第二章 汉英语言词汇对比研究

★词序 定语 ： 英语：单词修饰语一般放在中心词前面（少数只能作后置定语的单 词除外），短语和从句一般放在中心词后面。 汉语：定语无论单词还是词组一般放在中心词前面 汉语 英语 词、短语、词组 单词 单词、短语、句子
中心词
词汇(3)
中心词
这是一只黑猫。 This is a black cat. 那个穿白衣服的女孩是我的姐姐。 The girl in white is my sister. 这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的黑猫。 This is the black cat that killed the rat. 他现在是一个年老的人。 He is an old man now. 我喜欢我妻子沏的茶。 I like the tea my wife makes for me.
4.词汇(1)
★词类划分： 英语有冠词，关系词和反身代词，汉语 没有；汉语有量词和助词，英语没有。
She was with a child. 她带着一个孩子。 She was with child . 她怀着孕。 这回我可亲眼看见啦（表感叹语气）。 This time I’ve actually seen it for myself. He covered his eyes with his hands. 他用手捂住眼睛。

思维文化背景导致词序不同
悲欢 joy and sorrow 水火 fire and water 田径 track and field 同一的 one and the same 不论晴雨 rain and shine 前后 back and forth 饥寒交迫 suffer from cold and hunger 新旧 old and new 冷热 hot and cold 血肉 flesh and blood 贫富 rich and poor 迟早 sooner and later 寒衣 warm clothes 活字典 walking dictionary 挂钟 wall clock 座钟standing or desk clock 跑表 stop watch 油漆未干wet paint 听电话 answer the telephone 自学self-taught 闲人免进 employees only 乘客止步crew only 东西南北 north, south, east and west 南来北往 going north and south 人才市场 the job market 衣食住行 food, clothing, housing and transportation 布帛菽粟 food and clothing 教练车 student car 婚姻介绍所 dating agencies 旅游结婚 destination wedding 在校园里 on the campus 世界上 in the world 消防队 a fire brigade 太平门 an emergency exit 候机大厅 the departure lounge
状语


状语 ：英语：谓词状语可出现在动词前后；时间状语和地点状语排 列 先小后大。 汉语：谓词状语倾向于出现在动词之前；时间状语和地点状语排列先大 后小。
他们仔细地研究了那些问题。 They studied the problems carefully. He rose from the seat slowly. 他慢慢地从座位上站了起来。 He slowly rose from the seat. Slowly he rose from the seat. 这位诗人死于2005年七月一个星期一的早晨。 The poet died on a Monday morning in July 2005. 湖南师范大学位于湖南省长沙市岳麓山下。 Hunan Norman University is situated at the foot of the Yuelu Mountains in the city of Changsha in Hunan Province.
From this time forward I will work harder.
从这以后，我将更加努力。
In the years ahead, we will make more effort.
在未来的岁月里，我将加倍努力
他说到故事的后边去了。
He is getting ahead of the story.
★词类使用的频率：汉语多用动词， 英语多用名词、 连词和介词。
They were so excited that tears came to their eyes. 他们感动得热泪盈眶。 It seems as if we are in for a storm. 看来我们免不了要碰上一场暴风雨。 They fell in love at first sight. 他们一见钟情。