我国基层环境执法的困境与出路

我国基层环境执法的困境与出路

——以深圳市宝安区为例

摘要

随着我国经济的快速发展和城市化进程的不断推进，我国的环境污染问题日益凸显出来。为了加强环境保护的工作，中国政府在“十一五”规划期成功减排了两种主要污染物。在“十二五”规划中提出了新的减排总量目标，并扩充了污染物的种类。2012年，制定了更为严格的空气质量标准，增加了细颗粒物和臭氧这两个重要的污染指标。政府要求京津冀、长三角、珠三角这三大污染中心在2017年必须把细颗粒物浓度与2012年比分别降低25%、20%和15%。然而，由于“十一五”之前的环保目标大多没有实现，以致环保问题严重。现在的目标离根本改善环境质量还有很大差距。因此，针对当前我国环境污染问题的日益凸显以及环境治理任务的越来越严峻，加强对环境管理问题的研究具有非常重要的意义。

本研究综合采用文献分析法、案例分析法和对比分析法等，在对相关理论基础和国外环境执法经验总结的基础上，结合宝安区环境执法探讨环境执法的现状和存在的问题，主要表现在生活污染比重上升、工业污染控制难度大、环境安全存在隐患、环境监管能力不足以及认识上的误区，如环保法律过多，情况处置复杂，法律责任不严格等法律体系不完善问题、环保监管对象众多、现场执法透明度不高等环境执法机制不完善问题、环保投入不足、技术支持缺乏信息化水平不高、环境执法监督缺乏和环境合作执法不足、公民参与度不足等。这些问题制约了深圳宝安区环境执法水平的提升。

最后，针对存在的问题提出解决的对策和措施。一方面，立法机关要完善环境执法手段，地方政府要改革绩效观念，加大环保财政投入和环境执法技术支持；另一方面，也要进一步明确基层环境各部门的环境保护权责，强化基层执法职能，严格环境准入；建立健全环境评价价格评价技术、推进资源环境市场化；加强对环境执法的监督，完善联合执法机制，加强区域环保合作和国际交流合作；同时，要不断的加强对公民环保意识的宣传和能力的培训，完善突发性环境应急处理机

制。

关键词：环境执法；环境监测；公众参与；联合执法

Abstract

With the rapid development of China's economy and the progress of urbanization, the problem of environmental pollution has become increasingly prominent in China. In order to strengthen the work of environmental protection, the Chinese government in the "11th Five-Year" planning period successfully reduced the two major pollutants. In the "12th Five-Year" planning, the new emission reduction targets were proposed, and the types of pollutants were expanded. 2012, the development of more stringent air quality standards, the increase of fine particulate matter and ozone these two important indicators of pollution. Beijing, Beijing, Tianjin, the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, the three major pollution centers in 2017 must be the concentration of fine particulate matter decreased by 25%, 20% and 15%, respectively, compared with. However, due to the "11th Five-Year" before the environmental goals are not achieved, so that environmental protection is a serious problem. Now the goal is to improve the quality of the environment there is still a big gap. Therefore, in view of the current situation of China's environmental pollution problem has become increasingly prominent, as well as more and more serious environmental management tasks, to strengthen the research on environmental management issues has a very important significance.

The method of literature analysis, case analysis and comparative analysis, this research adopts, based on summarizing the relevant theoretical basis and foreign environmental law enforcement experience, combined with the Baoan District environmental law enforcement of environmental law enforcement and the existing problems, mainly manifested in the life of heavy pollution than rise, industrial pollution control, environmental safety is difficult risks, lack of environmental