文体修辞学36个概念解释及例子分析(完整版)

Definition

Chapter1

1.Stylistics is an area of study which straddles two disciplines: literary criticism and

linguistics. Besides, it is directly related to literary interpretation, and make use of linguistic facts and theory.

Chapter2

2. Style as deviance refers to the distinctiveness of a literary text resides in its departure from the characteristics of what is communicatively normal.

e.g. p13The phrase “a grief ago” from a poem of that name by Dylan Thomas.

It violates two rules of English: a) the indefinite article a clashes syntactically with the uncountable noun grief; b) the post modifying adverb ago clashes semantically with the head word grief. The highly deviant nature of the phrase attracts much attention from the reader to itself, and thus makes it possible for the poet to express what cannot be expressed through the normal use of language.（汪洁）

3. By style as choice is meant that style results from a tendency of a speaker or writer to consistently choose certain structures over others available in the language.

e.g.

In writing The Eve of St. Agnes, Keats first produced the line, “As though a rose should close and be a bud again”. But when he re-read the line, he substituted the word shut for close:”As though a rose should shut and be a bud again”

4. The view of style as foregrounding is a further view of style which appears to be a compromise between view of style as deviance and view of style as choice. The term foregrounding is a concept of pictorial arts, referring to that part of the composition that appears to be closest to the view.

e.g. P19

When he laughed, respectable senators burst with laughter,

And when he cried the little children died in the streets.

(W.H. Auden, Epitaph on a Tyrant)

Auden could have chosen a different structure for each line, yet he limited himself to the same option. The parallel structure here draws the attention of the reader and makes him see the sematic connection between the two lines. This is a type of foregrounding.（汪洁）

Chapter 3

5. Grammetrics: the ways in which grammatical units are fitted into metrical units such as lines and stanzas.

e.g.P35

This Is Just to Say

I have eaten

the plums

that were in

the ice-box

and which

you were probably

saving

for breakfast

Forgive me

they were delicious

so sweet

and so cold

It creates a pulling-forward effect. In one line, although the verb eat can either take an object or not, the absence of punctuation at the end of the line makes us expect one. Thus we are driven forward to the second line where our expectation is satisfied.(章嫣羚)

6. Affixation: is the addition of a prefix or suffix to an item which already exists in the language.

e.g. P46

And I Tiresias have foresuffered all. (T.S.Eliot)

The nonce word foresuffered is coined by adding the prefix …fore-‟to the item …suffer‟. The prefix …fore-‟conveys the meaning …beforehand‟and is normally reserved for joining with such items as …see‟, …tell‟ and …warn‟. The novel use here, according to Leech, encapsulates a newly formulated idea: it is possible to anticipate mystically the suffering of the future, just as it is possible to …foresee‟ and …foretell‟ or to have …foreknowledge‟ of the future events.(章嫣羚)

7. Graphology: the encoding of meaning in visual symbols.

e.g.P30

Graphological deviation can occur in any sub-area of graphology, such as the shape of the text, the type of print, grammetrics, punctuation, in-dentation, etc. [Thematic-fronting]

8. Marked theme: The initial unit of a clause may be called its theme. The rest of clause elements might be put in the thematic position in order to achieve certain literary effect. The theme thus produced is unusual and is therefore called a “marked “ theme. E,g. P40