句法基础知识

句法基础知识

一、句子的成分

句子是一个完整的意义单位，一个完整的英语句子至少由两部分组成（祈使句除外）：主语和谓语。除此之外，句子成分还有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、同位语和独立成分。

（一）主语

1. Tom is the tallest boy in our class. ______________

2. They are playing football. _______________

3. Five added to eight makes thirteen. _______________

4. To do that is our job. _______________

5. Smoking is bad for your health. _____________

6. Whether he comes or not is a question. ________________

7. The young should look after the old. _____________

8. The injured should be taken care of here. ________________

9. The living should cherish their life. ________________

从以上例句中,我们可以归纳出:

主语通常由_____________________________________________

等担任。

（二）谓语

a.谓语由动词或动词短语担任,具有各种时态、语态的变化。

1. I went to Paris last summer.

2. I have been waiting for you all morning.

3. The children were playing in the garden.

你能判断出以上句子中的谓语动词以及动词的时态吗？

b.有些谓语是由“系动词+表语”构成。

1. The girl felt cold.

2. He is a teacher.

c.有些谓语由“情态动词+动词原形”构成。

1. We must be careful.

2. Can you speak French?

d. 如果不及物动词作谓语，不可直接接宾语，但可加介词再跟宾语。

1. Don’t cry!

2. Listen to me carefully!

（三）表语

表语说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，位于系动词之后，与之构成系表结构。

1. My mother is a teacher. ________________

2. It’s me. ________________

3. You look beautiful in red. ________________

4. Our class is the first in the sports meeting. _____________

5. The class is over. ______________

6. Your ideas are out of date now. ______________

7. Our plan is to make him a super star. ______________

8. Her hobby is painting. _____________

9. We are completely tired after a day’s work. ____________

10. My advice is that you should do exercises every day. ________

从以上例句中,我们可以归纳出:

表语通常由_____________________________________________等担任。

(四) 宾语

a.宾语放在及物动词的后面,表示动作的对象或内容, 常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等担任。

1. I love our country.

2. I love swimming.

3. I suggest we should finish the work as soon as possible.

4. I want to go skating.

5. If you add 5 to 5, you get 10.

6. Would you mind opening the door?

b.双宾语

许多及物动词后可以有两个宾语(双宾语)：直接宾语和间接宾语。

直接宾语表示动作的承受者，通常是物；间接宾语表示对谁或为谁做，通

可以接双宾语的动词有：give、show、send、bring、lend、tell、return、teach、make、buy等。

1. I lent Tom a book yesterday.

直接宾语是________________ 间接宾语是_________________

= ________________________________

2. Kate bought her father a birthday gift.

直接宾语是________________ 间接宾语是_________________

=___________________________________

c.介词宾语: 除了动词有宾语以外,介词后也跟宾语。

1. She has to look after her little sister.

2. He was interested in collecting stamps.

(五) 定语

定语是修饰和限定名词或代词的词,表示被修饰词的所属、性质、数量等。定语一般位于所限度的词之前，其数和格必须与所限度的词相一致。

1. She is a responsible girl. _________________

2. His name is Li Lei. ______________

3. We have four lessons in the morning. _____________

4. Every student has pocket money nowadays. ____________

5. There are a lot of things to be done. _____________

6. The book on the desk is mine. _____________

7. Look at the man sitting on the rock. _______________

8. We visited a retired worker. _______________

9. The rooms above are decorated well. _____________