历年考研英语翻译真题长难句中词义的正确选择

【词义选择】conduct可指“行为，品行，处理，经营等”，根据后置的定语of the institution(机构的)，我们选择“运行”作为conduct在本句的词义。两次出现的副词gradually都作表语，根据整体句意，尤其是后句的more gradually，我们将其译为“缓慢地，慢慢地”。
【词义选择】lead to本义为“导致”，本句使用了被动语态，避免语气过于强烈，又根据汉语多主动语态的习惯，转译为“我们需要”。
【参考译文】因此，在我们迄今一直在思考的广泛的教育过程中，我们需要区分出一种更正规的教育方式，即直接的指导教育或学校教育。
【结构分析】本句结构清晰，while引导让步状语从句While it is easy to…，其中it作形式主语，不定式短语to ignore…是真正的主语，in our contact with them 在句子中是介词短语作状语，表现为分隔结构，分离了ignore和它的宾语the effect of our acts upon their disposition，我们可还原为to ignore the effect of our acts upon their disposition in our contact with them;主句it is not so easy as in dealing with adults采用了比较结构，仍然采用了it作形式主语，联系上文，不难看出so easy后省略了真正主语to ignore the effect of our acts upon their disposition。在翻译时，我们要补译上去。
【结构分析】本句是主从复合句。句首部分since引导原因状语从句since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life，其中不定式结构to enable them to…作表语。主句we cannot help considering…中，consider后的宾语由whether or not引导的名词性从句whether or not we are forming the powers…充当，句末的定语从句which will secure this ability修饰先行词powers，which指代powers在从句中作主语。句首代词them指代上文(请参照原题)the young(年轻人)，翻译时我们应补译使全句意思清楚明了。句末代词this(ability)指代上文从句中的share in a common life，由于前后文联系紧密，我们可直译为“这种能力”。
【参考译文】我们很容易忽略在接触中我们的行为对他们性格的影响，但是在与成年人交往时，这种影响是不容易被忽略的。
【真题例句】Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. (2009-49)
【结构分析】以and为切入点，本句是并列句。两个并列分句中，均提前了only+副词(作状语)构成部分倒装，并都表现了被动语态。前一部分我们可还原正常语序为the byproduct of the institution was noted only gradually; 后一部分我们可还原为this effect was still considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution only more gradually。代词this(effect)指代上文整句内容the byproduct of the institution was noted only gradually。
【真题例句】Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. (2009-47)
【结构分析】本句结构复杂。逗号之间为分隔结构，表现为介词短语(作状语)within the broad educational process…，其中process后又有定语从句 which we have been so far considering作修饰语，关系代词which指代先行词process在从句中作consider的宾语。去掉分隔部分，我们还原主要部分为We are thus led to distinguish a more formal kind of education —that of direct tuition or schooling，破折后为a more formal kind of education的具体解释说明，代词that指代就近的education。
【词义选择】介宾结构in enlarging and improving experience部分，宾语部分为动名词短语，enlarge和improve的宾语是experience(经验)，所以分别译为(enlarge) “丰富”而不是“扩大”;improve译为“提升”而不是“改善”。
【参考译文】或许可以说，任何社会机构的价值衡量尺度是它在丰富和提升经验方面所起到的作用，但这种作用并非是它原来动机的一部分。
【结构分析】以分号入手，本句是并列复合句。固定句型It may be said that引出由that引导的名词性从句that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience作主语，物主代词its根据就近原则指代上文any social institution，介词短语in enlarging and improving experience后置作effect的定语。分号后转折并列部分代词this (effect)承接上文 its effect in enlarging and improving experience，之后物主代词its(its original motive)的再度出现仍然指代句首交代的any social institution。
【词义选择】business的常用词义是“商业，生意”，但根据表语所表达内容属于对年轻人的帮助、责任，我们在这里选择“任务”;secure原义为“拯救，使安全”，但在本句其宾语是ability(能力)，符合汉语习惯，我们取其引申义“确保”。
【参考译文】既然我们的主要任务在于使年轻人在日常生活中能够分享，我们不禁要考虑我们是否正在形成一种力量来确保他们的这种能力。
【真题例句】It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. (2009-46)
【词义选择】根据句意，the effect of our acts upon their disposition中，disposition我们选词义“性情”，不选“配置”;dealing with实际上换掉了前文的contact with，为符合语境又避免重复，在这里我们排除“处理，分配”的词义，而选择与“联系”相近的“交往”。
【参考译文】慢慢的，社会机构的这种副产品才被人们注意到，而要把它作为机构运行的指导性因素，则更加缓慢得多。
【真题例句】While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. (2009-48)
【真题例句】We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education —that of direct tuition or schooling. (2009-50)