语言学morpheme

mono-morphemic words（单语素词）. All mono-morphemic words are free morphemes.
Compounds（复合词）:there are poly morphemic words(多语素词),which consist wholly of free morphemes. e.g. paymaster, moonwalk, babysit, godfather, sunflower.
• We saw that some words can be analyzed into smaller components. • Ex. • chairman chair, man • townhall town, hall • boys boy, -s • checking check,- ing • disappointment dis- ,appoint , -ment
1 、Morphemes 语素
• Definition: The smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot be further divided into smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning. 语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步划分为更小的单 位而不破坏或彻底改变其词汇意义或语法意义。 such as: chair , dog , cup and so on.
B. Affix（词缀）: is a collective term for the type
of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme（the root or stem).词缀是那些只 能附着于另一个词素（词根或词干）上的一类语素的总称。
Roots may be – Free（自由语素）: those that can stand by themselves, eg: black in blackboard, blackbird; – Bound（黏着语素）: those that cannot stand by themselves eg: -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive.
Allomorphs in prefixes
morpheme negative morpheme inmorph1: im morph2: ir morph3: il
impossible
irregular
illegal
A morpheme may take various shapes or forms.
B..Inflectional affixes do not change the Word class they attach to.屈折词缀不改变词类。 Derivational affixes might change the word class 派生词缀可能改变词类
C.Inflectional affixes are conditioned by Nonsemantic linguistic factors outside the word they attach to but within the phrase or sentence.屈折词缀受到的限制是非 语义性的语言因素，这一因素在它们所依附的词以外，但 是在短语或句子之内。 Eg. The boy likes to …Likes就是由句子的主语决定的。
• 3.1.2 Types of Morphemes 语素的类型 • 3.1.3 Morphological change and Allomorph 形态学的变化和词素变体
1 、 Free morpheme and Bound morpheme 自由语素和黏着语素
A. Freemorphemes: Those that may occur alone, those which may make up words by themselves.(可以单独出现， 独自构成单词。) E.g. dog, nation, close
Normally divided into: – prefix (dis-, un-)前缀 dislike undo – suffix (-ize, -tion)后缀 colonize revolution – Infix （-ee-） 中缀 feet
A word
root
determine The meaning of a word
• 3.1.1 Morpheme and Morphology 语素和形态学
• 3.1.2 Types of Morphemes 语素的类型 • 3.1.3 Morphological change and Allomorph 形态学的变化和词素变体
Allomorph
• An allomorph(词素变体) is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.同一语素在不同环境中出现时的不 同表现形式。
Other instances are such as the variation of plural forms （复数形式） of nouns: e.g. –s, -es, -en, -ee-, and so on
cat
dog
PLURAL
horse
morpheme
[s]
morph
[z]
morph
B. Bound morphemes(黏着语素):
They cannot occur alone. (不能单独出现)
They must appear with at least one different morpheme. （至少有一个不同的语素） e.g. dogs, national, disclose.
2. Morphology 形态学
• Morphology: The systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics.形 态学是语言学的一个分支。
• It studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.它研究词的内部结 构和构造规则。
[iz]
morph
Morphological change 形态变化
研究当代词汇与古词汇的不同 inflectional changes in affix 屈折词缀的不同 e.g. 第三人称单数做主语一般现在时动词形式 ancient form present form -eth -s, -es do do(e)th does go goeth goes find findeth finds
Chapter 3
3.1 What is Morpheme? 什么是语素？
• 3.1.1 Morpheme and Morphology 语素和形态学
• 3.1.2 Types of Morphemes 语素的类型 • 3.1.3 Morphological change and Allomorph 形态学的变化和词素变体
friends friendships
friend friendship
• 请看课本54图
3 、Inflectional affix and derivational
affix 屈折词缀和派生词缀
A.Inflectional affixes very often only add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem.屈 折词缀常常在词干后面添加一个微小的或微妙的 语法意义。例如：toys,walks,Jonh’s, Derivational affixes often change the lexical meaning.派生词缀常常改变词汇意义.
distempered dis temper -ed
bound morphemes
free morphemes
2.Root, affix and stem 词根，词缀，词干
A. Root（词根）: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without destroying its meaning,that is to say,it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed. (词根是构成词的基础成分，不能再作进一步分析而不破坏其意义。 也就是说，把一个词的所有词缀去掉之后的部分就是词根。) eg: friend as in unfriendliness. All words contain a root morpheme. 所有的词都至少包含一个词根词素。
Derivational affixes are more often based on simple meaning distinctions.派生词缀更多是根据简单的意义区 别。 例如，clever和cleverness之间的选择依赖于我们要谈论性 质“clever”还是要谈论处于聪明的状态“cleverness” D.Inflectional affixes are mostly suffixes.屈折词缀绝大部分 是后缀。如：drums, walks, Mary’s Derivational affixes can be prefixes or suffixes.派生词缀可 以是前缀也可以是后缀。E.g. depart, online, teacher, workable
Allomorphs in suffix
morpheme noun morpheme -ion morph1: tion description morph2: ation modernization
allomorphs
morph3: sion decision
[describe] [modernize] [decide] • -ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are the positional variants of the same suffix.
prefix
change The meaning of a word
suffix
determine The characteristic of a word
C. Stem 词干
any morpheme or combination of morpheme to which an inflectional affix can be added. 词干是指能够附加上屈折词缀的语素或语 素组合
• E.G. • purify pur(e) , -ify • amplify(放大) simplify(简单化) electrify(充电) falsify(伪造) A new verb can be created by adding -ify to an adjective.
• 3.1.1 Morphwenku.baidu.comme and Morphology 语素和形态学
The change of verb form and plural form of noun
名词复数形式的变化 • seedes/wayes seeds/ways • Thou,ye,yee you • Thy your
第二人称单数做主语一般现在时动词形式 ancient form present form -est 原形 do do(e)st 原形 play playest 原形 hear hearest 原形