模仿性学习的英文文献以及翻译

Discrimination Learning of Scratching, but Failure to Obtain Imitation and Self-recognition in a

Long-tailed Macaque

Abstract:A long-tailed macaque was trained to scratch when a model scratched, but failed to generalize scratching when model scratched new target areas. The results confirm that monkeys can control their rates of scratching, but may not be capable of true imitation. The subject also failed on a test of mirror self-recognition. Imitation and self-recognition appear to be related capacities,which may be absent in monkeys.Key Words: Imitation; Macaque; Mirror; Scratch; Self-recognition.The capacity for imitation of others' bodily actions is reasonably viewed as a prerequisite for the development of self-awareness and awareness of another's erspective(BALDWIN,1894/1903; GUILLAUME, 1926/1971; PIAGET, 1945/1962; MELTZOFF, 1990; MITCHELL, 1990,in press a; HART & FEGLEY, in press). Recent theory (PARKER, 1991; MITCHELL, 1992, in press a) has explicitly tied the recognition of one's own body in a mirror to imitative apacities: mirror-self-recognition is observed in great apes, humans, and perhaps dolphins (GALLUP, 1970, 1985; LEWIS & BROOKS-GUNN, 1979; ANDERSON, 1984a, b, in press;PATTERSON, 1990; PATTERSON • COHN, in press; MARTEN & PSARAKOS, in press), and imitation of another's actions s largely restricted to these species (MITCHELL, 1987;VISALBERGHI & FRAGASZY, 1990; WHITEN & HAM, 1992). Among humans, those who have difficulty with imitation (e.g. some autistic children) also generally fail to mirror-selfrecognize (MITCHELL, in press a), and propensities for imitation of others' actions and mirror-self-recognition are not always present in all members of a species (VISALBERGHI &FRAGASZY, 1990; SW ARTZ & EV ANS, 1991; MITCHELL, in press a).

According to one theory, bodily imitation and mirror-self-recognition go together because both are dependent upon kinesthetic-visual matching (MITCHELL, 1992, in press a). With kinesthetic-visual matching, the organism recognizes that the kinesthetic and visual experiences of its own body are identical and thus knows what it looks like when it acts, even when it does not see itself. The organism can also compare its own kinesthetically felt actions with its visual experience of actions of others, as in imitation, and with the visually experienced actions of itself, as in mirror-self-recognition. If an organism couldbe taught to imitate accurately another's bodily actions, it should develop a capacity for kinesthetic-visual matching and therefore be able to

recognize its own mirror image.Although great apes and humans apparently naturally imitate (MITCHELL, 1987, in press b), only a few apes have been taught to imitate human actions (e.g. HA VES & NISSEN, 1971;MILES et al., 1992; MILES, in press; CUSTANCE t~ BARD, in press). Humans deficient in imitative abilities have also been taught to imitate bodily actions (BAER et al., 1971).Usually the techniques for apes require teaching signs or involve other close physical interaction,techniques which usually become difficult with non-ape and nonhuman primates at an early age. No attempt has previously been made to teach imitation to a monkey.In this study we describe an attempt to condition a long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) to imitate a human's scratching. Macaques are compelling subjects because a few instances of apparent imitation of motor acts have been observed in this genus (BREUGGEMAN, 1973; PARKER, 1977; ETTLINGER, 1983; BURTON, 1992). Scratching was chosen as the action to be modeled because primates can be easily conditioned to scratch (lVERSEN et al., 1984; LOUBOUNGOU & ANDERSON, 1987; ANDERSON et al., 1990), because macaques may learn to use scratching as a communicative gesture (DIEZINGER 8Z ANDERSON, 1986), and because imitation would be easily discernible from simpler conditioned scratching by observing whether the "imitator" is sensitive to varying locations of the model's scratch.

学习抓的歧视,但失败获得模仿和自身识别长尾猕猴

摘要：长尾猕猴是训练有素的,当一个模型挠,但失败了推广抓当模型挠新目标区域。结果证实,猴子控制他们的挠率,但可能不是真正的模仿能力。这个问题也没有在考试的镜子自我识别。似乎模仿和自我识别相关的能力,这可能是在猴子。

关键词:模仿、猕猴、镜子;抓;自我识别。

别人的身体动作的模仿能力是合理地视为一个先决条件自我意识和发展意识,另一个的角度(鲍德温,1926/1971 1894/1903;纪尧姆,皮亚杰,1894/1903;迈尔左夫,米切尔,1990人,1990;在按下一个;哈特&费格雷,出版社)。最近的理论(帕克,1991;米切尔,1991年)已经明确的识别自己的身体在镜子模仿能力:mirror-self-recognition类人猿中观察到,人类,或许海豚(1970年盖洛普,1970;LEWIS & BROOKS-GUNN 1979;安德森,1984 a,b,在出版社;帕特森,1990;帕特森•科恩,在出版社;貂& PSARAKOS出版社),模仿另一个人的行为在很大程度上仅限于这些物种(米切尔,1987;VISALBERGHI & FRAGASZY 1990;美白&汉姆,1992)。在人类中,那些困难模仿(例如一些自闭症儿童)也通常无法mirror-selfrecognize(米切尔,新闻),模仿别人的行为和倾向mirror-self-recognition并不总是出现在一个物种的所有成员(VISALBERGHI &FRAGASZY,1990;斯沃茨&埃文斯,1991;米切尔,新闻)。根据一种理论,身体模仿和mirror-self-recognition一起去因为他们都依赖于kinesthetic-visual匹配(米切尔,1992年,在出版社)。kinesthetic-visual匹配,动觉和生物识别视觉体验自己的身体是相同的,因此知道它看起来像什么它,即使它没有看到自己。机体自身kinesthetically还可以比较觉得别人的行为动作的视觉体验,是模仿,的视觉经验的行为本身,如mirror-self-recognition。