数据库设计外文翻译

外文资料
As information technology advances, various management systems have emerged to change the daily lives of the more coherent, to the extent possible, the use of network resources can be significantly reasonable reduction of manual management inconvenience and waste of time.
Accelerating the modernization of the 21st century, the continuous improvement of the scientific and cultural levels, the rapid growth of the number of students will inevitably increase the pressure information management students, the inefficient manual retrieval completely incompatible with the community\'s needs. The Student Information Management Systemis an information management one kind within system, currently information technique continuously of development, the network technique has already been applied in us extensively nearby of every trade, there is the network technical development, each high schools all make use of a calculator to manage to do to learn, the school is operated by handicraft before of the whole tedious affairs all got fast and solve high-efficiencily, especially student result management the system had in the school very big function, all can be more convenient, fast for the student and the teacher coming saying and understand accurately with management everyone noodles information.
AbstractIt is a very heavy and baldness job of managing a bulky database by manpower. The disadvantage, such as great capacity of work, low efficiency and long period, exist in data inputting, demanding and modification. So the computer management system will bring us a quite change.Because there are so many students in the school, the data of students' information is huge, it makes the management of the information become a complicated and tedious work. This system aims at the school, passing by practically of demand analysis, adopt mighty VB6.0 to develop the student information management system. The whole system design process follow the principle of simple operation, beautiful and vivid interface and practical request. The student information management system including the function of system management, basic information management, study management, prize and
punishment management , print statement and so on. Through the proof of using, the student information management system which this text designed can satisfy the school to manage the demand of the aspect to students' information. The thesis introduced the background of development, the functions demanded and the process of design. The thesis mainly explained the point of the system design, the thought of design, the difficult technique and the solutions. The student managed the creation of the system to reduce the inconvenience on the manpower consumedly, let the whole student the data management is more science reasonable.The place that this system has most the special features is the backstage database to unify the management to student's information.That system mainly is divided into the system management, student profession management, student file management, school fees management, course management, result management and print the statement.The interface of the system is to make use of the vb software creation of, above few molds pieces are all make use of the vb to control a the piece binds to settle of method to carry out the conjunction toward the backstage database, the backstage database probably is divided into following few formses:Professional information form, the charges category form, student the job form, student the information form, political feature form of student, the customer logs on the form The system used Client/Server structure design, the system is in the data from one server and a number of Taiwan formed LAN workstations. Users can check the competence of different systems in different users submit personal data, background database you can quickly given the mandate to see to the content.
Marks management is a important work of school,the original manual management have many insufficiencies,the reasons that,students' population are multitudinous in school,and each student's information are too complex,thus the work load are extremely big,the statistics and the inquiry have been
inconvenient.Therefore,how to solve these insufficiencies,let the marks management to be more convenient and quickly,have a higher efficiency,and become a key question.
More and more are also urgent along with school automationthe marks
management when science and technology rapid development,therefore is essential to develop the software system of marks register to assist the school teaching management.So that can improve the marks management,enhance the efficiency of management.
“We cut nature up, organize it into concepts, and ascribe significances as we do, largely because we are parties to an agreement that holds throughout our speech community and is codified in the patterns of our language …we cannot talk at all except by subscribing to the organization and classification of data which the agreement decrees.” Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897-1941)
The genesis of the computer revolution was in a machine. The genesis of our programming languages thus tends to look like that machine.
But computers are not so much machines as they are mind amplification tools (“bicycles for the mind,”as Steve Jobs is fond of saying) and a different kind of expressive medium. As a result, the tools are beginning to look less like machines and more like parts of our minds, and also like other forms of expression such as writing, painting, sculpture, animation, and filmmaking. Object-oriented programming (OOP) is part of this movement toward using the computer as an expressive medium.
This chapter will introduce you to the basic concepts of OOP, including an overview of development methods. This chapter, and this book, assumes that you have some programming experience, although not necessarily in C. If you think you need more preparation in programming before tackling this book, you should work through the Thinking in C multimedia seminar, downloadable from .
This chapter is background and supplementary material. Many people do not feel comfortable wading into object-oriented programming without understanding the big picture first. Thus, there are many concepts that are introduced here to give you a solid overview of OOP. However, other people may not get the big picture concepts until they’ve seen some of the mechanics first; these people may become bogged
down and lost without some code to get their hands on. If you’re part of this latter group and are eager to get to the specifics of the language, feel free to jump past this chapter—skipping it at t his point will not prevent you from writing programs or learning the language. However, you will want to come back here eventually to fill in your knowledge so you can understand why objects are important and how to design with them.
All programming languages provide abstractions. It can be argued that the complexity of the problems you’re able to solve is directly related to the kind and quality of abstraction. By “kind”I mean, “What is it that you are abstracting?”Assembly language is a small abstraction of the underlying machine. Many so-called “imperative”languages that followed (such as FORTRAN, BASIC, and C) were abstractions of assembly language. These languages are big improvements over assembly language, but their primary abstraction still requires you to think in terms of the structure of the computer rather than the structure of the problem you are trying to solve. The programmer must establish the association between the machine model (in the “solution space,”which is the place where you’re implementing that solution, such as a computer) and the model of the problem that is actually being solved (in the 16 Thinking in Java Bruce Eckel
The object-oriented approach goes a step further by providing tools for the programmer to represent elements in the problem space. This representation is general enough that the programmer is not constrained to any particular type of problem. We refer to the elements in the problem space and their representations in the solution space as “objects.” (You will also need other objects that don’t have problem-space analogs.) The idea is that the program is allowed to adapt itself to the lingo of the problem by adding new types of objects, so when you read the code describing the solution, you’re reading words that also express the problem. This is a more flexible and powerful language abstraction than what we’ve had before.1 Thus, OOP allows you to describe the problem in terms of the problem, rather than in terms of the computer where the solution will run. There’s still a connection back to the computer:
Each object looks quite a bit like a little computer—it has a state, and it has operations that you can ask it to perform. However, this doesn’t seem like such a bad analogy to objects in the real world—they all have characteristics and behaviors.
Java is making possible the rapid development of versatile programs for communicating and collaborating on the Internet. We're not just talking word processors and spreadsheets here, but also applications to handle sales, customer service, accounting, databases, and human resources--the meat and potatoes of corporate computing. Java is also making possible a controversial new class of cheap machines called network computers，or NCs，which SUN，IBM, Oracle, Apple, and others hope will proliferate in corporations and our homes．
The way Java works is simple, Unlike ordinary software applications, which take up megabytes on the hard disk of your PC，Java applications，or"applets"，are little programs that reside on the network in centralized servers，the network that delivers them to your machine only when you need them to your machine only when you need them．Because the applets are so much smaller than conventional programs, they don't take forever to download.
Say you want to check out the sales results from the southwest region. You'll use your Internet browser to find the corporate Internet website that dishes up financial data and, with a mouse click or two, ask for the numbers．The server will zap you not only the data, but also the sales-analysis applet you need to display it. The numbers will pop up on your screen in a Java spreadsheet, so you can noodle around with them immediately rather than hassle with importing them to your own spreadsheet program。

To graph the numbers，you'll call in a charting applet that will let you print out your report nice and pretty, all without leaving your browser, and you'll always get the latest, greatest version of the applets too：since the software is stored in only one place corporate teaches can keep it up to date more easily．
The real beauty of the Java language, however, visits power to save users money, because it vastly simplifies creating and deploying applications and be-cause it lets
them keep their existing "legacy" com-puters and software.
Java programs, once written, can run without modification on just about any kind of computer: a PC，a Macintosh，a Unix workstation--heck，even a mainframe. The underlying operating system makes difference. Java actually can breathe new life into older specialized computers that wear at risk of becoming obsolete．
In scarcely a year, Java has evolved into a majar challenger to Microsoft's Windows family of PC operating systems-faster even than DOS and Windowse rose to challenge traditional mainframes and minicomputers．Java is also well on its way to becoming the most important Internet software standard, catapulting Sun past Netscape and Microsoft as the leader in Internet computing．
中文翻译
随着信息技术的日新月异,各种管理系统的相继出现,让日常生活变的更加具有条理化, 尽可能的合理的运用网络资源可以大大的减少人工管理上带来的不便及时间的浪费.
二十一世纪现代化程度的不断加速,科学文化水平的不断提高,学生数量的急剧增长，势必增加了管理运动会的信息带来的压力，人工检索的低效完全不符合整个社会的需要.运动会信息管理系统是信息管理系统中的一种，目前信息技术不断的发展，网络技术已经广泛的应用于我们身边的各行各业，有了网络技术的发展，各高校都利用计算机来管理办学，以前学校靠手工操作的一切繁琐事情都得到了快速且高效率的解决，特别是运动会管理系统在学校中起到了很大的作用，对于学生和教师来说都能够更方便、快捷、准确地了解和管理各方面信息。

采用人工管理庞大的数据库是一项繁重枯燥的工作，无论是数据录入，查询还是修改都存在着工作量大，效率低下，周期长的缺点。

而计算机管理系统的引进将给人工管理数据库的工作带来一次彻底的变革。

学校由于学生众多，学生数据信息库庞大，使信息的管理成为了一个复杂繁琐的工作。

本系统针对学校,经过实际的需求分析，采用功能强大的Myeclipse作为开发工具来开发学生信息管理系统。

整个系统从符合操作简便，界面美观、灵活、实用的要求出发，完成学生信息管理的全过程，包括报名管理、基本信息管理、成绩录入管理、排名管理和打印报表等功能。

经过使用证明，本文所设计的运动会信息管理系统可以满足学校对学生信息管理方面的需要。

论文主要介绍了本课题的开发背景，所要完成的功能和开发的过程。

重点的说明了系统设计的重点、开发设计思想、难点技术和解决方案。

运动会管理系统的产生大大减少了人力上的不便，让整个运动会管理更加科学合理。

本系统最有特色的地方就是后台数据库对学生信息的统一管理。

该系统主要分为系统管理，学生专业管理，学生档案管理，学费管理，课程管理，成绩管理和打印报表。

系统的界面是运用JSP制作的。

后台数据库大概分为以下几个表：专业信息表，收费类别表，学生职务表，学生信息表，学生政治面貌表，用户登入表。

采用Client/Server结构进行设计，本系统是在由一台数据服务器和若干台工作站组成的局域网上。

能够由不同权限的用户查看系统，在不同用户提交个人数据之后，后台数据库可以快速的给出对你的权限看到的内
容。

随着科学技术的迅速发展，学校运动会管理的自动化也越来越迫切，因此有必要开发运动会管理的软件系统来辅助学校的教学管理。

这样能极大方便运动会的管理，提高管理效率。

系统采用jSP技术，JavaServer Page,wervlet技术的扩展.它是J2EE架构里VIEW(视图)的表现形式的一种.它简化了动态WEB的内容传输,使WEB应用程序员可以通过重用预定义的组件以及使用服务器脚本与组件进行交互来创建动态内容.它可以创建能够封装复杂、动态功能的定制标签库等...
对于JSP的完整描述可以到SUN的官网上去了解它的规范. JSP(JavaServer Pages)是由Sun Microsystems公司倡导、许多公司参与一起建立的一种动态网页技术标准。

JSP技术有点类似ASP技术，它是在传统的网页HTML文件(*.htm,*.html)中插入Java程序段(Scriptlet)和JSP标记(tag)，从而形成JSP文件(*.jsp)。

用JSP 开发的Web应用是跨平台的，即能在Linux下运行，也能在其他操作系统上运行。

JSP技术使用Java编程语言编写类XML的tags和scriptlets，来封装产生动态网页的处理逻辑。

网页还能通过tags和scriptlets访问存在于服务端的资源的应用逻辑。

JSP将网页逻辑与网页设计和显示分离，支持可重用的基于组件的设计，使基于Web的应用程序的开发变得迅速和容易。

Web服务器在遇到访问JSP网页的请求时，首先执行其中的程序段，然后将执行结果连同JSP文件中的HTML代码一起返回给客户。

插入的Java程序段可以操作数据库、重新定向网页等，以实现建立动态网页所需要的功能。

JSP与Java Servlet一样，是在服务器端执行的，通常返回该客户端的就是一个HTML文本，因此客户端只要有浏览器就能浏览。

JSP的1.0规范的最后版本是1999年9月推出的，12月又推出了1.1规范。

目前较新的是JSP1.2规范，JSP2.0规范的征求意见稿也已出台。

JSP页面由HTML代码和嵌入其中的Java代码所组成。

服务器在页面被客户端请求以后对这些Java代码进行处理，然后将生成的HTML页面返回给客户端的浏览器。

Java Servlet 是JSP的技术基础，而且大型的Web应用程序的开发需要Java Servlet和JSP配合才能完成。

JSP具备了Java技术的简单易用，完全的面向对象，具有平台无关性且安全可靠，主要面向因特网的所有特点。

“为什么面向对象的编程会在软件开发领域造成如此震憾的影响？”面向对象编程（OOP）具有多方面的吸引力。

对管理人员，它实现了更快和更廉价的开发与维护过程。

对分析与设计人员，建模处理变得更加简单，能生成清晰、易于维护的设计方案。

对程序员，对象模型显得如此高雅和浅显。

此外，面向对象工具以及库的巨大威力使编程成为一项更使人愉悦的任务。

每个人都可从中获益，至少表面如此。

如果说它有缺点，那就是掌握它需付出的代价。

思考对象的时候，需要采用形象思维，而不是程序化的思维。

与程序化设计相比，对象的设计过程更具挑战性——特别是在尝试创建可重复使用（可再生）的对象时。

过去，那些初涉面向对象编程领域的人都必须进行一项令人痛苦的选择：
事实上，很难很好地设计出对象——从而很难设计好任何东西。

因此，只有数量相当少的“专家”能设计出最好的对象，然后让其他人享用。

对于成功的OOP 语言，它们不仅集成了这种语言的语法以及一个编译程序（编译器），而且还有一个成功的开发环境，其中包含设计优良、易于使用的库。

所以，大多数程序员的首要任务就是用现有的对象解决自己的应用问题。

本章的目标就是向大家揭示出面向对象编程的概念，并证明它有多么简单。

所有编程语言的最终目的都是提供一种“抽象”方法。

一种较有争议的说法是：解决问题的复杂程度直接取决于抽象的种类及质量。

这儿的“种类”是指准备对什么进行“抽象”？汇编语言是对基础机器的少量抽象。

后来的许多“命令式”语言（如FORTRAN，BASIC 和C）是对汇编语言的一种抽象。

与汇编语言相比，这些语言已有了长足的进步，但它们的抽象原理依然要求我们着重考虑计算机的结构，而非考虑问题本身的结构。

在机器模型（位于“方案空间”）与实际解决的问题模型（位于“问题空间”）之间，程序员必须建立起一种联系。

这个过程要求人们付出较大的精力，而且由于它脱离了编程语言本身的范围，造成程序代码很难编写，而且要花较大的代价进行维护。

由此造成的副作用便是一门完善的“编程方法”学科。

为机器建模的另一个方法是为要解决的问题制作模型。

对一些早期语言来说，如LISP 和APL，它们的做法是“从不同的角度观察世界”——“所有问题都归纳为列表”或“所有问题都归纳为算法”。

PROLOG 则将所有问题都归纳为决策链。

对于这些语言，我们认为它们一部分是面向基于“强制”的编
程，另一部分则是专为处理图形符号设计的。

每种方法都有自己特殊的用途，适合解决某一类的问题。

但只要超出了它们力所能及的范围，就会显得非常笨拙。

面向对象的程序设计在此基础上则跨出了一大步，程序员可利用一些工具表达问题空间内的元素。

由于这种表达非常普遍，所以不必受限于特定类型的问题。

我们将问题空间中的元素以及它们在方案空间的表示物称作“对象”（Object）。

当然，还有一些在问题空间没有对应体的其他对象。

通过添加新的对象类型，程序可进行灵活的调整，以便与特定的问题配合。

所以在阅读方案的描述代码时，会读到对问题进行表达的话语。

与我们以前见过的相比，这无疑是一种更加灵活、更加强大的语言抽象方法。

总之，OOP 允许我们根据问题来描述问题，而不是根据方案。

然而，仍有一个联系途径回到计算机。

每个对象都类似一台小计算机；它们有自己的状态，而且可要求它们进行特定的操作。

与现实世界的“对象”或者“物体”相比，编程“对象”与它们也存在共通的地方：它们都有自己的特征和行为。

Java正在使快速开发Internet上通讯与协同工作的通用程序成为可能。

这里，我们不仅是谈论字处理、电子数据表，而且是能够处理销售、客户服务、记帐、数据库和人事资源管理的应用程序一一它们是公司计算的基础。

Java 也使争论中的一类新的、称之为网络计算机（即NC）的便宜计算机成为可能，SUN IBM、Apple和其它公司希望这种计算机将在公司和家庭中普及开来。

Java工作的方法简单。

与那些要占用PC机硬盘多兆字节的普通应用软件不一样，java应用程序，即小应用程序，是很小的程序，它常驻在网络中集中式的服务器上。

只有当你需要这种应用程序时，网络才把它们送到你的机器上，山于小应用程序比常规程序小得多，故下载不需很多时间。

比方说，你要检查一下西南地区的销售结果，利用Internet浏览器找到能提交则一务数据的公司内部Web站点，再用鼠标器击一下或两下，便可以调这些数字。

服务器将不仅快速给你数据，而且显示它所需要的销售分析小应用程序。

这些数字在Java数据表中将浮现在你的屏幕上，因而你能即兴地使用它们，而不是麻烦地将它们调入你自己的数据表程序中。

为用图形显示这些数字，你可以一调入作图表的小应用程序，让你漂漂亮亮地打印出报表来，而所有这些不必离开浏览器。

你也始终能得到最新最好的小应
用程序版本：因为这种软件只存储存一才＼地方，公司的技术人员可较答易地使其保持最新。

然而，Java语言的真正优点是具有让用户省钱的能力，因为它大大简化了应用程序的开发与部署使用。

而且让它们保留己有的“传统”计算机和软件。

Java程序一旦写好了，就能在任何一种计算机（PC机、 Macintosh机、Unix 工作站、甚至是大型机）上无需修改就能运行。

基本的操作系统是没有差别的。

Java实际上给予了那些较旧的专用的计算机（有变成废品风险的产品）新的生命。

在不到一年的时间内，Java己成了微软的PC操作系统Windows系列的主要挑战者，比DOS和WINDOWS挑战传统的大型机和小型机的速度还要快。

Java也在成为最重要的Internet软件标准的道路上迅跑，使Sun超过Netscape和微软成为Internet计算的领袖。