谈高中英语新教材的作业设计
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谈高中英语新教材的作业设计
在新课程背景下,如何改革作业模式、优化作业设计、提高学习效果是学校一线教师共同关注的问题。
学生作业如果按布置和完成的时间来分,一般可分为三种:课前作业(预习即将学习的内容)、课中作业(课堂上
的认知、巩固练习)和课后作业(复习巩固、拓展所学知识)。如果按作业的用途来分,可以有巩固运用练习和拓展实践练习。当然,作业还可以有更多的分法。作业的内容与形式尽管有诸多的不同,但其目的都在于辅助学生的课堂学习、拓展课内知识和增强学习能力。因此作业的设计有着共同的要求,那就是要具备针对性、实践性、多样性和趣味性。
一、作业的针对性
所谓针对性,首先是指作业要紧扣课堂教学的内容,即尽可能学什么内容对应地去做什么作业。前苏联教育家苏霍姆林斯基认为,“布置作业不应该是课堂学习之后量的追加,而应该是知识的巩固与深化,是学生学习能力的改善与提高。”因此,设计作业,要紧扣课堂教学的内容,要使作业
真正起到课堂知识“巩固与深化”进而提高学习能力的作用。例如,在课堂讲授倒装句的用法之后,就紧紧围绕着八个要点布置作业,以巩固和拓展所学知识:①副词、介词提前的全倒装:Hearing the dog barking so fiercely, away fled the thief;
On the top of the hill stands an old temple;②“表系主”的全倒装:Gone are the days when we were poor;Lying on the floor was a wounded boy;③否定词提前的倒装:Hardly had he got down to his work when the heavy rain began;Rarely did a debate attract so much media attention;④省略句的倒装:Sodid I;Neither was he;⑤虚拟条件句的倒装:Should it rain tomorrow, the sports meet would be postponed;⑥So+介词/副词+ that的倒装:So sudden was the attack that the enemy had no time to escape;So loudly did she shout that everyone there could hear her;⑦“only+状语”的倒装:Only in this way can you learn English well;Only when I got home did I realize that I had left the wallet in the park;⑧as/though的让步倒装:Yong as he is, the boy knows a lot;Hard though he worked, he couldn’t support his family.
其次,针对性还指适合学生现有的认知水平。布置作业时,内容难度要适中,可操作性较好,不要超出学生的接受能力范围。作业的设计一定要杜绝盲目的加深加难。有的教师在高一时就提倡紧扣高考,照搬历年的高考试题让学生练习,效果总是适得其反。因此,布置作业要精选题目,有的放矢,不能照本宣科。例如,讲到强调句的用法时,可以自编或改编一些练习给学生做。如:①填词:____ is not how much you read but what you read that counts. ②改错:It is
imagination what makes the world colorful. ③选择:It was
____ she came back from Japan that year ____ she met the man she would like to marry.A)when;thenB)not;untilC)not until;thatD)only;when④完成句子:It is what you do rather than what you say _____ _____(有关系). ⑤翻译:你到底是怎么说服他戒烟的?
二、作业的实践性
实践性是指要体现英语的实际应用。我们强调作业要针对课堂教学内容并不是强调要单纯地重复、机械地操练所学内容,而是要使学生通过作业能够将课堂所学的内容加以归纳、概括,或者演绎、运用。
例如每单元的重点词汇、语言点及重要句型可作为作业的一部分,让学生自己去归纳和总结。以选修六第四单元为例。本单元重点词语:consumer, tend, state, glance, average, count, pollution, mild, steady, electricity, education, a quantity of, result in, be opposed to, contribute to, on behalf of, put up with, as long as, range from …to 以及句型There is no doubt that等。再如quantities of与a quantity of的用法区别:A large quantity of deer have been killed by the villagers;Large quantities of water have been wasted so far;by表示数量的增减幅度:House prices went up by 10% last year;The bullet missed him only by two inches等。学生在归纳总结的过程中
就能感知语言的精髓,获得良好的语感。
语言是有生命的,这个生命就是鲜活的生活实践。离开了生活、社会、生产的语言,是没有意义的语言,是死的语言。许多学生学了多年英语,记了不少单词,懂得许多语法规则,却不能阅读英文原著,更不能进行日常的英语交流。原因就在他们只在课堂上学习英语,只在课堂上运用英语,只在作业纸上书写英语,而脱离了语言的源头――生活实践。要改变这种状况,就要在英语课堂教学中,十分注重引导学生向生活学习语言;在作业中,更可以让他们将课堂学习的语言运用到实际生活中去。
近几年高考试题也很关注生活实践。其内容包括英语学习、日常用语,也包括校园安全、节能环保、生态平衡、地震海啸、运动健康、政局变动、地球大气升温等等。布置作业时,教师可以选用一些与生活实践相关的语句或话题。如:①航空用语:Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belt and remain seated until the plane has come to a complete stop. ②校园安全:The news shocked the public, leading to great concern about the students’safety at school. ③焦点关注:What is known to us all is that Japan is a country where earthquakes and tsunamis frequently happen. 只有让学生更
多地接触生活中的英语,才能真正认识英语;只有让学生更多地在实践中运用所学的英语,才能真正地掌握英语。