英语语言学之Morphology
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Lecture 5
授课题目 : morphology.
教学目标及基本要求：Teaching target and object
(1) Let students know what morphology is, and how the morphemes are combined into larger units for human communication.
Revision exercises
What is phonology? What is the similarities and differences
between phonetics and phonology ? How can we distinguish a phone, a
Morphology is the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words.
For example:
“Purify”-----consists of two parts: “pur(e)” and “ –ify”, from which one can work out a rule: a new form of verb can be formed by adding “-ify” to an adjective. This is called a morphological rule.
For example: “ book”, “help”, clap” ,”from” “television”, ‘gentleness” “unavoidable
Rely Rely+able Rely+able+ity Un+rely+able+ity
one morpheme two morphemes three morphemes four morphemes
Unbearable Watchful Soft-hearted
uneducated inspiring horsemanship
See the exercises 1 and 2 on page 82
1) un- + bear + -able 2) watch + -ful 3) person+ -ify (i) + -cation 4) un- + exception + -al + -ly 5) un- +educate +-(e)d 6) inspir(e) + -ing 7) soft + heart + -ed 8) horse + man + -ship
“doing”---consisted of two paFra Baidu bibliotekts “do” and “-ing”,from which we can work out a rule:we can put “ –ing” to a verb to form a “-ing’ participle.
形态学研究词素、词素的不同形态(即词素变体)极其构词法.英语 形态学是研究英语词素及其构词法的.
1) geography 2) inter- +nation + -al + -ly 3) forget + -(t)en 4) Washington 5) inform + -ation 6) industry (i) + -al +-iz(e) + -ation 7) pre- + dominat(e) + -ant 8) pre- + conscious
Closed Class refers to prep. Article, conjunction, interjection;
pron, prep,and determiner, because it is impossible to add new words to these classes of words. Closed words are also called grammatical words or function words, or invariable words since their roles are largely or wholly grammatical.
Is a word the smallest meaningful linguistic unit?
What is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit?
What is a morpheme?（词素）
A morpheme is the smallest linguistic
Every word belongs to a certain word class and in English ,words can be divided into the following ten classes: n.v.adj.adv.prep.pron.article,determiner, conjunction, interjection. These ten word classes can be divided into Open Class and Closed Class
phoneme and an allophone? What is a minimal pair? Give us some
examples.
What is Morphology
Morphology studies morphemes and their different forms and the way they combine in word formation. So it refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
What is a word?
What are the main features of a word?
What do you think of the following definitions of a word?
A word is a meaningful group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper.
A word is “a minimum free form”, that is , the smallest form that can occur by itself.
The four characteristics of a word
A word is a sound or combination of sounds which we produce voluntarily with our vocal equipment.e.g. “we” [wi:]
A word is symbolic. It stands for something else such as object, happening or ideas. “table”
Words are part of the larger communication system we call language. “I teach linguistics”
Words help human beings interact culturally with one another.(p.75)
The definition of a word and the classification of words
A word is a meaningful and grammatical language unit which can be used by its own.
Open Class refers to noun, verb, adjective, and adverb, because we
can regularly add another morpheme or a new word to these word classes. E.g. “boyfriend”,”dislike”,”impossible”. Open class words are also termed lexical words or content words or variable words for they all carry certain semantic contents. Eg. Book books book’s Work works worked working Fast faster fastest
How many allomorphs does the plural morpheme”-s’ have?
The plural “ s “has many morphologicallyconditioned allomorphs. For example.
(1) –(e)s, as in “cats”, “matches” (2) –(r)en: as in “oxen”, “children” (3) –e-: as in “men”, “women” (4) –ee-, as in “feet”, “teeth” (5) zero, as in “sheep”, “deer”
Allomorph（词素变体）:An allomorph is the different variants of the same morpheme. It can be phonologically or morphologically conditioned.
See more on p. 82
(2) Let students know how new words are formed.
教学重点 Teaching focus
(1) word and word classes (2) word, morphemes, and allomorph (3) types of morphemes (4) morphological rules (5) the formation of new words
unit that carries grammatical and / or semantic meaning.This means that it can not be further divided into smaller grammatical units.
A morpheme may be a complete word or an affix.
The morpheme representing the plural form of nouns can be expressed by[-s],[-z],[-iz] ,[-vz] etc.So the phonetic segments [-s],[-z], [-iz] ,[-vz] are the morphs of the same morpheme{-s}, the phonological or orthographic variants of the morpheme {s}: –s .-es, -ves are the allomorphs of the same morpheme representing the plural form of the English words.
授课题目 : morphology.
教学目标及基本要求：Teaching target and object
(1) Let students know what morphology is, and how the morphemes are combined into larger units for human communication.
Revision exercises
What is phonology? What is the similarities and differences
between phonetics and phonology ? How can we distinguish a phone, a
Morphology is the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words.
For example:
“Purify”-----consists of two parts: “pur(e)” and “ –ify”, from which one can work out a rule: a new form of verb can be formed by adding “-ify” to an adjective. This is called a morphological rule.
For example: “ book”, “help”, clap” ,”from” “television”, ‘gentleness” “unavoidable
Rely Rely+able Rely+able+ity Un+rely+able+ity
one morpheme two morphemes three morphemes four morphemes
Unbearable Watchful Soft-hearted
uneducated inspiring horsemanship
See the exercises 1 and 2 on page 82
1) un- + bear + -able 2) watch + -ful 3) person+ -ify (i) + -cation 4) un- + exception + -al + -ly 5) un- +educate +-(e)d 6) inspir(e) + -ing 7) soft + heart + -ed 8) horse + man + -ship
“doing”---consisted of two paFra Baidu bibliotekts “do” and “-ing”,from which we can work out a rule:we can put “ –ing” to a verb to form a “-ing’ participle.
形态学研究词素、词素的不同形态(即词素变体)极其构词法.英语 形态学是研究英语词素及其构词法的.
1) geography 2) inter- +nation + -al + -ly 3) forget + -(t)en 4) Washington 5) inform + -ation 6) industry (i) + -al +-iz(e) + -ation 7) pre- + dominat(e) + -ant 8) pre- + conscious
Closed Class refers to prep. Article, conjunction, interjection;
pron, prep,and determiner, because it is impossible to add new words to these classes of words. Closed words are also called grammatical words or function words, or invariable words since their roles are largely or wholly grammatical.
Is a word the smallest meaningful linguistic unit?
What is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit?
What is a morpheme?（词素）
A morpheme is the smallest linguistic
Every word belongs to a certain word class and in English ,words can be divided into the following ten classes: n.v.adj.adv.prep.pron.article,determiner, conjunction, interjection. These ten word classes can be divided into Open Class and Closed Class
phoneme and an allophone? What is a minimal pair? Give us some
examples.
What is Morphology
Morphology studies morphemes and their different forms and the way they combine in word formation. So it refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
What is a word?
What are the main features of a word?
What do you think of the following definitions of a word?
A word is a meaningful group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper.
A word is “a minimum free form”, that is , the smallest form that can occur by itself.
The four characteristics of a word
A word is a sound or combination of sounds which we produce voluntarily with our vocal equipment.e.g. “we” [wi:]
A word is symbolic. It stands for something else such as object, happening or ideas. “table”
Words are part of the larger communication system we call language. “I teach linguistics”
Words help human beings interact culturally with one another.(p.75)
The definition of a word and the classification of words
A word is a meaningful and grammatical language unit which can be used by its own.
Open Class refers to noun, verb, adjective, and adverb, because we
can regularly add another morpheme or a new word to these word classes. E.g. “boyfriend”,”dislike”,”impossible”. Open class words are also termed lexical words or content words or variable words for they all carry certain semantic contents. Eg. Book books book’s Work works worked working Fast faster fastest
How many allomorphs does the plural morpheme”-s’ have?
The plural “ s “has many morphologicallyconditioned allomorphs. For example.
(1) –(e)s, as in “cats”, “matches” (2) –(r)en: as in “oxen”, “children” (3) –e-: as in “men”, “women” (4) –ee-, as in “feet”, “teeth” (5) zero, as in “sheep”, “deer”
Allomorph（词素变体）:An allomorph is the different variants of the same morpheme. It can be phonologically or morphologically conditioned.
See more on p. 82
(2) Let students know how new words are formed.
教学重点 Teaching focus
(1) word and word classes (2) word, morphemes, and allomorph (3) types of morphemes (4) morphological rules (5) the formation of new words
unit that carries grammatical and / or semantic meaning.This means that it can not be further divided into smaller grammatical units.
A morpheme may be a complete word or an affix.
The morpheme representing the plural form of nouns can be expressed by[-s],[-z],[-iz] ,[-vz] etc.So the phonetic segments [-s],[-z], [-iz] ,[-vz] are the morphs of the same morpheme{-s}, the phonological or orthographic variants of the morpheme {s}: –s .-es, -ves are the allomorphs of the same morpheme representing the plural form of the English words.