语言学 第六章

Deixis:
e.g. You’ll have to bring that back tomorrow, because they aren’t here now. the interpretation of these words depend on the immediate physical context in which they were uttered.
2. Pragmatics vs. semantics
S: the study of the literal meaning of a S, without taking context into consideration; P: the study of the intended meaning of a speaker, taking context into consideration.
Discourse
deixis: any expression used to refer to earlier or forthcoming segments of the discourse, for example: in the previous / next paragraph Social deixis: honorifics (froms to show respect such as Professor Li)
Both
study the meaning of a linguistic form. different in many respects, such as their research methods, their research scope. What essentially distinguishes them is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.
The
meaning of an utterance is based on the S meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a S in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context; utterance meaning is richer than S meaning; it is identical with the purpose for which the speaker utters the S.
The
1) A: Are you going to the seminar?
B: It’s on linguistics.
2) A: Would you like some coffee?
B: Coffee would keep me awake.
Sentence meaning:
Abstract
Anaphora（回指）
A:
*
Pragmatics
can make sense out of nonsense, given a suitable context. Appropriateness is very important in linguistic communication, especially in cross-cultural communication. If you say sth grammatically incorrect, you are at worse condemned as ―speaking badly‖, but, if you say sth inappropriately, you will be judged as ―behaving badly‖, such as insincere, untruthful, or deceitful.
and context-independent meaning; literal meaning of a sentence; having a dyadic relation as in: What does X mean?
utterance meaning:
concrete
and context-dependent meaning; intended meaning of a speaker; having a triadic relation as in: What did you mean by X?
Deixis: In all lgs there are many words and expressions whose references depend entirely on the situational context of the utterance and can only be understood in light of these circumstances. This aspect of pragmatics is called deixis, which means ―pointing‖ via lge.
5. Micropragmatics:
Reference(指称) Deixis(指别,直示) Anaphora（回指）
Reference:
---- can I look at your Shakespeare? ---- sure, it’s on the shelf over there.
----- where is the fresh salad sitting? ----- he is sitting by the door.

何自然
徐 盛 桓 教 授
姜望琪
G, Leech

J, Austin

Searle

Levinson,S.C.
桂诗春
冉永平
1.Definition
the
study of how speakers of a lge use sentences to effect successful communication.
The
study of lge in use or lge communication. study of meaning in
context.
The
Common Place:
试图去比较各种不同的定义之间的优劣是
没有意义的。它们的差别只不过是个侧重 面和措辞的问题，它们的共同点是它们都 围绕了语言交际中的意义这同一个中心。 各种说法不一的定义的存在有利于加深我 们对语用学这门学科的理解。（何兆熊）

Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu
3. Context
a basic concept in the study of pragmatics; constituted knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. 2 types: The knowledge of the l they use; The knowledge about the world: the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation of linguistic communication.
It’s
cold in here.
It
was a hot Christmas day so we went down to the beach in the afternoon and had a good time swimming and surfing. meaning of the sentence depends on who the speaker is , who the hearer is, when and where it is used.
the
study of meaning in interaction（互动意义）. (Thomas 1995: 22) the study of the relations between lge and context that are basic to an account of lge understanding.
Hello, Everyone!
A STUDY ON MODERN ENGLISH LINGUISTICS
现代英语语言学概论
第6讲
王金巴 运城学院英语系
Chapter 6
Pragmatics
Focuses
Speech act theory The cooperative principles Conversational implicature Relevance theory
S: The meaning of l: sth intrinsic , and inherent, a property attached to l itself. Therefore, meanings of words, Ss were all studied in isolation from l use. P: It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of l use is left unconsidered. Therefore, context is taken into consideration.
Correctness vs. appropriateness
―John play golf.‖---- grammatically incorrect; ? ―Golf played John.‖ ---- logically incorrect; but it might be appropriate pragmatically in certain context.
In semantics, the relationship between a word and what it points to in the real world . In pragmatics, the act by which a speaker or writer uses language to enable a hearer or reader to identify something is called reference.
Context
determines the speaker’s use of language and also the hearer’s interpretation of what is said to him. e.g. it’s cold in here.
4. Sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning ― The bag is heavy.‖ a bag being heavy; an indirect, polite request, asking the hearer to help him carry the bag; the speaker is declining someone’s request for help.
5 types of deixis: Person deixis: any expression used to point to a person Time deixis: words used to point to time Space/ spatial/ place deixis: words used to point to a location