曼哈顿语法中文

Manhattan语法（第五版）中文笔记
－by equalgirl
目录
一总原则
二意思与简洁
三主语与谓语(主谓一致)
四平行
五代词
六修饰语
七动词（时态，语气，主被动）
八比较
九习语
十简洁＋平行（高阶）
十一代词＋修饰语（高阶）
十二动词＋比较（高阶）
附：固定搭配词组
一、SC 的做题方法与原则
1．不是找对的，而是选最好的。

2．方法：排除法，首先在稿纸上写下所有选项，然后根据一些相似性将答案大致分组，根
据各组的不同特点划去错误的，比较剩余选项，针对区别进行判断，剩下最好的。

要点：读句子，懂意思，找出划线与未划线的关系。

看选项，先找出不同，肯定多于2处。

从最好入手的比较开始排除，优先主谓一致，单复数，平行，代词，时态。

最后代入句子检查尤其注意划线与未划线是否一致。

要最快速的排除并选出答案，而不要纠结于每个错误。

3．做改错题时，首先应通读句子，找出句子中能帮助做题的关键词。

在很多情况下，句子
中帮助做题的关键词离划线部分会很远。

4．GMC 原则(grammar, meaning and concision):主谓一致，平行，代词，修饰，动词时态、语态和主被动，比较和习惯用法
二、意思与句子简洁(GMC原则语法，语义，简洁)
GMAT改错题关键的三个要点，顺序依次为：
STEP 1、首先看有无语法错误（习惯说法不一定正确）
STEP 2、看意思表达是否准确（不会读2遍以上才明白也不会产生歧义）
STEP 3、是否简洁（能用6个词不要用10个词）
（一）意思
1．正确用词
①Economic-经济的；economical-节约的；合算的；有效的
②Aggravate-加重，恶化；aggravating-令人愤怒的
③Known as –被认为是，很著名；known to be-被承认…；known for
④Loss of –失去；loss in-贬值
⑤Mandate-命令；have a mandate-拥有选举权
⑥Native of- （人）来自；native to –物种起源于
⑦Range of –多种的；ranging-变化
⑧Rate of –速度或频率；rates for –价格…
⑨Rise –上升,形容无方向，单纯上升；raise-（打赌或工资）上涨，有方向
⑩Such as –比如；like-好像（举例只能用such as, 不能用like）
⑾Try to do –努力去完成；try doing –尝试去做
⑿impale-刺穿；impel-逼迫
2．情态动词
（1）当原句意思上没有问题时，忠实原句，不做任何修改，即使修改过来也成立。

Actual: If Chris and Jed met, they DISCUSSED mathematics. Hypothetical: If Chris and Jed met, they WOULD DISCUSS mathematics.
（2）当原句意思上有问题时，要替换为相对好点的那个。

EG：should 在GMAT中表示“道德上的义务”，而不是“好像”的意思，所以1，原句没有should不要乱加2，原句是likely，不能替换成should 3,法律法规只能用must，不能用should 替换
3．词在句中的位置
（1）要关注一些重点词，all, only；位置不同句子意思也不一样。

EG: ONLY the council votes on Thursdays. The council votes ONLY on Thursdays.
（2）关注句子的整体顺序，是否会产生歧义；EG：主被动语序强调的对象不同。

（3）在英语中，一般主语会放在谓语前面，因此一般不会用倒装结构，除非开头是否定词。

定语从句中，一般不用倒装。

例如：OG129。

4．搭配
句子各成分是搭配在一起才有意义。

句子中，主语，谓语，代词要一致
（二）简洁
1．简洁是GMAT 最后考到的点，只有在语法和意思都无误的情况，才选择最简洁的；换言
之，如果语法无问题，即使很长也会比一个语法有问题，很短的句子好。

2．GMAT语法题中，如果一个词可以搞定的意思，不要用一个短语，（否定词除外）
EG: differ好于have difference in
Wordy: They HAVE DIFFERENCES over THE WAY IN WHICH the company should MAKE
INVESTMENTS in new technologies.
Better: They DIFFER over HOW the company should INVEST in new technologies.
EG: OG12 unaccompanied是不好的表达，意思不如not accompanied 清晰；另外关于什么
的增长，一般的用法是increase in sth，而不是increased sth
3．切忌冗余：
(1) 在一个句子中，不要用两个意思一样的词
Rise-increase; sum-total; regain-again; enable- be able to; attempt-try; other than- opposite; drop-decrease; sufficient-enough;
including-among；have to –require 及近义词then-later; so-in order to
注意修饰时间的词在一个句子里的重复
过去：previously; formerly; in the past; before now
现在：now; currently; presently; at present;
每年的：annual; each year; a year
(2) 注意being、having，虽然二者大多数情况是错的，但GMAT也通常会制造一些其他的语
法错误，使得此类选项稍好一点。

（being只有2种情况对）1，介词＋being done;2,进行时被动语态be being done）
12th Edition: 8, 12, 16, 17, 21, 31, 37, 39, 49, 57
Verbal Review: 2, 13, 57, 76 OR 2nd Edition: 3, 18, 22, 36, 54, 72
Eg.27页习题
三、主语与谓语(主谓一致)
每一个句子都必须有一个主语和谓语（动词），且主语和谓语要一致。

（一）连词开头的句子一定要有主句，否则是错误的。

EG: Because the dog was never mine. 错误，缺乏一个主句
（二）主语和谓语从逻辑上一定要合理,比如抽象名词不能行走和说话，且主语和谓语在单复数上要一致。

当不清楚主语是否应该是单数/复数的时候，看宾语，想造成这个宾语的主语是什么样的
EG: × The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling. (development不能够不加油就跑几百miles)
e.g. The discovery of new medicines (was/were) vital to the company's growth.
若不知道主语是否单复，就想是什么造成公司的上涨。

肯定是一件事。

所以是单数
（三）主语谓语中间［插入语］可以忽略的2种情况。

插入语：在主语和谓语之间插入一些说明的成分
1.介宾短语中的名词不是主语可以忽略：（of,／for by,／in,／with／,at,／to,
／on,／from ＋名词为介宾短语。

）但若介宾短语前有“量”de修饰就另当别论，详见下面（七）
e.g. Near Galway, the houses on the road to Spiddle is/are gorgeous.
（NEAR Galway）, the HOUSES （ON the road TO Spiddle ）ARE gorgeous.
2．前置短语可以忽略：在主语之前放一些修饰成分
EG: (when the auditors left), the executive (who had been interviewed) was glad.
说明：从句始终只是句子中辅助的成分，类似大形容词，大名词或大副词
注意A：某些用动词-ing／动词-ed形势做形容词（有的用逗号来隔开）来修饰主语的，并不是真正谓语，可以忽略，
e.g.（Limping, ）the horse （once considered one of the favorites）was/were taken away.
注意B．一个句子中有多个动词和主语的，要找好对应关系，再判断单复数。

（四）and 和表示“加”的词
1．and 连接几个不同的名词的时候构成复数结构，谓语动词要用复数。

2．其他连接性的词（along with, in addition to, as well as, together with, including）虽然也表达“and”的意思，但是连接不同的名词，只是起着修饰的作用，不会改变主语的单复数，不影响谓语动词。

e.g. Joe, as well as his friends, IS going to the beach.

Mathematics, in addition to history and science, IS a required subject.注：有且只有“and”可以将单数主语改编成复数主语。

其他添加伴随连接词（如2所示）的单数主语，依然是单数主语。

（五）either or, neither nor
1. 当either..or…/neither…nor..同时出现的时候——就近原则：谓语动词得单复数取决于离它最近的名词的单复数。

EG: Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach.
Neither the players nor the coach IS going to the beach.
2. 若仅仅只有either or neither, 没有or 、nor，则谓语动词一定要用单数
（六）1，主语是集合性名词用单数：在GMAT中“集合性名词”一般被认为是单数名词，看做一个整体，跟单数谓语（不过这些词中除了citrus大家比较混淆，其
e.g. The CROWD in the stands IS cheering loudly as the home TEAM TAKES the field.
Our ARMY of a hundred thousand soldiers IS attacking the enemy.
2,主语是非限制性的代词，用单数.(你不用琢磨啥是非限定性，就记着下面这些次都是单数就好了)
Anyone, anybody, anything,
no one, nobody, nothing,
each, every,
someone, somebody,something,
everyone, everybody,everything,
whatever, whoever
,either…or..;neither…nor..（同时出现单复与它最近的名词一致；单独出现用单数）
（七）介宾短语前面有“量”的修饰的2种情况。

谓语单复数。

需要看介宾短语中的名词
EG: Some of the money was stolen from my wallet.
e.g.Not one of my friends IS here this weekend.
（八）each & every 两个词如果放在复数主语之前用单数，复数主语之后用复数
EG: every dog and cat has paws. They each are great tennis players.
（九）量词
A number of +复数主语+复数谓语（a number of 可以看成是some/many）The number of +复数/单数主语+单数谓语
Majority（多数）, minority（少数民族／少数）, and plurality（多数）这3个词后面“＋of”就是复数，单独做主语就是单数。

（上面这个原则，从语义角度讲，当表示一个大群体的一部分时候，用复数；如果表达一个数量本身如何，用复数）
The majority of the students in this class ARE hard workers.
In the Senate, the majority HAS coalesced into a unified voting block.
（十）短语或者从句作主语：谓语用单数
1． -ing的短语做主语，谓语用单数
Having good friends ]S a wonderful thing.
2．从句做主语，谓语用单数
Whatever they want to do IS fine with me.
OG 68：sth that be…,当前面的sth做主语的时候，that be一般要省略，否则不符合英文表达习惯；另外，诸如evidence之类的词，后面要跟that从句。

（十一）倒装：主语的单复数向后看
1，什么是倒装？
1）常用的副词主要有：here , there , now , then , out , in , down , up , away 等，表示强调。

Out rushed the boy
2）There be + 主语+地点。

其中动词be也可以是其他词
There are many different kinds of mooncakes on the table
3）在结果状语从句句型so …that …中，如果强调so…放在句首，主句需要部分倒装。

So excited was she at the news that she couldn”t say a word .
2.当判断倒装句的单复数，要看谓语动词后名词（主语）的单复数
1.）Wrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters. Right: Near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.
2.）后面是and的复合主语，用复数。

Wrong: There IS a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.
Flip it! A young man and an older woman ARE there at the bus stop. Right: There ARE a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.
3.当判断which后面的单复数时，取决于which指代的词的单复数Uncertain: Pong is a classic game from which have/has descended many current computer
pastimes.
Flip it! Pong is a classic game from which many current computer pastimes HAVE descended.
Right: Pong is a classic game from which HAVE descended many current
computer pastimes.
12th Edition: 2, 5, 13, 27, 45, 60, 66, 68, 78, 84, D41
Verbal Review: 8, 16,24,34,35,59,77 OR 2nd Edition: 10, 11, 14,20,34,35,65
（十二）当不能确定是否是单复数时候，大多是单数。

（当GMAT迷惑我们的时候，大都是单数）
四、平行结构
（一）平行结构的标志词
最重要的三个平行连接词：And, both and, or, either or; neither nor, not but, not only but also, rather than, from to 前后连接的A和B必须词性相同，结构一致，甚至“数”一致
（二）平行元素的引导词
1．有时候be, can, to…会被省略掉，
2．但是从句开头的“引导词（where/who/whose）不可以省略，即使引导词一样”；W rong: I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND I pay low taxes. Right: I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND WHERE I pav low taxes.
3．同时引导词也可以不一样！
Right: There are many people WHO speak English BUT WHOSE parents do not. 4．但是“引导词”前面的词不可以省略！those who 连在一起不分家。

中间不能插入both
Wrong: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND WHO are not.
Right: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not. 此句中“those”不能省略，但是“popular”可以省略。

（三）AND：
1．通常逗号原则。

A and B
A ,B，and C
A,B,C,and D
2．特殊逗号原则
当连接两个元素是长de独立句子时候，会用A，and B
I really like candy apples, AND I eat them often.
3．分层并列——无论并列的元素有多少，同一个并列连词连接的必须结构相似，词性相同！可以在一个句子同时用不同的并列连词，或者单独的词和句子并列，表示不同的层次，但是重要的是语义要平行。

Right: She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH disregard for human life AND property. AND THAT it should therefore be shut down.
，
（四）一些常见的并列习语
（五）句子中的动词不一定都是平行关系，很有可能是动词的-ing或者-ed形势表示伴随。

（六）系动词两边的成分要并列：表达的是“主语是什么／主语在什么情况下”
系动词都有哪些见下表：
Wrong: The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love.
Right: The bouquet of flowers WAS a gift of love.
Wrong: Upon being nominated, this politician REPRESENTS a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country.
Right: The nomination of this politician REPRESENTS a step forward in urban- rural relations in this country.
12th Edition: 6, 11, 14, 15,22,24,26,28,29,36,42,46,52, 53, 55, 56, 62, 65, 72, 77,
81, 83, 88, D36, D39, D46
Verbal Review: 1, 4, 6, 11, 22, 25, 27, 46, 47, 51, 52, 56, 62, 64, 66, 70
OR 2nd Edition: 1,2,4,5,7,15,17,24,26,27,45,46,49,52,53,58,60,61, 63, 67
五、代词
代词是GMAT中最常见的考点，每次见到介词的时候都应检查指代是否清晰。

（一）先行词（代词指代的名词）必须存在
注意有些名词是作为形容词、所有格在用，这样的名词不能作为先行词；名词作为先行词
的条件是该名词一定要具备名词功能。

EG: 错。

The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating to it.
It无指代对象，因为park在此处是形容词，真正的主语是park rangers。

（二）先行词和代词必须同时有意义
EG: (错 may sound wonderful, it is simply
此处,it指代就有问题,“term”不是机器，“term”指的是机器。

所以要用“refer to”注意：通常解释一个新名词，用的是it refers to 而不是it is。

此乃长考考点。

（三）代词的指代必须清晰
每一个代词都只能有一个清晰的先行词，如有多个的话，指代是模糊的。

（注意：1个句子里通常只有1个代词，如果有2个通常1个单数1个复数；
若一个句子里有两个单数代词，但是指代不同对象，一定错；
或者一个单数代词，2个单数先行词，也必错，因为指代不清）
（四）代词和先行词的单复数必须一致,GMAT为了迷惑，会在主语和主句前面，加上从句，比如：along with…/by…,要找到真正的主语。

（五）格
1．代词主格可用做主语：I, you, she, he, it , we, they , who
2．代词宾格用作宾语：me, you, him , her, it, us, them, whom
3．所有格：my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our ,ours, their（常考）, theirs, whose
4．重要考点：
（1）代词在句子主语的位置上，通常会被认为指代与其平行句子的主语。

EG: Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, BUT by synthesizing heavy chemical elements, THEY provide the universe with the
compensation pachages的形势出现的，所以不能指代。

Right: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine how much THESE EXECUTIVES may have been improperly awarded.
Right: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine how much THEY may have been improperly awarded.
（3）which，that 只能指代物，只有who, whom 才能指代人
（4）同一个句子中，it/its指代同一个物，they/them/their指代同一批人
（六）几个要点
1．this, that, these, those 在句子中不能裸奔，必须用作this/that/those/these+n 的结构才能做代词使用，而这个名词则是能体现先行词性质的词。

(this, those, that and these are never
used as a stand-alone pronoun without a noun following)
EG：New”nano-papers” incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength,
2．that或those可以表明一个新的copy关于先行词的,避免重复。

EG: The money spent by her parents is more than that spent by her children. 3．that或those 表明新copy
要重复先行词。

EG：错。

Her company is outperforming those of her competitors.
those与company不一致，应将those替换为companies.
12th Edition: 1, 7, 23, 47, 91, D42
Verbal Review: 12, 15, 19, 29, 41, 44, 49, 53, 65, 67
OR 2nd Edition: 16, 19,21,29,40,43,48,51,62,64
六、修饰语
（一）形容词和副词
1．形容词修饰名词或者代词，副词修饰除了名词和代词外，其余词均可修饰。

2．GMAT 考试中最长出现的修饰结构：
形容词+形容词+名词：在此结构中，两个形容词均修饰名词
副词+形容词+名词：在此结构中，副词修饰形容词，形容词修饰名词
EG: James is Max’s supposed Irish ancestor. 在句中Irish是形容词，ancestor 是名词。

supposed修饰ancestor，表明James可能是，也可能不是MAX的ancestor. Max’s grandmother is his supposedly Irish ancestor.此处supposedly一定要用副词形式，因为M的奶奶肯定是M 的祖先，只是不知道是不是他的Irish祖先而已，因此副词再次修饰形容词了。

常见的形容词+ly 变副词的词语: corresponding, frequent, independent, rare, recent,
seeming, separate, significant, supposed, usual.
即意味着，以上这些词，出现在语法中，既有＋ly,也有不加－ly的时候，既要忠于原文，也要忠于语义。

（二）名词修饰语：形容词、介词短语，过去分词，不加逗号的现在分词，从句，同位语(另一个名词)
前置修饰（同位语）是GMAT 中最常见的名词性修饰
EG: Tired from chasing mice, the cat took a nap.
1．名词和其修饰语必须互相靠近，就近修饰；如果修饰语靠近另外一个名词，则会产生误解。

划线部分修饰的是逗号后紧挨的“the cat”
EG: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods. 错
To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods. 对
Gmat语法中，总出现which引导的修饰性从句，如果不是修饰其前面最近的名词，则错！
Wrong: Resigned to the bad news, there was no commotion in the office. Right: Resigned to the bad news, the office workers made no commotion. Gmat中若主语前有个ved引导的修饰从句，主语必须是逗号后面紧挨的主语，若不是，则错！
最常见的模式就是：修饰语，修饰语，主谓宾必错／主语，修饰语，修饰语，谓宾必错
+定语从句，谓宾，这种是对的
另外一种：修饰语，定语从句，主语，修饰语，谓语宾语，这种也对，但少见注意：动词修饰语不像名词修饰语，不需要贴近其修饰的主语。

Wrong: George Carlin，both shocking and entertaining audiences across the na- tion，who also struggled publicly with drug abuse，influenced and in- spired a generation of comedians.
Better: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation，George Car- lin，who also struggled publicly with drug abuse，influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.
BEST: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation，George Carlin influenced and inspired a generation of comedians,
另外，要注意所有格形式“谁的什么”，这种形式经常会出现修饰错误,要区分所修饰de内容指的是“谁”还是“什么”若修饰的是“谁”则错！特别注意抽象名词
EG: Wrong : Only in the past century has origami’s development, a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago, into a true art form taken place.
此句中，后句不是句子而是一个修饰结构，由于靠近development，通常会被我们误认为是修饰development.
Right: Origami-a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago-has developed into a true art form only in the past century.
（三）名词修饰与从句
1．Which（修饰物），that（不能修饰人），who /whom(修饰人)、whose, where, when, Who: 一般修饰主语；whom: 一般修饰宾语，且一般跟在介词in／for 后面，其中在GMAT中whose既可以修饰物也可以修饰人。

e.g .the town whose water supply was contaminated.
That/whom：修饰的成分是宾语的时候，是可以省略的
Who/whom 当在修饰关系从句中，who是从句中谓语的主语；whom是从句中谓语的宾语
Wrong: The security guard WHO we met was nice. (who met we)
Right: The security guard WHOM we me t was nice.（we met whom）Where/which: where只能修饰具体的地点,which可以修饰虚拟的，如condition, situation(位置), case, circumstance,arrangement（布置。

）
When／which: 修饰一个具体时间或者时间段时，可以通用，如time, period, age, 1987, decade,
2．修饰限制性名词修饰，一般开头用the；无逗号隔开的，用that;
非限制性名词修饰，一般开头用this／：有逗号隔开的，用which
Non-essential: This mansion，WHICH HAS BEEN RECENTLY PAINTED RED, is owned by the Lees.
Essential: The mansion THAT HAS BEEN PAINTED RED is owned by the Lees.
但是当which前面有介词的时候，例如for which，可能不需要that,但是依然需要逗号原则。

Non-essential: This mansion, FOR WHICH I YEARN, is owned by the Lees.
（四）从属结构de修饰
从属结构，通过because, although, if, while, so that修饰，有两个重要考点：
1. 主谓语宾要全，因为毕竟是一个句子
2. 不能单独形成一个完整的句子，逻辑意思必须依附于一个主句。

（五）which 和现在分词
1．Which 必须紧跟其修饰的名词，which不能修饰一个句子，which只能指代它前面的一个名词
Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood. WHICH has led to a rise in property values.（此句中which指的是neighborhood,错）Right: The recent decrease in crime in our neighborhood has led to a rise in property values.
2．ing 形式做修饰语
（1）做形容词，直接修饰名词
（2）可以修饰主语和动词
（3）可以修饰一个从句（此时主句若转化为同意名词，这个名词可作为ing的主语），这种
形式就是常见的ing表示结果的结构。

EG: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values.
（4）ing 形式在主系表结构中，可以修饰其前面紧跟的名词
（5）ing 形式在主谓宾结构之后，可以表示与谓语动词同时发生，表伴随，此时其逻辑主
语就是主句的主语。

(6)ing形式表主动ed表被动
12th Edition: 10, 18, 25, 30, 38, 40, 48, 58, 61, 63, 71, 79, D40, D44 Verbal Review: 7, 18,32,38,63,73,79,91
OR 2nd Edition: 33, 42, 57, 59, 69, 71, 75, 83, 84
七、动词的时态、语气和主被动
（一）时态
（先后顺序：过去完成时过去进行时过去时一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时一般将来时）
1. 一般定义用一般现在时。

2. 不能用一般现在时表示将来。

3．表示一般状态的动词不用进行时，比如know, signify（意味着），emit(发射) EG: Wrong: This inscription IS SIGNIFYING the emperor's birth.
Right: This inscription SIGNIFIES the emperor's birth.
4．现在进行时不能表示将来的动作，但是可以表示“可能性”
Wrong: Quentin IS MEETING Harvey for lunch tomorrow.
Right: Quentin WILL MEET Harvey for lunch tomorrow.
Sandy WILL BE PLAYING soccer tomorrow.
5．一个句子中的不同动词时态。

若在一个句子里，两个动词的时态一样，代表两个动作是平行的，同样重要的。

若一个句子里两个时态不一样，则时态近的是主句，另一个动作通常代表一个背景介绍。

Right: She WAS PLAYING with her friends when the babysitter ARRIVED.此句要表达的是the babysitter arrived之前she was playing.
She PLAYED with her friends when the babysitter ARRIVED.此句表达的是the babysitter arrived之后she played.
（二）现在完成时态
1．现在完成时表示的是一个行为发生在过去，但状态继续到现在，或者是仍然对现在有所影响。

现在完成时的构成：have/has+过去分词
现在完成时的标志词：since+过去一个时间点；within/over/during/in+时间段EG: She WILL PAY you when you HAVE TAKEN out the garbage.
(The time of will pay is LATER than the future time of have taken)
2．而一般过去时表示的一个行为发生在过去，已经结束且对现在没有影响。

表示词：likeihood/ possibility+ that, over+时间点
（三）过去完成时
1．两个行为都发生在过去，而较早的那一个要用过去完成时，
若转述一个人发表的演讲或者报告，要将现在时转化为过去时，过去时转化为过去完成时，将来时转化为条件状态（will---would）
EG: The man believes t hat the machine will be wonderful.
The scientist believed that the machine would be wonderful.
错误：The man believes that the machine would be wonderful.
The man believed that the machine will be wonderful.
注：主句若是现在时，则从句时态必须不能早过其时态，即必须是“现在时间内的某个时态”；同样，如果主句是过去时，则从句必须是过去时间内的某个时态。

2．如果主句和分句主语相同，且以and, before, but等连接，如果句子逻辑上存在先后顺序的话，主分句都用一般过去时即可。

EG: Antonio DROVE to the store, and Cristina BOUGHT some ice cream.
Laura LOCKED the dead bolt before she LEFT for work.
3．Trick一枚：有时候我们可以在前一个分句中用一般过去时表示“过去”，在后一个分句中
用过去完成时表示从“过去”一直延续下去。

即一般过去时在过去完成时之前。

EG: The band U2 was one of many new groups on the rock music scene in the early 1980's, but less than ten years later, U2 had fully eclipsed its early rivals in the pantheon of popular music.
（四）虚拟语气
虚拟语气常见的两种形式：
1.看起来不可能或者不真实的条件，用if, as if, as though引导
Right: To overcome my fear of germs, I will think about disease as though it WERE harmless.
2．proposal, desire, request等表“建议”、“命令”的词用that引导
虚拟语气中，be一般用were. EG: if I were a rich man
3．If…then….常见的五种句型(then 经常会被省略掉)
（1）表示确定: If ＋一般现在时, then ＋一般现在时
EG: if she eats pizza, (then) she becomes ill.
（2）表示某种程度的不确定: if ＋一般现在时, then can／may＋v.原型
If she eats pizza, (then) she may become ill.
（3）确定-用于将来时态（现在发生的某些事情造成将来的影响）：
if ＋一般现在时，then＋一般将来时
If she eats pizza tomorrow, (then) she will become ill.
（4）不确定-将来时态：
if ＋虚拟语气, then ＋情态动词＋v.原型
If she ate pizza tomorrow, (then) she would become ill. (使用虚拟语气)
此句中，作者认为S不太可能吃披萨，所以情态动词would是对一个不太可能发生的事情的推测。

（5）从未发生-过去式：
if ＋过去完成时, then＋情态动词完成时
If she had eaten pizza yesterday, (then) she would have become ill. (使用虚拟语气)
注：a.在GMAT中，如果遇到but if..那么就要考虑是否是以上的五种之一。

Right: IF you study diligently, [THEN] you will score highly.
Right: You will score highly IF you study diligently.
b.情态动词would/should永远不会出现在“if”从句中
4．命令性的虚拟语气，（比假设性虚拟更重要）
（1）一般形式：主语+命令性动词+that+从句主语+虚拟动词原型（没有S没
（5）具有命令性的词汇的名词形式同样应用虚拟语气
Right: His demand THAT he BE paid full severance was not met.
（6）形容词性的命令词汇既可用虚拟语气，也可用不定式：如essential, advisable, crucial,desirable, fitting, imperative, important, mandatory, necessary, preferable, urgent, vital
Right: It is essential THAT Gary BE ready before noon.
EG: In an attempt to guarantee the security of its innovative water purification method, the
company required each employee to sign a confidentiality agreement prohibiting disclosure of its water purification methods to any company using
an analogous purification process.
注：a. 在虚拟语气中，这些词没有第三人称单数形式。

that the school board DISBAND, not DISBANDS
b. BE作为虚拟语气动词的时候，只有Be的形式，没有am ,is ,are
BE ready before noon, Gary!
c. GMAT中虚拟经常错的几种形式
第一句：缺That
第二句：disbands错，应该没有S
第三句：没有is
第四句：没有will
第五句：没有should
正确：Bossy Verb + THAT+ subject + Command Subjunctive
We PROPOSE THAT the school board DISBAND.
d. 特例Want.，有时候使用want并不是虚拟语气，而只是一个不定式表目的
Right: The vice-president WANTS her TO GO to the retreat.
Wrong: The vice-president WANTS THAT she GO to the retreat.
（五）被动语态与主动语态BE(am,is,are/was,were)+过去分词
1．by后面一般跟动作的执行者且一定是被动语态；through 和because of 后面跟一些设备手段或者方法
2．GMAT规则，主动优于被动
3．完成时态可用不及物动词，但被动语态不可以，例如arrive,不能用被动语态，因为不能“arrive something/something can`t be arrive”
Wrong: The aliens WERE ARRIVED on Neptune in the 20th century. Right: The aliens ARRIVED on Neptune in the 20th century.
12th Edition: 3, 19, 41, 54, 67, 69, 70, 74, 85, 86, 87
Verbal Review: 3, 21, 28, 30, 37, 39, 40, 55, 61, 78
OR 2nd Edition: 30, 37, 38, 39, 56, 74
八、GMAT 中常见的比较
（一）常见的比较词汇
like vs as
1．Like 是一个介词，因此like后面只能跟名词（或者动名词作名次，如like swimming,skating is great exercise），代词或者名词短语。

（不能跟从句／介词短语）
2．As 既可以跟介宾短语，又可以跟连词（后面可以跟句子）。

（1）表示列举的时候，只能用as,不能用like
（2）like＋句子一定错！
（二）比较的两点重要规则
1．比较的对象具有同等逻辑意思。

Wrong: Frank's build, LIKE his brother, is broad and muscular.
Right: Frank's build, LIKE his brother's, is broad and muscular.
Right: Frank's build, LIKE that of his brother, is broad and muscular. Right: Frank, LIKE his brother, has a broad and muscular build.
2．比较要从结构上保持平行
Wrong : I like to run through forests more than I enjoy walking through crowds.
Right: I like running through forests MORE THAN walkin g through crowds. （三）比较重要考点
1．对主谓宾全的句型
(1) 主语比较：A do sth than B do.（AB为对等名词，加do 是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比）
(2) 介宾比较A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.（C1C2，D1D2对等名词）注意一定要是介宾才能直接跟在than后面
The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than outside the racks.错,不是介宾比较
The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than did those outside the racks. 对
(3) 宾语比较A do C1 than C2.(C1C2为对等名词)
(4) 状语比较A do sth than usual/ever before/people expected(直接加状语) 2．一种句型只有主谓，没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，只可能有主语比较，因而
不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语，所以其比较形式如下：。