环境工程概论 chapter 11 Municipal Solid Wastes2危险固体废弃物
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Municipal Solid Waste Treatment and Disposal
Plastic types
Quiz
The resin codes in containers for yogurt is ( )
Source Separation
Separation of recyclables can be accomplished by home or business owner, or at a centralized waste processing plant Source separation: the homeowner or business keeps the recyclable materials separated from the garbage in the home or business
Curbside collection, specialized compartmentalized collection trucks Mix or commingle the nonpaper materials
Source separated in shanghai
How People Reuse Materials
Heavy metal Organic substance, such as dioxins
The waste ash is added to cement and used as road bed at a local landfill. Concrete chemically bonds with the metals and waste to bond and seal it permanently.
Processing recyclables
Material recycling facility (MRF): system for processing the source separated but commingled materials The following types of materials are received at a MRF
Concentrates hazardous substances into ash for burial or use as landfill cover Sale of energy reduces cost Modern controls reduce air pollution Some facilities recover and sell metals
• Release waste into environment for dispersal or dilution
• Reduce packaging and materials in products
• Make products that last longer and are recyclable, reusable, or easy to repair
Integrated Waste Management
Suggested Priorities for Integrated Waste Management
First Priority
Second Priority Primary Pollution and Waste Prevention • Change industrial process to eliminate use of harmful chemicals • Purchase different products • Use less of a harmful product Secondary Pollution and Waste Prevention
Types of material
Paper compartment
Old newspaper, generally bundled Old corrugated cardboard Mixed paper, including envelopes, magazine, or
junk mail
BURNING AND BURYING SOLID WASTE
Globally, MSW is burned in over 1,000 large waste-to-energy incinerators, which boil water to make steam for heating water, or space, or for production of electricity.
Top five countries that burn their trash to
recover the energy in it.
History of Incineration
Inaugurated in 1874 in Nottingham England. Called “The Destructor” and used to systematically incinerate trash
Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu
Controlling Emissions
Modern air pollution control devices are installed on all MSW incinerator to remove the fly ash and potentially harmful gaseous contaminants. Located after the furnace, but before the tall stack (incinerator stacks may be 60-180m for good dilution and dispersion
Commingled compartment
Clear, brown and green glass Ferrous metal food and beverage container
Aluminum food and beverage container
HDPE and PET plastics
Disadvantages
Expensive to build Costs more than short-distance hauling to landfills
Difficult to site because of citizen opposition
Some air pollution Older or poorly managed facilities can release large amounts of air pollution Output approach that encourages waste production Can compete with recycling for burnable materials such as newspaper
When scavenging is supported-ending exploitation and discrimination-it represents a perfect illustration of sustainable development that can be achieved in the Third World: jobs are created, poverty is reduced, raw material costs for industry are lowered, resources are conserved, pollution is reduced, and the environment is protected --Medina, M. 2000. Scavenger cooperatives in Asia and Latin America. Resource, conservation, and recycling, 31:51-69
The final products from the burning of refuse are waste ash and exhaust gases.
Bottom ash: the solid residue remaining in the furnace after combustion, include glass, metal, fine mineral particles, and other unburned substances. Fly ash: carried along in the combustion airstream (flue gas), consists of finely divided particulate matter, including cinders, mineral dust, and soot.
An example of an illegal "home-made incinerator."
History of Incineration
By 1909 – many incinerators were abandoned and land was used for dumping. By 1960s, landfills received 62% of MSW. By 1980, incinerators consumed 19% of MSW. Today incinerators consume 43% of the MSW.
Children looking for materials to sell in an open dump near Manila in the Philippines.
Role of scavenging in China
Scavenger, or informal sector, participate in solid waste management activities
Mass-Burn Garbage Incinerator
Waste-to-energy incinerator with pollution controls that burns mixed solid waste.
Trade-Offs Incineration Advantages
Reduces trash volume Less need for landfills Low water pollution
Japan and a few European countries incinerate most of their MSW.
Incineration
Facilities produce clean, renewable energy through the combustion of municipal solid waste in specially designed power plants equipped with the most modern pollution control equipment to clean emissions.
The general process of MSWM in China
The integrated system of MSWM in China
More information?
Jun Tai, Weiqian Zhang, Yue Che, Di Feng. Municipal solid waste source-separated collection in China: A comparative analysis. Waste Management. 2011(31):1673-1682
Last Priority
Waste Management • Treat waste to reduce toxicity • Incinerate waste • Bury waste in landfills
• Reuse products
• Repair products • Recycle • Compost • Buy reusable recyclable products
Plastic types
Quiz
The resin codes in containers for yogurt is ( )
Source Separation
Separation of recyclables can be accomplished by home or business owner, or at a centralized waste processing plant Source separation: the homeowner or business keeps the recyclable materials separated from the garbage in the home or business
Curbside collection, specialized compartmentalized collection trucks Mix or commingle the nonpaper materials
Source separated in shanghai
How People Reuse Materials
Heavy metal Organic substance, such as dioxins
The waste ash is added to cement and used as road bed at a local landfill. Concrete chemically bonds with the metals and waste to bond and seal it permanently.
Processing recyclables
Material recycling facility (MRF): system for processing the source separated but commingled materials The following types of materials are received at a MRF
Concentrates hazardous substances into ash for burial or use as landfill cover Sale of energy reduces cost Modern controls reduce air pollution Some facilities recover and sell metals
• Release waste into environment for dispersal or dilution
• Reduce packaging and materials in products
• Make products that last longer and are recyclable, reusable, or easy to repair
Integrated Waste Management
Suggested Priorities for Integrated Waste Management
First Priority
Second Priority Primary Pollution and Waste Prevention • Change industrial process to eliminate use of harmful chemicals • Purchase different products • Use less of a harmful product Secondary Pollution and Waste Prevention
Types of material
Paper compartment
Old newspaper, generally bundled Old corrugated cardboard Mixed paper, including envelopes, magazine, or
junk mail
BURNING AND BURYING SOLID WASTE
Globally, MSW is burned in over 1,000 large waste-to-energy incinerators, which boil water to make steam for heating water, or space, or for production of electricity.
Top five countries that burn their trash to
recover the energy in it.
History of Incineration
Inaugurated in 1874 in Nottingham England. Called “The Destructor” and used to systematically incinerate trash
Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu
Controlling Emissions
Modern air pollution control devices are installed on all MSW incinerator to remove the fly ash and potentially harmful gaseous contaminants. Located after the furnace, but before the tall stack (incinerator stacks may be 60-180m for good dilution and dispersion
Commingled compartment
Clear, brown and green glass Ferrous metal food and beverage container
Aluminum food and beverage container
HDPE and PET plastics
Disadvantages
Expensive to build Costs more than short-distance hauling to landfills
Difficult to site because of citizen opposition
Some air pollution Older or poorly managed facilities can release large amounts of air pollution Output approach that encourages waste production Can compete with recycling for burnable materials such as newspaper
When scavenging is supported-ending exploitation and discrimination-it represents a perfect illustration of sustainable development that can be achieved in the Third World: jobs are created, poverty is reduced, raw material costs for industry are lowered, resources are conserved, pollution is reduced, and the environment is protected --Medina, M. 2000. Scavenger cooperatives in Asia and Latin America. Resource, conservation, and recycling, 31:51-69
The final products from the burning of refuse are waste ash and exhaust gases.
Bottom ash: the solid residue remaining in the furnace after combustion, include glass, metal, fine mineral particles, and other unburned substances. Fly ash: carried along in the combustion airstream (flue gas), consists of finely divided particulate matter, including cinders, mineral dust, and soot.
An example of an illegal "home-made incinerator."
History of Incineration
By 1909 – many incinerators were abandoned and land was used for dumping. By 1960s, landfills received 62% of MSW. By 1980, incinerators consumed 19% of MSW. Today incinerators consume 43% of the MSW.
Children looking for materials to sell in an open dump near Manila in the Philippines.
Role of scavenging in China
Scavenger, or informal sector, participate in solid waste management activities
Mass-Burn Garbage Incinerator
Waste-to-energy incinerator with pollution controls that burns mixed solid waste.
Trade-Offs Incineration Advantages
Reduces trash volume Less need for landfills Low water pollution
Japan and a few European countries incinerate most of their MSW.
Incineration
Facilities produce clean, renewable energy through the combustion of municipal solid waste in specially designed power plants equipped with the most modern pollution control equipment to clean emissions.
The general process of MSWM in China
The integrated system of MSWM in China
More information?
Jun Tai, Weiqian Zhang, Yue Che, Di Feng. Municipal solid waste source-separated collection in China: A comparative analysis. Waste Management. 2011(31):1673-1682
Last Priority
Waste Management • Treat waste to reduce toxicity • Incinerate waste • Bury waste in landfills
• Reuse products
• Repair products • Recycle • Compost • Buy reusable recyclable products