过去完成时讲解

Work out the rule:
If we want to talk about two past actions in a sentence, the past perfect tense is used for the earlier(earlier, later) action.
1.Millie ran back to school because she had left her magazine in the classroom.
（ 1 ）状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句 的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成 时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：
When I got to the station, the train had already left.
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
2．当我到达那儿时，电影已经放了五分钟了。
a. The film has been on for five minutes when I got there.
b. The film had been on for five minutes when I got there.
在过去某一时间或动作之前发生或完成了的 动作，要用过去完成时。它的动作的起点为 过去，终点也为过去，即“过去的过去”。 而现在完成时的动作起点为过去，终点则为 现在。
past perfect tense
过去完成时
知 识回 顾
1.They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 一般过去时表示在过去时间里发生的动作或 存在的状态。 强调过去某一特定的时间。 2.I have learned 1000 English words so far. 现在完成时表示的动作发生在 过去，但侧 重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在 有关。
“他们没见面”是到“昨天”为止的（而不是 到现在为止），是过去的过去，故后一个句 子需使用过去完成时态进行表达。
５．李梅很高兴，因为她期中考试及格了。
a. Li Mei was very glad, because she passed the mid-term exam.
She said that she __h_a_d_n_’_t _b_e_e_n_t_o__(not go to) the Great Wall yet.
用法 ：
过去完成时与when, before, as soon as, till/ until 等引导时间状语的从句连用 ，强调动作发生的时间前后。
3. 我完成作业了就去睡觉了。 Last night, as soon as I ___h_a_d__fi_n_is_h_e_d___ (finish) my work, I went to sleep.
构成：主语+助动词 had + 过去分词（ v-ed）
1.They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. 2.By nine o’clock yesterday evening he hadn’t got home. 3.--Had you known anything about our school before you came here?
4.Amy had lost her purse and had to go to the police station. What happened first? a. Amy lost her purse. b. Amy went to the police station.
过去完成时典型错误例析：
过去完成时与 by then(截止到那时); by 9 o’clock(直到 九点钟) by the end of …(在…结束/末之前); by the time…(在…时之前); up till then (直到那时); up until last night(直到昨晚）等连用，表示过去的过 去。
例如：1. 她到家之前她的孩子已经睡着了。 When she got home ,her children ___h_a_d_s_l_e_p_t__(sleep).
2. 在他们到达之前电影已经开始了。 Before they arrived here, the film ___h_a_d____ already ___st_a_r_t_e_d___ (start).
用法 ：
3. 过去完成时和 alห้องสมุดไป่ตู้eady, just, ever, yet 等连用表示过去的过去 。
例如：1. 他告诉我说他们队已经赢了。 He told me that his team ___h__a_d___ already ____w_o_n_____ (win).
2. 她说她仍没去过长城。
其结构为：“助动词 have（has）+过去分
1.They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. 2.I have learned 1000 English words so far. I had learned 1000 English words till then.
1. 到昨晚上，他已写完那封信。 By yesterday evening heh_a_d__w_r_i_tt_e_n__ (write) that letter. 2. 他说Lin Tao已经走了。 He said that Lin Tao _h_a_d__le_f_t_____(leave)
3. 当我进来时，他已做完了作业。 When I came in he __h_a_d__fi_n_i_sh__ed_____(finish) his homework.
2. 由时间状语来判定 一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过 去完成时连用的时间状语有：
（ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如：
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
（ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：
What happened first? a. Millie ran back to school. b.Millie left her magazine in the classroom. 2.Simon left school late because the football
game had started late. What happened first? a.Simon left school late. b.The football game started late.
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
（ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如：
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
by the end of last term 意为“到上学期末为 止”，显然它是“以过去某一时间为终点的”， 故只能用过去完成时态，不用现在完成时态。
4.他昨天见到了Ｂill，他们已有两年没见面了。 a. He saw Bill yesterday. They haven’t met each other for two years. b. He saw Bill yesterday. They hadn’t met each other for two years.
（ 2 ）宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作 先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 如： She said that she had seen the film before.
They explained what had happened.
3.到上学期末，他们已学会了五首英语歌曲。
a. By the end of last term, they have learned five English songs.
b. By the end of last term, they had learned five English songs.
3.Daniel arrived out of breath --- he had gone to the wrong cinema. What happened first? a. Daniel arrived out of breath. b. Daniel went to the wrong cinema.
那时以前
那时
现在
用法：
2. 过去完成时可以表示过去某一时刻 之前发生的动作或呈现的状态，这一 动作一直持续 到过去某一时刻。
1. 到了六点钟为止，他们已经工作了八小时了。
By six o’clock they __h_a_d_w__o_r_k_e_d_ (work)for eight hours.
2. 到六点钟为止他们已经工作八小时了。 By six o’clock they ___h_a_d__w_o_r_k_e_d__(work) for eight hours.
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之 前已经发生或完成了的动作，
即“过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）”。
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构成：助动词had + 过去分词（V.pp)
用法 ：
1. 过去完成时动词表示过去某一时间 或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态。 在强调过去某一动作发生在另一动作 之前时。
在强调过去某一个动作发生在另一个动作前常常用过去 完成时态。
1.他说他以前见过你。 He said that he ____h_a_d__se_e_n____ (see) you before.
--Yes, I had. / No, I hadn’t. 4.What had your sister been before she became an actress?
二、过去完成时的判断依据 1.由“过去的过去”来判定。
过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前 已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的 用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：
1.昨晚我们看了电影。
a. We had seen the film yesterday evening.
b. We saw the film yesterday evening.
过去完成时所表示的时间是“过去的过去”，只有在 和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它。如果时间只 是一个单纯的过去时间，则句子只能用一般过去时， 而不用过去完成时。
2. 我到广州时，他在那里很长时间了。
When I came to GZ , he __h_a_d__b_e_e_n____(be) there for a long time.
3.到上个月中旬我们在北京住了有五年时间了。
By the middle of last month we ___h_a_d_l_i_v_ed_____(live) in Beijing for five years.
3. 根据上、下文来判定。
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.
He felt rather tired because he had worked for the whole night.