专题四 名词性从句之宾语从句

专题四名词性从句之宾语从句
一、宾语从句的概念
宾语从句在复合句中起宾语的作用，可以放在动词和介词之后。

宾语从句应用陈述句语序。

二、宾语从句的引导词
that引导的宾语从句
(1) that引导宾语从句时本身无意义，在从句中也不充当句子成分，在非正式场合下that可以省略。

eg.I think ( that) you are right.
(2)由并列连词and和but所连接的两个或两个以上的that从句中，第一个从句的that可以省略，但第二个及其后的从句中的that不可省略。

eg.He said (that) he had eaten nothing but that he was not hungry.
(3)在含有复合宾语的句子中，that引导的宾语从句经常移到后面，用it作形式宾语。

可这样使用的动词有think，find，feel, consider, make ,judge等。

eg.We think it impossible that you can finish the job today．
(4)that引导的从句一般不能作介词的宾语(but，except，in除外），有时可借助于it来表示。

eg.I know nothing about him except that he is a writer.
除了知道他是个作家，别的我一无所知。

We depend on it that you help us with the work.
我们要靠你们来帮助我们完成工作。

whether/if引导的宾语从句
(1)whether和if表示“是否”，在宾语从句中不充当句子成分。

二者一般可以换用。

eg.I wonder whether/if there is any need to spend so much money on the party.
我想知道是否有必要花那么多钱举办这个聚会。

(2) whether引导的从句可用在介词后，if则不可。

eg.Everything depends on whether you are for it.
一切取决于你是否赞成。

eg.I haven 't settled the question of whether I’ll go back home.
我还没有定下来是否回家。

(3)whether or not连用时，不可用if代替whether。

eg.I don't care whether he comes or not.
(4)与不定式连用时，用whether不用if。

eg.She was uncertain whether to stay or leave.
她拿不定主意是该留下还是离开。

连接代词引导的宾语从句
what，which，who，whom，whose这五个连接代词本身有词义，在从句中担任一定的句子成分。

(1) who在从句中作主语、宾语和表语，whom作宾语。

eg.I asked him who came into the room.
我问他谁到屋里来过了。

I can't tell whom he saw.我说不上来他看见谁了。

(2)what，which和whose在从句中常作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。

eg.①Do you know what the girl's father is?
你知道那女孩的父亲是干什么的吗？
②Let me know which train you'll be arriving on．告诉我你将坐哪趟火车。

③The twins are so much alike that I never know which is which.这对双胞胎长得那么相像，我老弄不清谁是谁。

④I wonder whose is better.
我想知道谁的更好一些。

(3)what ( = the thing/things that)，意思是“……的事物／的事情，所引导的从句相当于“先行词+定语从句”。

eg.I can't do what you asked me to do.我不能做你要求我做的事。

She did what she could to help the poor.(=She did all that she could to help the poor.)
她尽力帮助穷人。

连接副词引导的宾语从句
when，where，how，why这四个连接副词本身有词义，在从句中作状语。

eg.①Do you know when they got married?
你知道他们什么时候结的婚吗？
②Most of us in the well-fed world give little thought to where our food comes from or how it's
grown.
在这个食物丰足的世界里，我们大多数人很少去思考我们的食物从哪儿来，又是如何种植的。

③I wonder who he is,where he came from and why he came.
我很想知道他是谁，从哪里来，来干什么。

wh+ever引导的从句
(1)whatever，whichever, whoever, whomever等词引导名词性从句，表示“任何……的人或东西”，在从句中一般作主语和宾语，whatever和whichever也可作定语。

在语法作用上，相当于先行词+关系代词”( whatever = anything that; whoever =anyone who) 。

eg.I’ll just say whatever comes to my mind.我想到什么就说什么。

(=I'll just say anything that comes to my mind.)
eg.The information will be useful to whoever takes over the job．
这一信息将对任何接受这项工作的人有用。

( = The information will be useful to anyone who takes over the job.)
They may marry who( m) ever they desire.他们可以娶任何他们想娶的人。

( =They may marry anyone whom they desire.)
Take whichever seat you like.
你愿坐哪儿就坐哪儿。

(2)这类词还可引导让步状语从句，意思是“无论……”，相当于“no matter+wh-”。

eg.Keep calm,whatever happens.
不管发生什么事，要保持镇静。

Whoever wants to speak to me on the phone, tell him I'm busy.
不管谁要找我接电话，就说我正忙着呢。

三、宾语从句的同义句转换。

在宾语从句中经常会出现“疑问词+动词不定式”的结构，它可与“疑问词+主语+情态动词+动词原形”进行同义句转换。

Can you tell me how I can get to the station？
Can you tell me how to get to the station ？
四、宾语从句的语序。

宾语从句的语序都用陈述句语序（即正常的主谓语序）
He says that Jim will miss a lot of lessons .
He asked whether we should hold a sports meeting .
Do you know what the population of Dalian is ？
五、宾语从句的时态。

1、主句是一般现在时，从句可根据需要选用任何时态。

He says that he is good at English
He says that he has been ill for two days
I don’t know if he will come tomorrow
2、主句是一般过去时，从句可根据需要用相应的过去某种时态。

（即一般过去时、过去将来时、过去完成时等）
He asked me where I lived
He said that she had been ill for two days
She said that she would return soon
3、当从句讲述的是客观事实或真理时，从句时态不受主句的影响，都用一般现在时。

The teacher said “light travels faster than sound”
He said that the earth is round
特例：Could you tell me …委婉的语气，常按照一般现在时处理。

Could you tell me where the nearest hospital is ？
六、宾语从句变否定句。

如果主句的主语是第一人称I或we 时，并且谓语动词多为think、guess、believe等表示心理活动的词时，变否定句要否定转移，即否定主句。

否则，变否定句看从句。

I think chicken can swim （变否定句）
I don’t think chicken can swim
He said that he would go shopping（变否定句）……
He said that he would not go shopping
七、宾语从句变反意疑问句
如果宾语从句的主句是第一人称I或we时，变反意疑问句时看从句。

如果主句不是第一人称时则看主句。

I think he is a good student ，isn’t he ？
They want to know if he is a good student ，don’t they ？。