世界历史主题 (15)

Safety Zones: A Response to Invasion
Father Robert Jacquinot, SJ
Refugees in the Jacquinot Safety Zone, Shanghai, 1937
Safety Zones: A Response to Invasion
Father Robert Jacquinot, SJ
Refugees in Mt Qixia Monastery, Nanjing, 1937/38
Collabora=on: A Response to Occupa=on
Shanghai, 1937
A foreign power has invaded. BaXle and devasta=on are spreading their stain more widely. The innocent are dying, and no one is immune from the touch of violence. You are someone whose posi=on, ambi=on, or sense of public service prompts you to step forward and assert leadership in troubled =mes. There is an armed resistance somewhere, but the guerrillas are out of sight deep in the countryside, and impossible to dis=nguish in any case. Civilian agents of the invading army appear in your town, at your door, seeking your co-opera=on. What do you do?
--Shiro Azuma, interviewed in 1998
Atrocity
• Total Nanjing popula=on reduced by 80% • 43% of those who remained were refugees • 78% had no income • 89% of the city’s buildings destroyed or damaged Other atroci=es: • Burned nearby city of Zhenjiang to the ground • Nanjing-style massacre in Xuzhou Campaign, 1938 • Operated Unit 731 in Harbin • Use of poison gas
Japan’s War*me Conduct
Jonathan Henshaw October 27, 2016
Overview
• China and Japan today • Japanese objec=ves and context • Atrocity and the Rape of Nanjing • Safety Zones: a Response to Invasion • Collabora=on: a Response to Occupa=on • Concluding remarks
search for a knock-out punch produced high levels of atrocity • Atrocity strengthened the will to resist and discredited Japan’s Chinese partners • Responses to Japan’s Invasion: Safety Zones and Collabora=on
Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall
Established in 1985 to commemorate the vic=ms of the Rape of Nanjing
Yasukuni Shrine
Established in 1869 to commemorate anyone who died in service to the Empire of Japan
• Stop seeking western aid • Cooperate on economic development • Suppress communism • Recognize the independence of Manchukuo • Grant autonomy to North China and Mongolia • Provide beXer protec=on of Japanese interests
Concluding Remarks
• Contradic=ons of Japan’s interven=on • China’s size required that Japan rely on local
collaborators • Japan’s unwillingness to finance the war & its
Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe during a 2013 visit to the shrine
Japanese Objec=ves & Context
Japanese Objec=ves & Context
Japan required that China:
Collabora=on: A Response to Occupa=on (cont’d)
Wang Jingwei (1883-1944), pictured below, served at the head of one of the largest occupa=on states a]er 1940.
“There were many rapes, and the women were always killed. When they were being raped, the women were human. But once the rape was finished, they became pig’s flesh.”
Atrocity and Nanjing
“Since arriving in central China, we were struck by the fact that walls everywhere were covered in an=-Japanese slogans. We had not seen this kind of thing in the northern part of the country, but it was obvious to what extent people had been turned against our country a]er being taught to resist the Japanese. Accordingly, we remarked amongst ourselves that no one here should be spared from being slaughtered, and that we should also be allowed free reign as far as loo=ng was concerned…we had probably been prohibited from doing these things in northern China simply to bring the area under our control,
wk.baidu.com
His failure to secure concessions from Japan weakened his government and destroyed his reputa=on among the Chinese public, who viewed him as a traitor.
Atrocity and Nanjing (cont’d)
“We were taught we were a superior race since we lived only for the sake of a human god – our emperor. But the Chinese were not. So we held nothing but contempt for them.”
--Shiro Azuma diaries, 24 November 1937
Atrocity and Nanjing (cont’d)
“To begin with, it is our policy not to take prisoners, so we decided to get them out of the way. But when it became a group of one thousand, five thousand, and finally ten thousand, we couldn’t even disarm them all. We were safe simply because they had absolutely no will to fight back and followed us slovenly…I have never imagined that we would have to deal with this largescale disposi=on…”—Diary of Nakajima Kesago, 13 Dec, 1937, Nanjing