研究生学位英语试卷及答案

EST 1
Part I Listening Comprehension
Section 1, Conversation (10 minutes, 10 points)
Section 2, Passages (10 minutes, 10 points)
Part II: Cloze Test (10 minutes, 15 points)
Scientists who study the Earth's climate are convinced that volcano eruptions have a significant effect on general weather patterns. In fact, one of the many (36) which attempt to explain how an ice age begins holds that the (37) is a dramatic increase in volcanic eruptions. The volcanic explosions, besides causing local thunderstorms and lightning, inject great amounts of gas and (38)_into the stratosphere (同温层). At this (39)，the volcanic material spreads all the way around the Earth. This volcanic material (40) a certain amount of sunlight and (41) some back into space. The net result is to (42) the planet's surface. For instance, 43 was perhaps the largest eruption occurred in 1883 when the Indonesia volcano Krakatoa exploded. The following year was (44) in Europe as the "year without summer" because the (45) was so cool and rainy.
While there is (46) scientific agreement that volcanic eruption can lead to cooling, (47) of how this happens are not clear. As a result, scientists cannot (48) whether the volcanic activity which (49) past ice ages would result (50) sufficient cooling to cause a glacial period. Similarly, it is not possible for scientists to predict the climate effect of a future volcanic eruption with any confidence.
36. A. theories B. inventions C. judgments D. discoveries
37. A. cause B. course C. means D. case
38. A. petroleum B. ash C. flame D. garbage
39. A. relation B. instance C. moment D. altitude
40. A. scatters B. releases C. constitutes D. absorbs
41. A. carries B. converts C. reflects D. gathers
42. A. cool B. warm C. freeze D. heat
43. A. such B. what C. there D. that
44. A. known B. reported C. marked D. testified
45. A. air B. temperature C. sky D. weather
46. A. committed B. optimistic C. general D. absolute
47. A. indexes B. predictions C. details D. decisions
48. A. analyze B. determine C. assure D. assume
49. A. confronted B. promoted C. proceed D. preceded
50. A. in B. from C. to D. with
Part I Reading
Passage One
We use emotive language to express our own attitudes and feelings. We also direct emotive language at other people to persuade them to believe as we do or to do as we want them to do; and, of course, other people direct emotive language at us to get us to believe or to do what they want.
We are subjected to a constant stream of persuasion day in, day out, at home and in school, on the radio and on television. It comes from parents and teachers, from preachers and politicians, from editors and commentators, but, most of all, of course, from advertisers. Most of this persuasion is expressed in emotive language and is intended to appeal to our feelings rather than to be weighed up by our powers of reasoning.
We should look at the motives behind all this persuasion. Why do they want to persuade us? What do they want us to do? We are not thinking very clearly unless we try to see through the veil of words and realize something of the speaker's purpose.
An appeal to emotion is in itself neither good or bad. Our emotions exist and they are part of our personality. On some occasions people appeal to our emotions on the highest levels and from the best of motives. A case in point is Churchill's wartime speeches: whatever people thought of Churchill as a politician, they were united behind him when he spoke as national leader in those dark days --- their feelings responded to his call for resolution and unity.
It is a characteristic of social groups that the members have a feeling of personal attachment to the group --- to the family in earliest childhood and extending later to the school, the team, the church, the nation, in patterns that vary from time to time. Hence a speaker from our group will find in us feelings to which he can readily and genuinely appeal, whether our reaction is favorable or not. We are at least open to the appeal and we appreciate the context in which it is made.
1. The major functions of emotive language discussed in the passage are to - .
A. extend our powers of reasoning and carry out a purpose
B. advertise and produce the wanted social effects
C. show one's feelings and appeal to those of others
D. make others believe in us and respond to our feelings
2. It is suggested in the third paragraph of this passage that we - .
A should keep a cool head when subjected to persuasion of various kinds
B need to judge whether a persuasion is made for good or bad
C. have to carefully use our emotive language
D. should avoid being easily seen through by an appeal from others
3. The source from which emotive language flows upon us in its greatest amount is - .
A. the mass media
B. the educational institutions
C. the religious circles
D. the advertising business
4. Churchill is mentioned in the passage as -'
A. an example of how people weighed up persuasion with reasoning
B. a national leader who brought out people's best feelings
C. a positive example of appealing to people's motion
D. a politician who has been known as a good speaker
5. What is NOT mentioned as relevant to our emotions in this passage?
A. Social context
B. Personal experience
C. The personality of national leaders
D. Religious belief
6. It can be inferred from the passage that a persuasive speaker must .
A. find out what group his audience is attached to
B. vary his speech patterns from time to time
C. know how to adapt his way of speaking to the needs of the audience
D. be aware whether the listeners are favorable to his opinion or not
Passage Two
As goods and services improved, people were persuaded to spend their money on changing from old to new, and found the change worth the expenses. When an airline equipped itself with jets, for example, its costs ( and therefore air fare) would go up, but the new planes meant such an improvement that the higher cost was justified. A new car ( or wireless, washing machine, electric kettle) made life so much more comfortable than the old one that the high cost of replacement was fully repaid. Manufacturers still cry their wares as persuasively as ever, but are the improvements really worth paying for? In many fields things have now reached such a high standard of performance that further progress is very limited and very expensive. Airlines, for example, go to enormous expense in buying the latest prestige jets, in which vast research costs have been spent on relatively small improvements. If we scrap these vast costs we might lose the chance of cutting minutes away from flying times, but wouldn't it be better to see air fares drop dramatically, as capital costs become relatively insignificant? Again, in the context of a 70mph limit, with platoons of cars traveling so densely as to control each other's speeds, improvements in performance are virtually irrelevant; improvements in handling are unnecessary, as most production cars grip the road perfectly; and comfort has now reached a very high level indeed. Small improvements here are unlikely to be worth the thousands that anybody replacing an ordinary family car every two years may ultimately have spent on them. Let us instead have cars --- or wireless, electric kettles, washing machines, television sets --- which are made to last, and not to be replaced. Significant progress is obviously a good thing; but the insignificant progression from model-change to model-change is not.
7. The author obviously is challenging the social norm that - .
A. it is. important to improve goods and services
B. development of technology makes our life more comfortable
C. it is reasonable that prices are going up all the time
D. slightly modified new products are worth buying
8. According to this passage, air fares may rise because -'
A people tend to travel by new airplanes
B. the airplane has been improved
C. the change is found to be reasonable
D. the service on the airplane is better than before
9. According to the author, passengers would be happier if they -'
A. could fly in the latest model of reputable planes
B. could get tickets at much lower prices
C. see the airlines make vital changes in their services
D. could spend less time flying in the air
10. When manufacturers have improved the performance of their products to a certain level, then
it would be_. .
A. justified for them to cut the price
B. unnecessary for them to make any new changes
C. difficult and costly to further better them
D. insignificant for them to cut down the research costs
11. In the case of cars, the author urges that we - .
A. cancel the speed limit
B. further improve the performance
C. improve the durability
D. change models every two years
12. The author's criticism is probably based on the fact that - .
A. we have been persuaded to live an extravagant life today
B. many products we buy turn out to be substandard or inferior
C. inflation is becoming a big problem in the world today
D. people are wasting their money on trivial technological progress
Passage Three
Recent studies on the male-female wage gap predict that even though entry salaries for males and females in the same occupation are nearly equal because women's market skills have improved vastly, the chances of the overall gap closing in the foreseeable future are minimal. This is due to several factors that are likely to change very slowly, if at all. An important reason is that women are concentrated in occupations --- service and clerical --- that pay less than traditional male jobs. It is possible that more women than men in their twenties are hesitant to commit themselves to a year-round, lifetime career or job for many reasons There is lingering attitude on both the part of women and their employers that women are not cut out for certain jobs. Not only does this attitude channel women into lower-paying work, but it also serves to keep them from top management positions.
Another significant factor in the widening wage gap between men and women entering the work force, even in comparable jobs, is that women often drop out at critical points in their careers to have a family. Women still have the primary responsibility for child-bearing; even if they continue to work, they often forgo overtime and promotions that would conflict with home responsibilities. The ages of25 to 35 have been shown repeatedly to be the period when working consistently and hard is vital to advancement and job security. These are precisely the years when women are likely to have children and begin to slide away from men in earning power. Consequently, a woman's income is more likely to be seen as secondary to her husband's.
13.According to recent studies on the male-female wage gap, -'
A. there is much hope of narrowing the male-female wage gap in the near future
B. working women will have many opportunities to hold high-paying jobs in the near future
C. women's pay will still stay at a level below that of men in the near future
D. salaries for males and females in the same occupation will be equal in the near future
14. Women are kept from top management positions partly because they - .
A. decide to devote themselves to certain lifetime jobs in their twenties
B. are inclined to rank family second to work
C. tend to have more quarrels with their employers
D. still take an incorrect attitude towards themselves
15. Which of the following is implied in the passage as a partial reason for women's concentration in certain
occupations?
A. Social division of labor.
B. Social prejudice against them
C. Employment laws.
D. Physiological weakness.
16. The word" forgo" in Paragraph 2 could be best replaced by - .
A. give up
B. drop out
C. throwaway
D. cut out
17. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that - .
A. men's jobs are subject to change
B. women tend to be employed off and on at the same jo b
C. men' chances of promotion are minimal
D. women used to be employed all the year round
18. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Women's market skills have improved greatly.
B. Child care is still chiefly women's work
C. Women are typically employed in clerical and service jobs.
D. Domestic duties no longer conflict with women's jobs.
Passage Four
It seems that the life of a television reporter is fantastically admired by many people. But this is only one side of the coin. First, he never goes deeply into anyone subject --- he may be expert at mastering a brief in a short time and "getting up" a subject, but a week later he is on to the next subject, and a week later still he is on to the subject after that. He seldom grasps with a full-scale investigation anyone thing. He has to be able to forget what he was working on a few weeks before, otherwise his mind would become messed up.
Second, a reporter does not have anything lasting to show for what he does --- there is no shelf of books, no studio full of paintings. He pours his life into something which flickers in shadows across a screen and is gone forever. I have seen people in many television jobs turn at the end of watching one of their own programs and say
something like: " Well, that's all those days/weeks/months of work. Travel and worry sunk without trace." As a way of life it comes to seem like blowing bubbles --- entertaining to do, and the bubbles numerous and pretty to look at, and all different, but all disappearing into thin air.
Third, the pace of life is too fast. Not only is it destructive of one's private life, one does not even have time to give proper consideration to the things one is professionally concerned with --not enough time to think, not enough time to read, not enough time to write one's commentary, prepare one's interviews and so on. When one disengages from it and allows one's perceptions, thinking, reading and the rest to proceed at their natural pace one gets an altogether unfamiliar sense of solidarity and well-being.
Fourth, the reporter is at the mercy of events. A revolution breaks out in Cuba so he is off there on the next plane. Somebody shoots President Reagan so he drops everything he is doing and flies to Washington. He is like a puppet pulled by strings --- the strings of the world's affairs. He is not motivated from within. He does not decide for himself what he would like to do, where he would like to go, what he would like to work on. He is activated from without, and his whole life becomes a kind of reflex action, a series of high-pressure responses to external stimuli. He has ceased to exist as an independent personality.
19.A TV reporter never makes an in-depth study of a subject because -'
A. he usually gets one side of the picture
B. the subjects that he has to attend to often switch from one to another
C. he does not know how to develop it to its full scale
D. that is the life that suits him
20. A. it is implied but not stated that many people - .
A. know nothing about the work of a TV repor1er
B. think the life of a TV reporter dull and boring
C. have a biased opinion against the job of a TV reporter
D. tend to underestimate the hard part of being a TV reporter
21 TV reporting, according to this passage, is something_______.
A. profitable for a person to take up
B. interesting to do but quick to fade out
C. causing a person to forget his previous work
D. producing a lasting effect
22.A TV reporter is in most need of - .
A. being a master of his time
B. proper consideration of his profession
C. a comfortable life of his own
D. disengaging himself from work
23. The activities of a TV reporter are largely geared to - .
A. his motivation
B. his working style
C. current affairs
D. reflex to pressures
24. The title of this passage would best be given as - .
A. What a TV Reporter Can and Cannot Accomplish
B. The Sorrows of TV Professionals
C. The Confession of a TV Reporter
D. The Drawbacks in the Life of a TV Reporter
Paper Two
Part IV Reading and Answering Questions (25 minutes, 10 points)
The conflict between what in its present mood the public expects science to achieve in satisfaction of popular hopes and what is really in its power is a serious matter because. even if the true scientists should all recognize the limitations of what they can do in the field of human affairs, so long as the public expects more there will always be some who will pretend, and perhaps honestly believe, that they can do more to meet popular demands than is really in their power. It is often difficult enough for the expert, and ce11ainly in many instances impossible for the layman, to distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate claims advanced in the name of science. The enormous publicity recently given by the media to a report pronouncing in the name of science of The Limits to Growth, and the silence of the same media about the devastating criticism this report has received from the competent experts, must make one feel somewhat apprehensive about the use to which the prestige of science can be put. But it is by no means only in the field of economics that far-reaching claims are made on behalf of a more scientific direction of all human activities and the desirability of replacing spontaneous processes by "conscious human control".
If I am not mistaken, psychology, psychiatry and some branches of sociology, not to speak about the so-called philosophy of history, are even more affected by what I have called the scientistic prejudice, and by specious claims of what science can achieve.
Questions :
What is the main thought of the passage? What should be our correct attitude towards science?
回答该项问题一般要注意，第一问主要是结合文章回答问题，可以或多或少的引用文中内容回答，第二问主要是考察我们研究生对某个现象的认识。

所以在此就不提供答案了
Part IV. Translation E-C:
Language was the principal means used by human beings to communicate with one another. Although it was primarily spoken, it could be transferred to other media, such as writing. The immense merit of language was that it made possible the transmission of experience. What had been learned in one generation could be passed on whole to the next. Instruction could in large measure replace personal experience. Writing, even more than speech, made possible the creation of a storehouse of knowledge, and the supplementation of memory by means of records. It was this facility of preserving what individuals had found out that, more than anything else, made human progress possible.
Key to it
参考答案：语言是人类彼此交流的主要手段。

尽管语言主要通过说话来表达，它也可以转换成其他方式
进行，如文字表达。

语言比较大的优点就是它能够使经验得到传播。

一代人所学得东西可以完整无缺地传给下一代。

教学在很大程度上可以替代个人经验。

文字甚至比话语更有助于人类建设知识宝库，它还能通过记录的手段辅助记忆。

在这一代人所学的东西可以完整的传递给下一代。

教学在很大程度上可以传递个人的经历。

正是有了这种积累个人经验的便利条件，才使人类的进步成为可能。

Part V. Translation C-E
．从心理上以及实际上说，地球上已没有边远地方了。

当朋友去了曾被认为是遥远的国家时，我们不可能再有父辈那种生离死别的感觉。

由于全球通讯网络，要见到远在地球另一侧的朋友就同与本城那一头的朋友讲话般地容易。

Key to it
Psychologically as well as physically, there are no more remote places on earth. When a friend leaves for what was a far country, we cannot feel the same feeling of irrevocable separation that saddened our forefathers. Thanks to globally communication network, we will be able to see friends on the far side of earth as easily as we talk to them on the other side of the town.
Part VI Writing
For this part, you are required to write a composition entitled
“Competition and Challenge” in no less 200 words.
TEST 2
Part I Listening Comprehension
Section 1, Conversation (10 minutes, 10 points)
Part II Cloze Test (10 minutes, 15 points)
The religions of the world have produced great books, with great lessons to teach. If we followed
36 is written in the books, the world would certainly be a better place. 37_, most people, even so-called "religious" people, do not 38_ follow the paths of goodness and righteousness so beautifully described
by their religion.
To many people, the house of 39 (church, for example) is more a place to 40_ than anything else.
They come to see and to talk to their friends, to show 41_ their fine clothes. They come because "people
would talk" 42_ they didn't come. They come to be entertained by the 43_ or rabbi, who tells interesting
stories and reads beautiful words, or to hear the beautiful songs of the 44_. They come to eat, drink, and
be 45_. They do not come to learn how to live a better life.
Sometimes going to church can 46_ one's feelings of pride. People are told of the great history of
their group, of how their group suffered hardship in the past, 47_ eventually prevailed over the enemy.
They are 48 _ on the good they have done and on the good their church has done. They contribute
money to feed one 49 _ family in Africa or to pay for a scholarship so that one poor child can go to the
country for a summer, and they feel reassured that they have done 50 that they should to make the world
a better place.
36. A. which B. what C. how D. that
37. Unfortunately B. Undoubtedly C. Roughly D. Obviously
38. A. passively B. truly C. eventually D. inevitably
39. A. worship B. assembly C. ceremony D. convention
40. A. confess B. socialize C. exchange D. converse
41) A. around B. up C. off D. over
42 A. when B. if C. unless D. for
43 A. layman B. minister C. churchgoer D. convert
44 A. auditorium B. symphony C. orchestra D. chorus
45 A. merry B. gloomy C. merciful D. sober
46. A. confirm B. obscure C. conceal D. suppress
47. A. but B. therefore C. and D. thus
48. A. illustrated B. congratulated C. evaluated D. excluded
49. A. minority B. hungry C. disabled D. illegal
.50 A. such B. so C. all D. that
Part III Reading
Passage One
The urge to explore is innate in Man. Wherever his imagination wanders, Man seeks also to go.
A large part of history is concerned with the exploration of the world in which we live. Time and again men have
set out with amazing courage and resolution to probe into unknown regions and lands. They crossed the seas in flimsy boats, traversed continents, scaled mountains, fought their way through jungles and swamps, endured untold hardships --- all to explore, to see what had not yet been seen, to make known the unknown. Nor did Man confine his movements to the surface of land and sea. With kites, balloons and aircraft he left the ground to range through the lower atmosphere. Now outer space receives his attention.
The hard way to answer the question --- why should Man bother about conquering space --- is to attempt to list the specific practical benefits that will result. One knows, from past experience in other areas, that Man will surely see and discover new things in space, that will increase our store of scientific knowledge, and this new knowledge will find its way into valuable practical uses. What we learn about Man himself, from his experience in space, and from the effects of space and the space flight environment on him, will be invaluable. The new techniques developed to carry out the exploration of space, and to keep men alive in space, will inevitably find their way into valuable practical uses in everyday living. The areas that will benefit are manifold. They include communications, generation of power, transportation and travel, food production, conservation of resources, navigation, human comfort and welfare, biology and medicine, materials, fuels and many others. But to state specifically just what the practical outcomes will be is virtually impossible.
1. Exploration of the unknown - .
A. often results in Man's power of imagination
B. is not common throughout human history
C. is generally sought after by men with courage and strength
D. is deeply rooted in the instinct of Man
2. Which of the following best sketches the process of Man's probe into the unknown world?
A. . Surface of the earth, the air and space.
B. Water, mountains and forests, swamps.
C. Communications, transportation and conservation.
D. Urge, imagination and courage.
3. The benefits of space exploration are basically something - .
A. well-specified
B. hypothetical
C. practical
D. inevitable
4. According to this passage, the value of exploring the outer space will ultimately lie in - .
A. its testimony of Man's courage and resolution
B. the knowledge it may help us to gain about our earth
C. the results it may bring about in the interests of Man
D. Man's mastery of techniques to fly and stay alive in space
5. From this passage we can conclude that Man should have confidence in exploring space because - .
A. we have directed our attention to the right object of study
B. we have accumulated experience from previous successes in other fields
C. we have found the correct answer to the question of why Man should bother about conquering space
D. we have already made it possible for people to benefit from this endeavor
6. The ideas expressed in this passage can well be used in an argument - .
A. in favor of criticisms on space exploration
B. against spending millions of money on space projects
C. supportive of paralleling man's conquest of nature with that of space
D. to justify space exploration with its far-reaching significa.t1ce in man's life
Passage Two
The signs of the degeneration of American society and of Western civilization are all too plain: declining educational standards, rising crime, disintegrating families and record rate of suicide among the young.
Able-bodied beggars have become a common sight in cities from San Francisco to Washington, as well as in London and Paris. .
Murders involving guns in New York City are now more than 30 times what they were half a century ago. Racial polarization has become far more common on college campuses than it was 20 years ago, and separate living arrangements have been created by college administrators who nevertheless proclaim their devotion to " diversity".
Official irresponsibility in Washington is symbolized by the soaring national debt --- during a decade when government revenues doubled. And the new tax increases will not reduce this debt by one penny because spending has not been cut but simply renamed" investment".
Worst of all, much of the degeneracy of our times is not merely tolerated but celebrated. The crude words of "rap" music (块半歌) have been sanctified in editorial columns and by Ph.D.s at respected universities. Multiple murderers are mourned at their executions. An accused child molester (骚扰儿童者_) on Stanford University faculty has a medal struck in his honor after he commits suicide when confronted with the charges.
Despite a long history of struggle by blacks for better education, it has now become common in ghetto schools for those black youngsters who excel academically to be denounced for" acting white" --- and to face social exclusion, or even physical violence, from their classmates.
7. According to the author, college administrators - .
A. should not be blamed for racial discrimination
B. have successfully implemented satisfactory living arrangements for the students
C. approve of the various living styles among the students
D. have contributed to racial discrimination against their promise
8. The author believes that the national debt is soaring because -'
A. government revenues have doubled
B. the officials in the government are not responsible
C. the government has invested heavily in the defense fields
D. people have failed to pay their taxes
9. It can be inferred from the passage that the most serious social degeneration of American society is the fact that -'
A. people's moral values are confused
B. people are generally irresponsible
C. young people are no longer ambitious
D. legal system is too lenient for criminals
10. The word" sanctified" in the fourth paragraph most likely means - .
A. forbidden
B. criticized
C. accompanied
D. approved
11. From the fifth paragraph we can see that - .
A. black children now receive better education
B. black children do better academically than whiter children
C. black children who do well at school are persecuted
D. black children pay more attention to education than ever before
Passage Three
About four-fifths of the world is covered by oceans. They form the largest as well as the earliest realm inhabited by living things. In ancient seas, countless years ago, animals began making meaningful noises and detecting them.
The existence of this animal communication by sound in the" silent world" of the oceans has been realized widely by scientists only since the 1940s. Underwater sounds went undetected for 50 long chiefly because of the barrier caused by the surface film. Vibrations in air are about 99.9 percent reflected or absorbed as they strike a water surface. Vibrations within the water are imprisoned in the same way. Rarely can a skin-diver hear。