【绝对精品】英语语法23-替代和省略-Substitution and Ellipsis
省略与替代——精选推荐
省略与替代省略与替代英语中的省略省略在英语运用中，尤其是在交际对话中普遍存在，因为它可以避免重复，突出关键词语，能做到言简意赅，并使上下文紧密连接。
省略有词法上的省略，也有句法上的省略，某些替代也看作一种省略。
一、词法上的省略1.名词所有格后修饰的名词在以下情况可以省略如果名词所有格修饰的名词在前文已出现，则可以省略。
TheseareJohn''sbooksandthoseareMary''s(books).名词所有格后修饰的名词如果是指商店、住宅等地点时，这些名词也常常省略。
atthedoctor''s/atMr.Green''s/tomyuncle''s/atthebarber''s2.冠词的省略为了避免重复Thelightningflashedandthundercrashed.（thunder前省略了定冠词the）在thenextday(morning,afternoon,evening)等短语中，the常可以省略。
Wewenttothefarmtohelpthefarmerswiththeharvest(the)nextday.在副词的最高级前面的定冠词常可以省略。
Shesingsbestintheclass.在某些独立主格结构中。
Ourteachercamein,bookinhand.(=Ourteachercamein,withabookinhishand.)在as引导的让步状语从句中，当作表语的单数名词提前时，不定冠词要省略。
Childasheis,heknowsalot.在turn后的名词常不带冠词。
Heturnedteacherafterhegraduatedfromthecollege.3.介词的省略both/all后常跟of短语，其后可以接名词复数形式，也可以接代词宾格复数形式。
替代与省略
替代与省略替代和省略是语言中常见的现象，用于简化表达或避免重复。
下面是一些常见的替代和省略方式：1. 代词替代：使用代词来替代先前提到的名词，以避免重复。
例：John is my friend. He is very kind.（约翰是我的朋友。
他非常友善。
）2. 动词省略：在一些情况下，可以省略主语后面的谓语动词，因为主语已经明确。
例：She sings well, and he does too.（她唱得很好，他也是。
）3. 助动词省略：在一些情况下，可以省略助动词，因为上下文已经明确。
例：I can play the piano, and she can too.（我会弹钢琴，她也会。
）4. to-infinitive 省略：在一些情况下，可以省略不定式中的 to。
例：I want to eat, and she wants to too.（我想吃饭，她也想。
）5. that 省略：在一些情况下，可以省略宾语从句中的that。
例：She said she would come, but I don't think she will.（她说她会来，但我不认为她会。
）6. of 省略：在一些情况下，可以省略介词 of。
例：A cup of coffee, please.（请来一杯咖啡。
）7. be 动词省略：在一些情况下，可以省略 be 动词。
例：He is a doctor, and she is too.（他是医生，她也是。
）8. 省略冠词：在一些情况下，可以省略冠词。
例：I have car.（我有辆车。
）需要注意的是，替代和省略的使用要根据具体语境和语法规则来确定，有时候省略可能会导致理解上的困惑，因此在书面语和正式场合中，应尽量避免过度的替代和省略。
定语从句的省略和替代原则
定语从句的省略和替代原则定语从句是英语语法中一种常见的修饰方式，它通过使用关系词来连接主句和从句，从而为句子提供更多的信息。
在定语从句中，省略和替代原则是一个重要的语法现象。
本文将探讨定语从句的省略和替代原则，以及相关的应用和注意事项。
一、省略原则定语从句中的省略可以简化句子结构，使句子更加简洁明了。
在英语中，定语从句中的主语、谓语或其他成分如果在主句中已经明确表示，则可以在从句中省略。
在定语从句中，主语的省略是最常见的情况。
例如：1. The book (that) I bought yesterday is very interesting.（昨天我买的那本书很有趣。
）在这个例句中，从句中的主语“that”可以被省略，因为主句中的主语“the book”已经表示了该信息。
另外，定语从句中的谓语也可以省略。
例如：2. She showed me the picture (that was) taken last summer.（她给我看了去年夏天拍摄的那张照片。
）在这个例句中，从句中的谓语“that was”可以被省略，因为主句中的谓语“showed”已经表示了该信息。
除了主语和谓语的省略外，定语从句中其他成分的省略也是可能的，具体使用情况要根据具体场景和上下文来确定。
二、替代原则定语从句中的替代原则是指，在从句中使用代词来替代先行词，从而避免重复使用相同的词语。
常见的替代代词包括：who, whom, whose, which, that等。
1. 人的替代代词：- 主格：who- 宾格：whom- 所有格：whose例如：3. The girl who is sitting next to me is my sister.（坐在我旁边的女孩是我的妹妹。
）在这个例句中，从句中的主语“who”代替了先行词“the girl”。
2. 物的替代代词：- 指人：who, whom, whose, that- 指物：which, that例如：4. The book which/that I bought yesterday is very interesting.（我昨天买的书很有趣。
语法精讲条件句的省略与替代
语法精讲条件句的省略与替代语法精讲：条件句的省略与替代条件句是英语语法中的一个重要部分，用于表达一个动作或情况发生的条件。
在实际应用中，我们经常会遇到一些情况需要省略条件句的某些部分或者用其他词语进行替代。
本文将详细介绍条件句的省略与替代，以帮助读者更好地理解和运用这一语法结构。
I. 从句的省略1. 省略if在条件句中，如果主句的主语与从句的主语相同，我们可以省略从句中的if，并将从句动词的主语和助动词合并在一起。
例如：- If you meet John, tell him to call me. (如果你碰到约翰，告诉他给我打电话。
)- You meet John, tell him to call me.2. 省略should在虚拟条件句中，从句中可以省略should。
例如：- If I were you, I should apologize. (如果我是你，我会道歉。
)- If I were you, I would apologize.II. 其他词语的替代1. 使用倒装句在条件句中，可以使用倒装句来表示强调或者前后对比的关系。
例如：- If only I had known earlier, I would have been able to help. (要是我早点知道就好了，我本可以帮忙的。
)- Had I known earlier, I would have been able to help.2. 使用or else在条件句中，可以使用or else来表示“否则”的意思。
例如：- Finish your homework, or else you won't be allowed to go out. (把作业做完，要不然你就不能出去了。
)- Finish your homework, or you won't be allowed to go out.3. 使用otherwise在条件句中，可以使用otherwise来表示“否则”的意思。
新概念三语法精讲三四替代与省略ppt课件
A. he has doubted
B. he doubts
C. did he doubt
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测试精编
I．选择正确选项： 1. Not until the mid-nineteenth-century discovery of vast deposits of borate's in
the Majave Desert ________ relatively common. A. borax became B. did borax become C. and borax become D. borax's becoming
他要是明天来的话，他会帮我们解决这个问题的。 8．百分特例重点：
Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want. （NCE Book III Lesson 26） 尽管我们为自己的绝好鉴赏力感到自豪，但我们已经无法自由地选择我们所 需要的东西了。
•
— Will he come back in time?
•
— Perhaps.（省略了he will come back in time.)
3
测试精编 • I．选择正确答案：
1. — Shall I wake you up tomorrow? — Yes, ________ .
A._____ a promise, but he also kept it.
A. did he made
B. he made
C. did he make
D. he makes
倒装、省略与替代
• Let’s do the dishes. I’ll wash (dishes) and
you dry (dishes). • Is this your bike? --- Yes, it is (mine). • He’s a real man. --- Who is (a real man)? • If you need any of that firewood, I can give you plenty (of that firewood). • That letter was the last (I ever received from her).
you. • We’ll do the best we can (do). • Only one of us was injured, and he (was injured) just slightly. • --- Which of them is the better choice? --- Well, it’s hard to tell (it).
• 三、句首为表示方式及频度的副词时 • Often does he warn us not to touch the
poisonous chemical. • Well do I remember the day when it happened. • Often had I intended to speak of it. • 四、以so (…that)开头的句子 • So great was the destruction that the south took decades to recover. • So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given more pay.
英语语法：替代
带后置修饰语的替代词one/ ones也常见于比 带后置修饰语的替代词one/ ones也常见于比 较分句中。例如： 较分句中。例如： Our new cassette is more expensive than the one we had before. before. I like this picture better than the one you showed me yesterday. 替代词one/ ones 在形容词比较级 在形容词比较级、 替代词 one/ ones在形容词比较级 、 最高级以 及某些限定词如this, which， 及某些限定词如this, which，序数词等之后可以 省略。例如： 省略。例如： I want the fifth volume, not the fourth (one). (one). If I miss the 9:15 train, I’ll catch the next (one). (one). The second chapter is much longer than the first (one). (one).
１）替代词one/ ones只能替代单数／复数可数名 替代词one/ ones只能替代单数 只能替代单数／ 词。例如： 例如： There are good films as well as bad ones. (ones = ones. films) They sent us a lot of small apples instead of big ones. ones. (ones = apples) 如果名词词组中心词是不可数名词， 如果名词词组中心词是不可数名词 ， 就不 能用one/ ones替代 要避免重复， 替代， 能用one/ ones替代，要避免重复，通常采用名词 性省略: 性省略: We prefer green tea to black (tea). (tea). I like fresh candy better than stale (candy). (candy).
语法小技巧定语从句的省略与替代
语法小技巧定语从句的省略与替代定语从句是指用来修饰名词或代词的从句，用于进一步说明名词的属性、特征或身份。
在英语语法中，我们经常会遇到定语从句的省略与替代。
下面将介绍一些常见的语法小技巧，帮助大家更好地理解定语从句的省略与替代。
一、省略定语从句的引导词1. 省略关系代词"that"：在口语中，特别是非正式的情况下，我们经常会省略关系代词"that"。
例如：a. This is the book (that) I bought yesterday.这就是我昨天买的书。
b. He is the person (that) I talked to this morning.他就是我今天早上跟他说话的那个人。
2. 省略关系代词"which"：当定语从句修饰物时，关系代词"which"可以省略。
例如：a. The computer (which) I bought last month is very advanced.我上个月买的电脑非常先进。
b. The car (which) I borrowed from my friend is very comfortable.我从朋友那里借来的车非常舒适。
3. 省略关系代词"who"：当定语从句修饰人时，关系代词"who"可以省略。
例如：a. The teacher (who) I met yesterday is very friendly.我昨天遇到的那个老师非常友好。
b. The girl (who) I saw at the party is my classmate.我在派对上见到的那个女孩是我的同学。
二、用"one"替代整个定语从句当定语从句中的谓语动词前有修饰语或状语从句时，我们可以将整个定语从句用"one"来替代。
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Uses of one/ ones as Substitutes
1
Judy broke the coffee-pot, so she has to
buy another (one).
Some of your answers were correct, but
5
2 I can’t remember which (ones).
• I need this dictionary, but I
can’t afford it. (specific
3
reference)
• I need a good dictionary, but
Generic reference I can’t afford one. (generic
reference)
I can’t write properly with your pen; I’d rather use my own.
You have four children. I have only two.
Uses of one/ ones as Substitutes
1 2
Compare: • I need this dictionary, but I can’t afford that. (specific reference)
Uses of one/ ones as Substitutes
1 To replace a countable noun or noun phrase, for personal as well as non-personal reference.
The new design is much better than the old one.
Can you get me a few apples? I need some.
I don’t want any more food. I’ve had enough. Slang disappears quickly, especially the juvenile sort. If you want a typewriter, he will provide you with one.
Uses of one/ ones as Substitutes
1 2
I have a new dictionary and several old ones.
I don’t like red roses, I like the white ones.
4
3
ones can only replace the headword of a noun phrase, and therefore is always preceded by “determiner + pre-modifier”.
Grammatical devices for avoiding repetition and achieving textual cohesion.
Substitution: the replacement of an identical item by a substitute.
Ellipsis: the omission of the item or replacement of the item by a zero substitute (leaving out).
Substitution Substitution consists of replacing one word or phrase with another.
1.1 Nominal Substitution
1.2 Verbal Substitution
1.3 Clausal Substitution
1.1 Nominal Substitution
Nominal substitutes include such items as one, ones, the same, the kind, the sort, and some indefinite pronouns, such as all, both, some, any enough, several, none, many, much, (a) few, etc.
There were a few young people with some old ones in the house.
X I really like sweet sherry but my husband prefer dry one.
Uses of one/ ones as Substitutes
I prefer the large bottle to the small
(one).
4
3
I prefer a large bottle to a small one. We have to give up this machine for a
better (one).
When the determiners of one or ones are this, these, that, those, which, either, neither, another, the last, the next, etc; or the + an opposition adjective; or the comparative and superlative degree of adjectives, one or ones can be omitted.
Mary left at about the same time as Jane left.
Mary left at about the samห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ time as Jane did.
Mary left at about the same time as Jane. 2020/6/29
1. Substitution
1 Determiner + a pre-modifier + one
Can I have a melon? I’d like a big
2 one.
Your car isn’t fast enough. Let’s take his new one.
I prefer red roses to white ones, but my wife likes both.