HolocaustAnd been the first with it to win a war,How they make haste to cry with fingers crossed,King's X--no fairs to use it any more!This poem was very short, but its four lines vividly expressed the child's fear of war. It was written not long after American exploded two atomic bombs on Japan and showed us the effect of this nuclear war: spread-out pessimism and hatred of war. It revealed another strongpoint of poem. In order to talk about same theme, literary masters such as Hemingway had to write a novel with several chapters, whereas poets used only four condensed lines. Similar type your can find Richard Armour's "Hiding Place" in which was the same kind of children's fear towards war. Without being considered their attitudes towards certain historical events, poets sometimes record "a particular moment or event". Except for wars, poets try to describe various themes, like materialism and money worship in W. D. Snodgrass' "Here in the scuffled Dust". W. H. Auden's "The unknown Citizen" depicted government's aspiration of everyone being a tamed standard citizen. Langston Hough's "Harlem" portrayed the black's disillusion of getting equal civil rights in America. William Blake's "The Garden of Love" showed the church and central government's actual indifference to ordinary people and did nothing of help and salvation as expected in their roles. Thomas Hardy’s “The Ruined Maid” gave us a clear picture of a modern prostitute and her thought and feeling. Jonathan Swift’s “A Description of the Morning” told us how lords maltreated their servants and common people’s miserable lives. All these served as examples of poet’s keen observation of social life.Chapter Three Poetry—Poets’ emotional expressionIf poem is just a record of time, poets will be doing the same jobs as reporters. However, poems also have other features. Since they’re written by poets, they more or less carried poets’ emotions like Wordsworth’s statement. Poems of this kind were numerous, inc luding very famous ones. Among these love was a usual theme. “Western Wind” written by an anonymous poet in 15th century vividly depicted a wife’s long for her husband to return, proving that this tradition dated back to very ancient time. Critics said, “This is only the expression of the emotion itself.”Looking at Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s “How do I love thee?” everyone will be moved from the beginning line till the end:“How do I love thee? Let me count the ways,I love thee to the depth and breath and heightMy soul can reach, when feeling out of sight… …… …I shall but love thee better after death.”This directly uttered the speaker’s love to his spouse or lover, and was really a typical example for one to follow when he wants to say some words to his sweetheart. “It suggests a wide range of things that love can mean and notices a variety of emotions.” In this book there’re many good similar poems. Jarold Ramsay’s “The Tally Stick” used an ordinary object the coupled have operated together for many years to indirectly depict their love. This object might seem less romantic, but more real and touching. “Both poems are powerful statements of feelings, each in its own way”. Shakespeare’s “Let me Not to the Marriage of True Minds” emphasized the impor tance of the unity of tow minds beyond body contacting. He refined the connotation of love, elevating it to a higher level. Claude Mckay’s “America” expressed the speaker’s love of his motherland. There’re also poems for memorizing and missing of their pas t beloved, such as Howard Nemerov’s “The Vacuum”; Dorothy Livesay’s “Green Rain” and Wordsworth’s “She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways”. Sometimes, poems don’t always like Ruskin’s “noble grounds for the noble emotions”, they could also transfer negative feelings. For example, Robert Browning’s “Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister” vividly pictured the speaker’s intense hatred towards a fellow monk.Chapter Four Poetry—A device of inspirationPoems are not only for appreciation and entertainments, it also have practical significances. As we all know, a poem can be read differently by different person and aims. People tend to use certain poems to inspire and encourage themselves. It’s “an art which brings the whole man into activity” and “the suggestion by the imaginations, of noble grounds for the noble emotions.” Take Yvor Winter’s “At the San Francisco Airport” as an example.“This is the terminal: the lightGives perfect vision, false and hard… ….… …And I remain in light and stare—In light, and no thing else, awake.”In its literal sense, it was the departing scene of father and daughter. It’s the father’s monologue when he saw her daughter off. However, this poem can be dig out deeper significance. The father was sending his daughter to fly to the unknown future. At his point his feelings were mixed. He was worried about her, but at the same time he must perform his responsibility to urge her to seek her life by her own. Readers will get resonance at this point. Everyone must at a certain time break from the protection of his family and have to face his difficulties. We all have to solve problems by ourselves when we get mature. This poem made readers thinking deeper.This kind of positive function can also be seen in John Donne’s “Death Be Not Proud”; Lucille Cifton’s “Daddy”, Sylvia Plaths’s “Point Shirley”, Donald Justice’s “Here in Katmandu” and many other.ConclusionAs stated before, although poem is a literary form, it has social significances as good novel and prose. It can be interpreted in its literal sense. In another word, we can just read it loudly and recite it to get its beauty. That’s the aesthetic appreciation. However, we can also use it as a weapon, a device or a lamp to lead us in our lives.Although this article is trying to find out what poem is, at the beginning of this searching process the result is definite. Poetry can not be limited into any fixed extent. Each definition is reasonable, but each is not complete. It’s also difficult to say we fully have it if we put all t he definition s into one. Poetry is a lot of things to a lot of people.Poem’s a special genre of literature, for all their meanings were buried in economical lines. It was its condensed lines that founded poem’s forever-lasting charms. Therefore, good poems demand good readers. Sometimes a poem is really difficult when you read it the first time. It requires readers to read and read, until its implications gradually disclosed. Readers must be patient. Once you understand it, you’ll really suck the honey.BIBIOGRAPHYStrachen, John, and Richard Terry, Poetry, Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press, 2000. Thompson, Denys, The Use of Poetry, Cambridge: Cambridge Up, 1978.。
英语诗歌简介English Poetry
b. To induce the reader a kind of attitude to something or coalition with something else. Because I could not stop for Death— He kindly stopped for me— The Carriage held but just Ourselves— And Immortality.
2
1. The genealogical level
2. The typographical level
3
《亲爱的傻瓜》
天下武功第一的欧阳锋
竟然被郭靖用计活捉
他百思不得其解 对郭靖说了这样两句话： “你知道我平生最恨什么吗？ 我最恨落在傻瓜手里”
4
《一个人来到田纳西》
毫无疑问
“是一种用美的文字……音律的绘画的文字…… 表 写人的情绪中的意境。” －宗白华，《美学散步》 “画者，天地无声之诗；诗者，天地无色之画。” －叶燮 “Painting is silent poetry, and poetry is a speaking picture.”----Simonides (556 BC - 468 BC) （画是无声的诗，诗是有声的画。） Painting (spatial art) presents points in space while poetry, as temporal art ,presents points in succession. 黑格尔认为，作为语言艺术的诗歌是第三种艺术。 绘画提供明确的外在形象（form)，但在表现内心生 活方面还有欠缺，于是才有了音乐(melody)；音乐在 表现内心生活的特殊具体方面欠明确，于是才有了 诗歌(language)。 8
英美诗歌 introduction
-Internal rhyme is rhyme within a single line of verse When a word from the middle of a line is rhymed with a word at the end of the line.
-Masculine rhyme describes those rhymes ending in a stressed
Sound of Poetry(Meter and rhyme)
Images and Symbolism
Diction / tone/mood/
Forms of Poetry
Types of poetry
Kinds of Poetry
In terms of content :
1) Lyrical Poems（抒情诗） Songs（韵文) odes （颂诗） Elegy（挽诗）
--William Wordsworth.
What is poetry ?
“Poetry is not a turning loose of emotion, but an escape from emotion; it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from personality. But, of course, only those who have personality and emotions know what it means to want to escape from these things.”
Kinds of Poetry
In terms of metre:
1) Metrical Poems（格律诗）
英国文学之诗歌
meaning/definition of a word.
Connotation:
associations a word gathered through its
history or in a given setting.
Imagery
It
is the effect created by stimulation of the
• Trochaic foot: one stressed syllable followed by a unstressed syllable. e.g. There they | are, my |fifty| men and| women Naming | me the| fifty| poems| finished!
e.g. Touch her not scornfully;
Think of her mournfully.
Scansion
Scansion:
to mark stressed and unstressed syllables and then divide the line into feet. The number of feet will normally coincide with the number of stresses terms used for line lengths: 4. tetrameter 5.pentameter 6. hexameter 1.monometer 2.dimeter 3.trimeter
e.g. The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free;
Assonance: when the writer varies the surrounding consonant sounds, but repeats vowel sounds, the device is known as assonance.
What is Poetry 英国文学简介
What is Poetry?• A condensed piece of writing about a specific theme, topic or scenario•Often creates strong emotion or feeling•Often uses sound and rhythmRHYTHM(韵律)•The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem•Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, and refrainMETER（格律）A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.Meter occurs when the stressed and unstressed syllables of the words in a poem are arranged in a repeating pattern.When poets write in meter, they count out the number of stressed (strong) syllables and unstressed (weak) syllables for each line. They repeat the pattern throughout the poem.iambus (iambic) – a unit of rhythm in poetry, that is composed by unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllablelight heavye.g.delay, before, againsttrochee (trochaic)--- a unit of rhythm in poetry, that is composed by stressed syllable followed by unstressed syllableheavy lighte.g.midnight drearyanapest (anapestic)--- a unit of rhythm in poetry, that is composed by two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed onelight light heavye.g.understanddactyl (dactylic)—a unit of rhythm in poetry, that is composed by one stressedsyllable followed by two unstressed syllablesheavy light lighte.g.wonderfulTo ―scan‖ a poem, we mark each stressed and each unstressed syllable with a mark.Here, we’ll use －for stressed and ∨for unstressed.Aunt Jennifer’s tigers prance across the screen∨－∨∨－∨－∨－∨－Aunt Jennifer’s t igers prance across the screenBright topaz denizens of a world of green.∨－∨－∨∨－∨－∨－Bright topaz denizens of a world of green.Then we count the stressed syllables in a single line.Here there are 5 stressed syllables in each line.FOOT（音步）FOOT - unit of meter.A foot can have two or three syllables.Usually consists of one stressed and one or more unstressed syllables.e.g.Shall I compare thee to a summer’s Day?Shall I/ compare/ thee to/ a sum/mer’s Day?TYPES OF FEETThe types of feet are determined by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables.monometer = one foot on a linedimeter = two feet on a linetrimeter = three feet on a linetetrameter = four feet on a linepentameter = five feet on a linehexameter = six feet on a lineheptameter = seven feet on a lineoctameter = eight feet on a lineRhyme（韵脚）•Rhyme/Rhyming Scheme--- The pattern made by placing words which end in similar sounds at the ends of lines.•To mark out a rhyme scheme, letters, starting with a, are assigned to the first occurrence of a sound, such that line 1 is always a and the first occurrence of the next sound is always b and so on. ”(每一行的最后一个音节是一个韵律，用字母表示。
AnIntroductiontoEnglishPoetry
My tender age in sorrow did beginne: And still with sicknesses and shame Thou didst so punish sinne, That I became Most thinne. With thee Let me combine And fell this day thy victorie: For, if I imp my wing on thine
Her little work-table was spread With work to finish. For the glare Made by her candle, she had care
To work some distance from the bed.
Without, there was a cold moon up, Of winter radiance sheer and thin; The hollow halo it was in
literary form, choice of words, rich imagery, beautiful harmony, specific atmosphere, artistic appeal
sound beauty & picturesque beauty & beauty of artistic conception
Twelve struck. That sound, by dwindling years Heard in each hour, crept off; and then The ruffled silence spread again,
what is poetry,阿什贝利赏析
what is poetry,阿什贝利赏析Poetry is a form of literary expression that hascaptivated human beings for centuries. Through the use of carefully chosen words, imagery, and rhythm, poets can convey emotions, ideas, and experiences in a unique and powerful way. In this document, we will explore the nature of poetry and delve into an appreciation of the renowned poet Ashbery.What exactly is poetry? It is often described as a formof art that uses language to evoke emotions and to createvivid imagery. Unlike prose, which follows a more straightforward structure, poetry allows for creativity and experimentation with form, rhyme, and meter. It is through these elements, along with the skillful use of metaphors and symbolism, that poets are able to convey profound meaning ina concise and impactful manner.Now, let us turn our attention to Ashbery, a celebrated poet who has left an indelible mark on the world of poetry. John Ashbery, born in 1927, was an American poet known forhis avant-garde style and thought-provoking themes. His poems often challenge traditional notions of language, meaning, and communication, inviting readers to delve into the complex layers of his work.Ashbery's poem "Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror" is a prime example of his unique style. Published in 1975, this poem explores the themes of self-reflection, perception, and the nature of art. Through vivid imagery and a fragmented structure, Ashbery invites readers to question their own understanding of reality and identity.In this poem, Ashbery employs a variety of literary devices such as alliteration, enjambment, and allusion to create a rich tapestry of words and ideas. Each line is carefully crafted to evoke a sense of introspection and contemplation. It is through his mastery of language and his ability to blur the boundaries between abstraction and concrete imagery that Ashbery's work continues to resonate with readers worldwide.In conclusion, poetry is a powerful form of artistic expression that allows for the exploration of complex emotions and ideas. Through the skillful use of language and literary devices, poets like Ashbery have the ability to transport readers to new realms of thought and understanding. By appreciating the beauty and nuance of Ashbery's work, we gain a deeper appreciation for the art of poetry itself. So, let us embrace the world of poetry and embark on a journey of exploration and self-discovery through the written word.。
英国文学选读之第一专题--诗歌要素
教学内容备注Warm-up Activities：Q1: What’s poetry?Poetry is the most compressed form of literature.Poetry is composed of carefully chosen words expressing great depth of meaning.Poetry uses specific devices such as connotation, sound, and rhythm to express the appropriate combination of meaning and emotion.Poetry is the primal literary art form, the oldest and arguably the most supple.For its combination of conciseness and richly suggestive expression, it has no rival. A favorite poem is your friend and companion forever. It can move you, delight you, and enrich your hours of reflection over and over again.Now you can learn to savor poetry—the joys that come from "the best words in the best order"—to a fuller degree than you might otherwise have imagined.Q2: Why do we study poetry?Hold fast to dreamsFor if dreams dieLife is a broken-winged birdThat cannot fly.--Dreams, by Langston HughesQ3: What are the differences between a fiction and a poem? Figurative languageSound devices(rhyme, and metre)FormsProcess of Teaching:1. figures of speech - poetic devices in which two images or objects are compared to make language interesting and meaningful. The poet uses common expressions in original and creative ways to compare objects and makes the poem more interesting and meaningful.Examples of figures of speech:o simile o allusiono symbolismo metaphoro personificati ono anthropomor phismo synecdoche o metonymy o verbal ironyo overstatement o understatement o paradoxo oxymoronsimile - a comparison that uses the words like or as, or a verb like seems or appears to draw two objects or images into a relationship. Example 1: Your eyes are as blue as the sky.You eat like a bird.Example 2: O, My luve’s like a red, red roseThat’s newly sprung in June.metaphor - functions the same way simile does, except that thecomparison is more implied and the words like or as are omitted. The verb to be is used.Example 1: Your cheeks are red cherries.He has a heart of stoneHere, the author does not mean that your cheeks are actually red cherries. Instead, the metaphor simply conveys that your cheeks are the color of cherries: flushes, bright and red. personification- a type of metaphor that gives living qualities to inanimate objects or abstract ideas; or human qualities (feelings, thoughts) to animals. It gives non-living things and animals the ability to think, feel emotions, or have human relationships. Example 1:The moon smiles. Fires rage.The wind vexes the lake and the waves crash angrily. Example 2: "The Wind" (by James Stephens)The wind stood up, and gave a shout;He whistled on his fingers, andKicked the withered leaves about,And thumped the branches with his hand,And said he'd kill, and kill, and kill;And so he will! And so he will!Stephens' poem personifies the wind as a cruel, abusive man. Though he never says directly that the wind is a man, it is apparent through his word choice, and the actions that he attributes to the wind (standing, shouting, whistling, speaking, etc).synecdoche - a form of metaphor where one part stands for the whole, or the whole is substituted for one part. In other words, we speak of something by naming only a part of it.Examples: "Robby got wheels this summer."wheels = car"All hands were on deck."hands = sailors". . . the hand that wrote the letter . . ."hand = personallusion - a reference made to another literary work, historical event, work of art, or a famous person's quote that adds more depth to the poet's/author's meaning. In fact, all poems retelling old stories are allusive. For example, a modern version of Casey and the Bat would allude to the old ballad.Example: "To An Artist, To Take Heart""Slipping in blood, by his own hand, through pride,Hamlet, Othello, Coriolanus fall.Upon his bed, however, Shakespeare died,Having outlived them all." (Louise Bogan) These three, Hamlet, Othello, and Coriolanus, are tragic Shakespearean heroes. The first sentence alludes to how the three each died: Hamlet in a duel, Othello by suicide, and Coriolanus' by pride. Shakespeare died a less violent death in his bed. symbolism - when an author uses an object or idea to suggest more than its literal meaning. A person, place, or event stands for something other than it is, usually something broader or deeper than it is.The author intentionally uses symbolism in his/her writing. The author selects specific objects, places or things to function as symbols in his/her work in order to expand and deepen the meaning of the piece. The author trusts that the reader will be skilled enough to notice the symbolism.Example: "The Sick Rose"O rose, thou art sick!The invisible wormThat flies in the night,In the howling storm,Has found out thy bedOf crimson joy,And his dark secret loveDoes thy life destroy. (William Blake) Blake uses the rose as a symbol for all that is beautiful, natural and desirable. He uses the worm to symbolize the evil that destroys natural beauty and love. The poem is more than a description of an infested flower bed. Because of the symbolism, it suggests that all that is beautiful, natural, and good in the world is being secretly destroyed by something we cannot see. The worm "flies in the night," and then hides beneath the dirt of the flower bed. This means that we cannot see the evil that attacks the purity in the world, nor do we understand its reasoning (Clayes 42). However, be aware that the same objects (rose, worm) can be used in many different pieces of literature and can symbolize something different in each one. For example, the word "rose" can be a symbol for sensual love, spiritual love, youth, natural beauty, vulnerability, etc., depending on the author's intention.irony - one meaning is stated, but another, antithetical (opposite and opposed) meaning is intended. This subtle irony is dependent on the author's word choice.Example: as welcome as a stormWe are lucky. It’s the other side on the thirteenth of December. That makes us feel very good.From "Of Alphus"No egg on Friday Alph will eat,But drunken will he beOn Friday still. Oh, what a pureReligious man is he!(Anonymous, 16th Century) The author does not really mean that Alph is "pure" and "religious," in fact, he means the opposite (Simpson 431). The reader can discern by studying the word choice that the author does not really mean what he appears to be suggesting. Alph will not eat eggs on Friday, presumably because of the religious rules of the time. He will, however, get drunk. One can assume that getting drunk was not in accordance with the religious rules, and therefore, the author is actually pointing out Alph's impurity and sacrilege. overstatement (hyperbole)- An exaggeration; giving something more or less of a quality than it really has. This term is usually used as a put down, or to discredit what someone is saying. Example: After so many years, he can still feel the sting ofhis mother's slap.He cannot literally feel the sting, but the hyperbole conveys that his mother's slap was a deeply damaging experience.oxymoron - a form of paradox where two contradictory terms are combined in one phrase.Examples: cold fire honest thiefdarkly lit fearful joySound Devices -- the use of specific vowels, consonants, accents and the combination of these three make up the sound of the poem. Most poetry is composed to be read aloud. Sound devices can influence the reader/listener's perception of the poem both intellectually and emotionally. A couple of sound devices are as follows.RepetitionAlliteration -- the repetition of initial soundse.g. The Rime of the Ancient MarinerThe Fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,The furrow followed free,We were the first that ever burst,Into that silence sea.When the things happen that you do not like, you have two choices: You get bitter or better.He is all fire and fight. 他从不放弃任何机会。
英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释(英文版)
The Basic Elements of Appreciating English Poetry1.What is poetry?Poetry is the expression of Impassioned feeling in language.―Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.‖―Poetry, in a general sense, may be defined to be the expression of the imagination.‖Poetry is the rhythmical creation of beauty.Poetry is the image of man and nature.―诗言志，歌咏言。
‖ ---《虞书》―诗言志之所以也。
在心为志，发言为诗。
情动于中而行于言，言之不足，则嗟叹之；嗟叹之不足，故咏歌之；咏歌之不足，不知手之舞之，足之蹈之也。
情发于声；声成文，谓之音。
‖---《诗·大序》―诗是由诗人对外界所引起的感觉，注入了思想与情感，而凝结了形象，终于被表现出来的一种‗完成‘的艺术。
‖ ---艾青：《诗论》2.The Sound System of English Poetrya. The prosodic featuresProsody (韵律)---the study of the rhythm, pause, tempo, stress and pitch features of a language.Chinese poetry is syllable-timed, English poetry is stress-timed.Stress: The prosody of English poetry is realized by stress. One stressed syllable always comes together with one or more unstressed syllables.eg. Tiger, /tiger, /burning /brightIn the /forest /of the/ night,What im/mortal /hand or /eyeCould frame thy/ fearful /symme/try? ---W. BlakeLength: it can produce some rhetorical and artistic effect.eg. The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,The lowing herd wind slowly o‘er the lea,The Ploughman homeward plods his weary way,And leaves the world to darkness and to me.---Thomas GrayLong vowels and diphthongs make the poem slow, emotional and solemn; short vowels quick, passionate, tense and exciting.Pause: it serves for the rhythm and musicality of poetry.b. Meter or measure (格律)poem---stanza/strophe---line/verse---foot---arsis + thesis;Meter or measure refers to the formation way of stressed andunstressed syllables.Four common meters:a) Iambus; the iambic foot (抑扬格)eg. She walks/ in beau/ty, like/ the nightOf cloud /less climes/ and star/ry skies;And all/ that‘s best /of dark/ and brightMeet in /her as /pect and /her eyes. ---Byronb) Trochee; the trochaic foot（扬抑格）eg. Never /seek to/ tell thy/ love,Love that/ never/ told can/ be. ---Blake c) Dactyl; the dactylic foot （扬抑抑格）eg. Cannon to/ right of them,Cannon to/ left of them.Cannon in/ front of them,V olley‘d and/ thunder‘d. ---Tennysond) Anapaest; the anapestic foot（抑抑扬格）eg. Break,/ break, /break,On thy cold /grey stones,/ O sea!And I would /that my tongue/ could utterThe thought/ that arise /in me. ---Tennysonc) Other metersAmphibrach, the amphibrachic foot (抑扬抑格)；Spondee, the spondaic foot(扬扬格)；Pyrrhic, the pyrrhic foot (抑抑格)；d) Actalectic foot (完整音步) and Cactalectic foot（不完整音步）eg. Rich the / treasure,Sweet the / pleasure. (actalectic foot)Tiger,/ tiger, /burning /bright,In the/ forest/ of the/ night. (cactalectic foot )e) Types of footmonometer(一音步)dimeter（二音步）trimeter（三音步）tetrameter（四音步）pentameter（五音步）hexameter（六音步）heptameter（七音步）octameter（八音步）We have iambic monometer, trochaic tetrameter, iambicpentameter, anapaestic trimeter, etc., when the number offoot and meter are taken together in a poem.C. RhymeWhen two or more words or phrases contain an identicalor similar vowel sound, usually stressed, and theconsonant sounds that follow the vowel sound areidentical and preceded by different consonants, a rhymeoccurs.It can roughly be divided into two types:internal rhyme and end rhymeInternal rhymea) alliteration: the repetition of initial identical consonant sounds or any vowel sounds in successive or closely associated syllables, esp. stressed syllables.eg. The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,The furrow followed free.---ColeridgeI slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance,Among my skinning swallows.---Tennyson Whereat with blade, with bloody blameful blade,He bravely broached his boiling bloody breast.---Shakespeare ―Consonant cluster‖ (辅音连缀)―internal or hidden alliteration‖ (暗头韵) as in―Here in the long unlovely street‖ (Tennyson)The Scian & the Teian muse,The hero‘s harp, the love‘s lute,Have found the fame your shores refuse.---Byron b) Assonance (腹韵/元音叠韵/半谐音)：the repetition of similar or identical vowel sounds in a line ending with different consonant sounds.eg. Do not go gentle into that nightOld age should burn and rave at close of day.Rage, rage against the dying of the light.Though wise men at their end know dark is right,Because their words have forked no lightning theyDo not go gentle into that night.c) Consonance (假韵): the repetition of the ending consonant sounds with different preceding vowels of two or more words in a line.eg. At once a voice arose amongThe bleak twigs overheadIn a full-hearted evensongOf joy illimited.---HardyEnd rhyme: lines in a poem end in similar or identicalstressed syllables.a) Perfect rhymePerfect rhyme (in two or more words) occurs in the following three conditions:identical stressed vowel sounds (lie--high, stay--play);the same consonants after the identical stressed vowels (park--lark, fate-- late);different consonants preceding the stressed vowels (first– burst);follow—swallow (perfect rhyme)b) imperfect/ half rhyme: the stressed vowels in two or more words are the same, but the consonant sounds after and preceding are different.eg. fern—bird, faze—late, like—rightc) Masculine and feminine rhymeeg. Sometimes when I‘m lonely,Don‘t know why,Keep thinking I won‘t be lonelyBy and by.---Hughes The comrade of thy wanderings over Heaven,As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speedScarce seem‘d a vision; I would ne‘er have striven…---Shelley Rhyme scheme (韵式)a) Running rhyme scheme (连续韵)two neighbouring lines rhymed in aa bb cc dd:eg. Tiger, tiger, burning brightIn the forests of the night,What immortal hand or eyeCould frame thy fearful symmetry?In what distant deeps or skiesBurnt the fire of thine eyes?On what wings dare he aspire?What the hand dare seize the fire?b) Alternating rhyme scheme (交叉韵)rhymed every other line in a b a b c d c d:eg. Shall I compare thee to a summer‘s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer‘s lease hath all too short a date:---Shakespearec) enclosing rhyme scheme (首尾韵)In a quatrain, the first and the last rhymed, and the second and the third rhymed in a b b a:eg. When you are old and gray and full of sleep,And nodding by the fire, take down this book,And slowly read, and dream of the soft lookY our eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;---W. B. Y eatsD. Form of poetry ( stanzaic form)a) couplet: a stanza of two lines with similar end rhymes:eg. A little learning is a dangerous thing;Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian Spring.b) heroic couplet: a rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter:eg. O could I flow like thee, and make thy streamMy great example, as it is my theme:---DenhamThen share thy pain, allow that sad relief;Ah, more than share it, give me all thy grief.---Popec) Triplet / tercet: a unit or group of three lines, usu. rhymedeg. He clasps the crags with crooked hands;Close to the sun in lonely lands,Ringed with the azure world, he stands.The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls:He watches from his mountains walls,And like a thunderbolt he falls.---Tennyson d) quatrain: a stanza of four lines rhymed or unrhymed.eg. O my luve is like a red, red rose,That‘s newly sprung in June;O my luve is like the melodieThat‘s sweetly play‘d in tune.As fair art thou, my bonie lass,So deep in luve am I;And I will luve thee still, my dear,Till a‘ the seas gang dry.---Burnse) Sonnet: a fixed verse form of Italian origin consisting of14 lines that are characteristically in iambic pentameter:The Petrarchan / Italian sonnet (Francesco Petrarch):two parts: octave, asking question, presenting a problem,or expressing an emotional tension rhyming abba abba;while the sestet, solving the problem rhyming cde cde,cde cde, or cd cd cd.Shakespearean / English sonnet:arranged usually into three quatrains and a couplet,rhyming abab cdcd efef gg. The first quatrain introducesa subject, the second expands, and once more in the third,and concludes in the couplet.Spenserian sonnet: three quatrains and a couplet rhymingabab bcbc cdcd ee;Miltonic sonnet: simply an ltalian sonnet that eliminates thepause between the octave and sestet.f) Blank verse: the unrhymed iambic pentametereg. To be, or not to be: that is the question:Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep;---Shakespeareg) Free verse: poetry that is based on irregular rhythmiccadence of the recurrence, with variations, of phrases,images and syntactical patterns rather than theconventional use of meter.eg. DaysWhat are days for?Days are where we live.They come, they wake usTime and time over.They are to be happy inWhere can we live but days?Ah, solving that questionBring the priest and doctorIn their long coatsRunning over the fields.---Philip Larkin3.The semantic system of English poetrya. The meaning of poetryPoetry is ―the one permissible way of saying one thingand meaning another‖. (Frost)The meaning of a poem usually consists of three levels,that is, the literal (the lowest), the sensory (the medium)and the emotional (the highest).b. Image---the soul of the meaning in poetrya) Definition: ―language that evokes a physical sensationproduced by one or more of the five senses--- sight,hearing, taste, to uch and smell.‖ (Kirszner and Mandell)A literal and concrete representation of a sensoryexperience or of an object that can be known by one ormore of the senses.b) Types of imagesIn terms of senses：visual image (视觉意象)auditory image（听觉意象）olfactory image（嗅觉意象）tactile image （触觉意象）gustatory image （味觉意象）kinaesthetic image （动觉意象）eg. Spring, the sweet spring, is the year‘s pleasant king,Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing:Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!---Thomas Nashe In terms of the relation between the image and the object:Literal (字面意象) and figurative image （修辞意象）The former refers to the one that involves no necessarychange or extension in the obvious meaning of the words;or the one in which the words call up a sensoryrepresentation of the literal object or sensation.The latter is the one that involves a turn on the literalmeaning of the words.eg. Let us walk in the white snowIn a soundless space;With footsteps quiet and slow,At a tranquil pace,Under veils of white lace.---Elinor WylieIn terms of the readers: fixed and free image（稳定意象和自由意象）By fixed or tied image, it is the one so employed that itsmeaning and associational value is the same ornearly the same for all readers.By free image, it is the one not so fixed by the context thatits possible meanings or associational values are limited, itis therefore, capable of having various meanings or valuesfor various people.eg. SnakeI saw a young snake glideOut of the mottled shadeAnd hang limp on a stone:A thin mouth, and a tongueStayed, in the still air.It turned; it drew away;Its shadow bent in half;It quickened and was gone.I felt my slow blood warm.I longed to be that thing,The pure, sensuous form.And I may be, some time. ---Theodore Roethkec) The function of image:to stimulate readers‘ senses;to activate readers‘ sensory and emotional experience;to involve the readers in the creation of poetry with personal and emotional experience; to strike a responsive chord in the hearts of readers;eg. FogThe fog comeson little cat feet.It sits lookingover harbor and cityon silent haunchesand then moves on.---Carl Sandbergeg. Fire and iceSome say the world will end in fire,Some say in ice.From what I‘ve tasted of desireI hold with those who favor fire.But if it had to perish twice,I think I know enough of hateTo say that for destruction iceIs also greatAnd would suffice. ---R. FrostC. The means of expressing meaninga) Phonetic devicesonomatopoeiaA widow birdeg. A widow bird was mourning for her loveUpon a wintry bough;The frozen wind crept on above,The freezing stream belowThere was no leaf upon the forest bare,No flower upon the ground,And little motion in the airExcept the mill-wheel‘s sound. P. B. Shelley Puneg.The little black thing among the snowCrying ―‘weep, ‘weep‖ in notes of woe!b) figures of speechA. comparison: metaphor; simile (tenor 本体, vehicle 喻体)B. conceitC. personificationD. metonymy (换喻)E. apostropheF. synaesthesia （―通感‖或―联觉‖）G. symbolismH. hyperboleI. Allusion （典故）c) Deviation (变异)：the digression from the normal way ofexpressionsLexical deviation (self-made words)Grammatical deviation (slang, vernacular)Deviation of registersDeviation of cultural subjects。
【英诗汉译】埃莉诺·法杰恩《WhatIsPoetry》汉译九种
【英诗汉译】埃莉诺·法杰恩《WhatIsPoetry》汉译九种What Is Poetry?by Eleanor FarjeonWhat is Poetry? Who knows?Not a rose, but the scent of the rose;Not the sky, but the light in the sky;Not the fly, but the gleam of the fly;Not the sea, but the sound of the sea;Not myself, but what makes meSee, hear, and feel something that proseCannot: and what it is, who knows?诗为何物作者：埃莉诺·法杰恩（英国）翻译：岩⼦（德国）诗为何物？有谁知道？不是玫瑰却玫瑰般芳菲不是天空却天空般明媚不是流萤却流萤般光芒不是⼤海却⼤海般激荡不是⾃⼰却成就为⾃⼰视之听之美⽂所不能之诗为何物？有谁知道？何为诗？作者：埃莉诺·法杰恩（英国）翻译：⽆⼼剑何为诗？世间有谁知？并⾮玫瑰却芬芳四溢；并⾮天空却虹横天际；并⾮流萤却微光熠熠；并⾮⼤海却涛声不息；⾮我却令我⽿聪⽬利，感知散⽂难绘之奇迹。
何为诗？世间有谁知？？何为诗何为诗？作者：埃莉诺·法杰恩（英国）翻译：王昌玲何为诗？谁知晓？⾮玫瑰，却芬芳。
⾮天空，却透亮。
⾮流萤，却溢彩。
⾮海洋，却回响。
⾮是我，却让我感受散⽂之颓丧:何为诗，谁知晓？诗为何物？作者：埃莉诺·法杰恩（英国）吴茂华译翻译：翻译：吴茂华译诗为何物？不是玫瑰却玫瑰般芳菲；不是天空却天空般明净；不是流萤却流萤般闪亮；不是⼤海却⼤海般激荡；不是⾃我却内⼼般感知。
视之听之美⽂所不能之：诗为何物？/s/blog_629ab2040100mygf.html何为诗？作者：埃莉诺·法杰恩（英国）翻译：张俊锋何为诗兮何⼈知?⾮玫瑰兮溢其⾹；⾮天空兮闪其亮；⾮流萤兮烁萤光；⾮⼤海兮荡其响；亦⾮我兮但能让感见散⽂所难予:何为诗兮何⼈知?问世间诗为何物作者：埃莉诺·法杰恩（英国）翻译：⽯永浩诗为何物？诗为何物，世间谁⼈知？⾮是蔷薇，⽽是其馨⾹⾮是苍穹，⽽是其天光⾮是流萤，⽽是其逸影⾮是汪洋，⽽是其涛声⾮是⾃我，⽽是我得之⽿⽬⼼悦，岂散⽂堪⽐诗为何物，世间谁⼈知？诗为何物作者：埃莉诺·法杰恩（英国）翻译：薛武诗为何物，谁⼜知晓不是玫瑰，⽽是玫瑰的芬芳不是天空，⽽是天空的光芒不是流萤，⽽是流萤的微明不是⼤海，⽽是⼤海的声响不是散⽂，⽽是诗意观赏、倾听、感觉，触电般的新意诗为何物，不可知诗依列娜·法吉恩作史潘荣译诗是什么？有没有⼈知道？不是玫瑰，是玫瑰的芬芳；不是天空，是天空的明亮；不是萤⾍，是萤⾍的微光；不是⼤海，是⼤海的荡漾；不是⾃⼰，却能⽿闻⽬睹并能感受，散体⽂的短处！它是什么，有没有⼈知道？何谓诗歌？作者：埃莉诺·法杰恩（英国）翻译：宛城卧龙译宛城卧龙译翻译：何谓诗歌，⼜有谁能去知晓不是玫瑰，却有玫瑰的芳⾹不是蓝天，却有蓝天的闪亮不是流萤，却有流萤的闪光不是⼤海，却有⼤海的声响不是⾃我，却让我看到听到⼜感觉到，散⽂没有的景象何谓诗歌，⼜有谁能去知晓何谓诗歌？作者：埃莉诺·法杰恩（英国）宛城卧龙译翻译：翻译：宛城卧龙译修改：赵宜忠何谓诗歌，⼜有谁能去知晓不是玫瑰，却有其芳⾹味道不是蓝天，却有蓝天的光芒不是流萤，却有流萤的闪亮不是⼤海，却有⼤海的声涛不是⾃我，却让我看到听到⽿闻⽬睹，却感到赋诗单调何谓诗歌，⼜有谁能去知晓。
精简英国文学教案Week 2
Week 2目的：了解小说的基本知识。
难点是如何理解小说的视角。
重点是小说的人物和情节。
Poetry is the honey of all flowers, the Quintessence of all sciences, the marrow of wit , and the very phrase of angels.5. What is p oetry? 看诗歌视频Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.Poetry is imaginative literature written in verse.Poetry is the art of representing human experiences.The Elements of Poetry1). Imagery（意象）*I magery is the senses the poem evokes in the reader. Imagery puts the reader in the poem. It helps the reader to “see” the poem.*T he tools of imagery are*Senses : sound, sight, touch, smell,taste, and emotion.*Figurative language : metaphor,simile, personification, hyperbole,etc.Contrast Those Winter SundaysThose Winter Sundays Sundays too my father got up earlyand put his clothes on in the blueblack cold,then with cracked hands that achedfrom labor in the weekday weather made banked fires(压火，堆积) blaze. No one ever thanked him.I’d wake and hear the cold splintering, breaking.When the rooms were warm, he’d call, and slowly I would rise and dress, fearing the chronic（长，恶劣）angers of that house,Speaking indifferently to him,who had driven out the coldand polished my good shoes as well. What did I know, what did I knowof love’s austere and lonely offices?Robert HaydenIn “Those Winter Sundays” Hayden has caused us to experience several senses. “…[B]lueblack cold” certainly makes us feel how cold it was. When the father’s hands are described as “cracked hands that ached” we can feel the roughness. He describes the cold “splintering and breaking.” We can hear the trees and ice crack. And then the rooms “were warm” when the boy got up. We know how that feels on a cold day. When the boy fears “the chronic angers of that house” and when he speaks “indifferently to him”we know what emotions the boy is feeling. Hayden has caused us to feel cold, cracked hands and warm rooms. We hear splinteringand breaking and feel anger and indifference. These sensory details make the poem come alive to us and help us to feel what the boy felt on those winter Sundays.I feel that this poem is a poem about a father and sons relationship in life. The father was all the boy had, although the boy did not realize how important his father was to him. It m akes you think that we should appreciate not only our fathers but orguardians who watch upon us.Man Remembering ChildhoodThe speaker in Robert Hayden’s sonnet is a man looking back at his childhood; he dramatizes an event that made him realize that he had not treated as father with as much love and respect as the father deserved. But instead of allowing himself to wallow in guilt and self-recrimination, he offers a rhetorical question that puts his attitude in proper perspective: he just did know any better. If he had known better, he could have done better. And that is a useful attitude that we all need.First Stanza –“Sundays too”The first line, “Sundays too my father got up early,” implies that the father did not sleep in because it was Sunday, but rather he continued his duty to his family. The father had to get dressed in the cold—“blueblack cold” is such a marvelous description for bitter, biting cold of an unheated house on winter mornings—because no one else would get up before the house was warm.The father had worked all week in the cold weather, possibly outside, until his hands were “cracked,” and even though his hands ached, he made the fire to warm the house for his family. Another wonderful image that adds its magic to this nearly perfect sonnet is [he] “made / banked fires blaze.” The phrase “banked fires” refers to the piles of wood that were heaped to keep a low glow during the night to make starting the fire again easier in the morning.This kind of fresh language is what makes poetry so alluring; instead of merely reporting that the father got up early as usual and started the fire in the stove so his family would be warm, the poet has fashioned a little drama filled with intriguing images that make us see and hear the events.The simple, literal line following these skillfully crafted images, delivers a blast: “No one ever thanked him.” The speaker has shown us a caring man who did so much for others, yet no oneappreciated it.Second Stanza –“the cold splintering, breaking”The speaker would lie in his warm bed listening while his father was rekindling the fire in thestove or fireplace to warm the house. He would hear “the cold splintering, breaking”—another image that contributes to fabulous dramatic quality of this poem. Literally, the father was splintering the wood, but figuratively while almost literally to the child listening, it would sound as if the cold itself were breaking up. Then when the house was warm enough, the father would call his son to get up, and the son would reluctantly comply. He would “rise and dress.”The line, “fearing the chronic angers of that house,” is the line that requires some interpretive power. Some readers have been led astray by this line, thinking that the poem is about child abuse by a father. If the angers are literal and belong to people, they not only refer to the father but to “that house,” meaning anyone else living the residence.Instead of assigning anger to people, however, one might argue that the angers belong to the house; perhaps the house has leaky, noisy pipes, broken windows, dilapidated furniture, rodent infestation, an abusive landlord, or any number of dangerous things that might cause the occupants discomfort.It is this vague line that detracts from the perfection of this sonnet. This vagueness motivates critics to peer into the poet’s life for po ssibilities for meaning. While looking at the biography of poets can certainly enrich the poet’s work for readers, it is a flaw if the reader feels the biography a necessity in understanding any part of the work.Third Stanza –“What did I Know?”One cou ld read this question as an excuse: “I was just a kid, what did I know?” But the fact is he did not know, because he was a kid. We are all in that same situation. None of us understands the sacrifices our parents make for us while they are making them. And the strength of this repeated question is that it provides the accurate reason for our failure to recognize the love, service, and attention that parents offer to protect their children.That love should have “austere and lonely offices” escapes the aware ness of children, because they do not have the insight and experience that adults who have served those offices have. The term “offices” might cause some confusion if one thinks only of business offices or rooms.Here the term refers to positions of authority and duty, especially those held in a sacred trust. The old adage that “it is lonely at the top” gives a sense of the meaning of the term. The poet could have used the term “duties,” but “offices” broadens the meaning to include the responsibilities of authorities, including parents.A Spiritual PoemThe sonnet reaches heights of reason and feeling that are rare in poetry, especially poetry written in the twentieth-century and particularly in secular poetry. This poetry qualifies as a spiritual poem, a nd except for the line “fearing the chronic angers of that house,” reaches nearly spiritual perfection.For information about various forms of sonnets, please see American, Petrarchan, Shakespearean.The copyright of the article Hayden‟s …Those Winter Sundays‟ in American Poetry is owned by Linda Sue Grimes. Permission to republish Hayden‟s …Those Winter Sundays‟ in print or online must be granted by the author in writing.Author: Robert E(arl) Hayden (1913-1980)Genre: poetryDate: 1962IntroductionRobert Hayden possessed amazing skill with language and the structure of the poem. Though he is perhaps best known for his poems that explore and express the African-American experience, from the days of slavery, to the Civil War, to that of his own time, poems like Middle Passage, or The Ballad of Nat Turner, he also wrote shorter, arguably more lyric poems that capture personal or religious moments. "Those Winter Sundays," a poem about a son remembering his father, is an excellent example of one of these shorter poems as it displays Hayden's incredible control of language and intricate understanding of human experience. It is clear that there was distance between them and little communication or even warmth. It is discovered though, in recollection, that love actually was present. It was just communicated subtly in the father's effort, specifically by building fires in the early morning that "dr[ove] out the cold." The poem seems to be a lament of the fact that the son, who at the time could not perceive such subtle expressions of love, never returned them. Though subjects and speakers of poems do not necessarily correlate with the poet who writes them, it is interesting to note that Hayden was not actually raised by his real mother and father, but by their neighbors to whom he was given at the age of eighteen months.ExplicationLines 1-2:The poem begins with a very simple line that nonetheless establishes the subject and the tone of what will follow. The title has already suggested the quiet cold of "winter Sundays" and this first line adds to it the notion of the early morning. The speaker's father is also introduced which leads one to believe that he will figure centrally in the poem. The simple action of the man getting up and dressing is sharpened as an image by the use of the interesting and striking adjective "blueblack," which describes a darkness that will soon be contrasted by the image of fire. This beginning might also be seen to suggest something of the father's character as well, as he is up before daybreak, and is the one to confront the cold darkness of the home.Lines 3-5:The father's effort and suffering are then focused upon. His hands, a particularly human reference, are dry and pained from weekday work. Y et this is not enough to keep him from the necessary task of making a fire. The element of self-sacrifice is clear in this description as the man disregards his own pain to warm and light the home for his family. The first stanza comes to a close with a quiet but surprising admission: "no one ever thanked him." This addition seems to further the implied isolation of the father as we learn that his suffering and effort go unacknowledged by the others. This last line also adds the element of lament or regret on the part of the speaker to the poem as it shifts from the father to the son and anonymous others.This first stanza also serves as an excellent example of Hayden's meticulous skill with language. Notice the sounds that he compiles as he tells the beginning of this simple story. He first establishes the cold dark with "blueblack." Then, consistent with the sound of a hard "c," he adds the element of pain: "cracked hands that ached." When certain consonant sounds repeat in close proximity it is called consonance and its use here is part of what holds the stanza together. The sounds are very subtle, but as each new hard "c" is uttered, it evokes some recollection of those that came before. So as one continues through the first stanza and hears "weekday," "banked," and "thanked," the poem coheres almost without notice. It could also be argued that this hard "c" was chosen to resemble the sound of a fire just starting, the cracking and popping of the dry wood. Finally, Hayden uses alliteration, the repetition of words beginning with the same consonant sound, with "weekday weather" and "banked fires blazed" to add to the smoothness of the lines and their sound.Line 6:Here, as the focus shifts to the speaker's role in this Sunday morning experience, the consonance continues. Though it is described as the speaker hearing the "cold splintering, breaking," the sounds continue to carry the connotation and sound of the fire started in the first stanza. The image of the fire affecting the cold also begins the progression from dark and cold to light and warm that seems to flow through the poem.Lines 7-8:Here, once warmth is established, the father calls to the son, who then performs the same act as the father in lines one and two by rising and dressing. This could be seen as a parallel between the two, to make a subtle connection that adds weight to the speaker's lament. It is possible, the parallel suggests, that the speaker has come to understand this childhood experience by eventually finding himself in the role of the father.Line 9:The second stanza then ends as the first did with an unexpected and powerful line. The idea of "chronic angers" is introduced into the calm scene in which the father makes the house warm and comfortable for his family. More specific information is not offered however, and the reader is left to guess who the source of the anger is, and what its causes might be. It is clear though that anger was a constant in the house, as much a part of the mornings as the fire itself. Hayden uses another hard "c" sound to express this, with the word "chronic," which connects this idea of anger to the earlier description of the fathers painful hands, and the fire blazing. One could argue that this introduces complexity psychological and structural that makes the poem much more accurate a description of such familial interaction.Lines 10-12:The third and final stanza begins with an image of emotional distance. This seems a fairly natural extension of the previous line's mention of the presence of anger in the house. The next two lines, however, imply that as much as the indifference may have been self-protective, it was also ungrateful. There is no judgment made about whether or not the indifference was justified, or could have been helped. There is only the admission that, in addition to possibly being the source of "chronic angers," the father also tended to his child. The images offered are clear and strong as first we are reminded of the building of the fire which drives out the cold, and then are given themore austere and sharper image of the man polishing shoes. Both of these images carry the connotations of the actions of a servant more than a father.Lines 13-14:After establishing the complex emotional sense of the remembered ritual, the speaker poses a striking rhetorical question that will end the poem. Line 13 provides, with an almost pleading repetition, the admission of ignorance on the part of the speaker. Then Line 14 reveals what it is that the speaker was ignorant about, what he has discovered looking back on those mornings. It is the nature of love, more specifically the love of the father. The first key adjective to offer insight into this is "austere." This means simple, or unadorned, but also removed from the ideas of pleasure. All of this we see in the description of the father who neglects his own comfort and confronts the cold and pain of his hands, in order to foster the comfort of his family. The second adjective, "lonely," then adds to this the element of isolation, which the father experienced each morning as he built the fire.All of this seems to point to the fact that when the speaker was young he doubted his father's love; as a child he assumed love was expressed in certain, more obvious ways. It is not until the speaker has grown significantly older that he realizes that love is often expressed silently and indirectly, and he is then able to recognize it in the early morning gestures of his father. Though there is still a sadness at the end of the poem, a lament for the opportunity to thank the father, or treat him better, there is also a feeling of resolution. It is as if homage is being paid finally in the making of the poem.Source: "`Those Winter Sundays'," in Poetry for Students, V ol. 1, Gale Research, 1997.2．Metre or Meter格律，Meter is rhythm in poetry. It is the means by which rhythm is measured and described. The two units of meter are foot (韵脚)and line(verse诗行).1. f oot:a. I ambic, The iamb is a disyllabic foot containing an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one.Examples in words: adore,excite, attack,Examples in verse:A thing↓of beau↓ty is ↓a joy ↓forev↓erb.trochee ,is a disyllabic foot containing a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed one.Examples in words: happy, many, upper, trochee.Examples in verse:Go and ↓catch a ↓falling↓starc. anapaest: Like a child from the womb, like a ghost from the tomb.d. dactyl : Touch her not ↓scornfully ↓Think of her ↓mournfully ↓gently and ↓humanly2. line: a. monometerb.dimeterc. trimetred. tetrameterf. pentameter :The pentameter is a line of five feet.P118 3. Rhyme and rhyme scheme: Exact rhyme are words that have the exact same-sounding ending, like cat and hat Slant rhyme words sound similar, but aren’t exact, like one and down.A rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhyming words.Look at the following poem and identify the rhyme scheme. P118 or P148 LettersRepetitive initial consonant sounds in a poem are called alliteration. Repetition of other consonant sounds is called consonance.（辅音韵）Repetitive vowel sounds are called assonance.（元音韵）Stanza*A stanza in poetry is like a paragraph in prose. The author divides the poem by grouping words into stanzas. We can often see the structure of the poem by the author’s use of stanza.P59Sonnet*I t is fourteen lines of rhymed iambic pentameter.*T he first 12 lines pose a problem, ask a question, or set up a situation.The couplet at the end solves the problem, answers the question or settles the situation.Assignments:How do you account for the iamb being the commonest kind of English meter?枫桥夜泊月落乌啼霜满天，江枫渔火对愁眠。
What is Poetry
From the sound
Perfect rhyme:
(1)masculine rhyme(single stressed syllable: still, hill)
(2)feminine rhyme (stressed syllable followed by another syllable:ending,bending)
A. About sonnet
Italian sonnet: a b b a a b b a c d e c d e
Shakespearean a b a b c d c d e f e f g g
Spenserian a b a b b c b c c d c d e e
Coleridge: Poetry is the best word in the best order.
Wordsworth: it is a spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling.
Poetry is a life distilled.
How to read aloud
His Departure Hence”
How to read a poem?
Make annotations注释 on the margin. Make your observations (take notes
on time) Raise your questions Center the theme and subject Experience the poem (understand the
Scanning (to mark the meter格律, rhyme节奏)
what-is-poetry
by Eleanor Farjeon
1
What Is Poetry?
What is poetry? Who knows? Not a rose, but the scent of rose; Not the sky, but the light in the sky; Not the fly, but the gleam of the fly; Not the sea, but the sound of the sea Not myself, but what makes me See,hear, and feel something that prose Cannot: and what it is, who knows?
2
诗为何物？
什么是诗，谁能讲得清？ 它不是玫瑰，却有玫瑰的芬香； 不是天空不是我自己，却使我能看到、听到、 感受到散文难以描绘的景象， 什么是诗，谁能讲得清？
3
About Author
Eleanor Farjeon (pronounced ) (13 February 1881 – 5 June 1965) was an English author of children's stories and plays, poetry, biography, history and satire. Many of her works had charming illustrations by Edward Ardizzone. Some of her correspondence has also been published. She won many literary awards and the prestigious Eleanor Farjeon Award for children's literature is presented annually in her memory by the Children's Book Circle, a society of publishers.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
What is Poetry?• A condensed piece of writing about a specific theme, topic or scenario•Often creates strong emotion or feeling•Often uses sound and rhythmRHYTHM(韵律)•The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem•Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, and refrainMETER（格律）A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.Meter occurs when the stressed and unstressed syllables of the words in a poem are arranged in a repeating pattern.When poets write in meter, they count out the number of stressed (strong) syllables and unstressed (weak) syllables for each line. They repeat the pattern throughout the poem.iambus (iambic) – a unit of rhythm in poetry, that is composed by unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllablelight heavye.g.delay, before, againsttrochee (trochaic)--- a unit of rhythm in poetry, that is composed by stressed syllable followed by unstressed syllableheavy lighte.g.midnight drearyanapest (anapestic)--- a unit of rhythm in poetry, that is composed by two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed onelight light heavye.g.understanddactyl (dactylic)—a unit of rhythm in poetry, that is composed by one stressedsyllable followed by two unstressed syllablesheavy light lighte.g.wonderfulTo ―scan‖ a poem, we mark each stressed and each unstressed syllable with a mark.Here, we’ll use －for stressed and ∨for unstressed.Aunt Jennifer’s tigers prance across the screen∨－∨∨－∨－∨－∨－Aunt Jennifer’s t igers prance across the screenBright topaz denizens of a world of green.∨－∨－∨∨－∨－∨－Bright topaz denizens of a world of green.Then we count the stressed syllables in a single line.Here there are 5 stressed syllables in each line.FOOT（音步）FOOT - unit of meter.A foot can have two or three syllables.Usually consists of one stressed and one or more unstressed syllables.e.g.Shall I compare thee to a summer’s Day?Shall I/ compare/ thee to/ a sum/mer’s Day?TYPES OF FEETThe types of feet are determined by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables.monometer = one foot on a linedimeter = two feet on a linetrimeter = three feet on a linetetrameter = four feet on a linepentameter = five feet on a linehexameter = six feet on a lineheptameter = seven feet on a lineoctameter = eight feet on a lineRhyme（韵脚）•Rhyme/Rhyming Scheme--- The pattern made by placing words which end in similar sounds at the ends of lines.•To mark out a rhyme scheme, letters, starting with a, are assigned to the first occurrence of a sound, such that line 1 is always a and the first occurrence of the next sound is always b and so on. ”(每一行的最后一个音节是一个韵律，用字母表示。
第一个韵律是a,第一个韵律是b,以次类推。
遇到和前面重复的韵律就用和前面相同的字母标记。
)Stanza ( 诗节)Stanza--- The combination of rhythm(that is, “iambic, trochaic, dactylic”, etc.), meter (that is, tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, etc.), and rhyme scheme(for example, “ab c b”) can create certain stanzaic forms which have become accepted poeticconventions.(一个rhyme scheme 就可以当作一个stanza诗节{A stanza of a poem equals to a paragraph of an essay, without the indentation.} )KINDS OF STANZAS•Couplet = a two line stanza•Triplet = a three line stanza•Quatrain = a four line stanza•Quintet = a five line stanza•Sestet = a six line stanza•Septet = a seven line stanza•Octave = an eight line stanzaRefrainThe word 'Refrain' derives from the Old French word refraindre meaning to repeat. Refrain is a phrase, line, or group of lines that is repeated throughout a poem, usually after each stanza.RefrainThe air is dark, the night is sad,I lie sleepless and I groan.Nobody cares when a man goes mad:He is sorry, God is glad.Shadow changes into bone.Every shadow has a name;When I think of mine I moan,I hear rumors of such fame.Not for pride, but only shame,Shadow changes into bone.When I blush I weep for joy,And laughter drops from me like a stone:The aging laughter of the boyTo see the ageless dead so coy.Shadow changes into bone.---by Allen GinsbergPoetic dictionthou=you（主格）thee=you（宾格）thy=yourart=arewert=werehath=hassometime=sometimeso’er=overe’er=ever。