英语语言学 语用学 Pragmatics
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语用学研究的是交际过程中语言意义的表达和 理解。语用学家认为不把意义放在语境中来考 虑就不可能对语义进行充分的描述.
The essential distinction between semantics and pragmatics is whether the context of use is considered in the study of meaning.
6.1.2 pragmatics and semantics
related but different linguistic studies of meaning both study meaning
Semantics treats meaning as an abstract, self contained, intrinsic system, a property attached to language itself, which is not influenced by context.
研究语言使用者是如何使用句子成功进行交际 的
It is a discipline of studying meaning not in isolation, but in context.
Pragmatics： the study of linguistic acts and the contexts in which they are performed
因此在研究语义时是否考虑语境便成了传统语 义学和语用学的根本区别所在。
如 It is cold in here 这个句子，对传统语义学 家来说，只是表达了“某一地点气温比较低” 这样的命题内容。而对语用学家来说，除了陈 述一个客观的气温情况外，说话人很可能是为 了请听话人做点什么，如关上窗户、打开暖气、 借件衣服御寒等。
Chapter six Pragmatics
6.1 some basic notions 6.1.1 definition 6.1.2 pragmatics & semantics 6.1.3 context 6.1.4 sentence meaning & utterance meaning
语用学是对语言行为以及实施这些行为的语 境所做的研究。
语用学就是语言实用学，研究在特定情景中的 特定话语，特别是研究在不同的语言交际环境the scope
Deixis: 指示语 Speech act theory: 言语行为理论 Conversational implicature: 会话含义 Politeness principle: 礼貌原则 Relevance theory: 关联理论 Linguistic adaptation theory: 语言顺应论 Cross-cultural communication: 跨文化交际 Conversation analysis: 会话分析
6.4 Cross-cultural pragmatic failure
6.1.1 Definition
pragmatics : the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.
语境是交际双方共有的知识，它包括双方具有 的语言知识以及有关客观世界的知识，而客观 世界的知识又包括有关世界的常识性知识以及 交际发生的实际情景知识。
6.2 speech act theory 6.2.1 Austin’s model of speech acts 6.2.2 Searle’s classification of speech acts 6.2.3 indirect speech acts
6.3 Principle of conversation 6.3.1 Cooperative Principle ( CP) 6.3.2 conversational implicature
Today is Sunday.
Semantics: 说话人说这句话的当天是一个星 期7天中第一天
Pragmatics: 表示劝告、命令、请求、建议等
6.1.3 Context
Context determines the speaker’s use of language and also the hearer’s interpretation of what is said to him.
Context consists of the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.
It includes the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, which can be subdivided into the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which communication is taking place.
传统语义学把语义看成是抽象的，内在的，是语言本 身的特性，不受语境的影响。因此传统语义学只研究 语义的内在特征，不把语义研究置于语境中来考察。
Pragmatics studies the meaning in communicative situations.
Pragmaticists hold that meaning can not be adequately described without the consideration given to context in which language is used.
The essential distinction between semantics and pragmatics is whether the context of use is considered in the study of meaning.
6.1.2 pragmatics and semantics
related but different linguistic studies of meaning both study meaning
Semantics treats meaning as an abstract, self contained, intrinsic system, a property attached to language itself, which is not influenced by context.
研究语言使用者是如何使用句子成功进行交际 的
It is a discipline of studying meaning not in isolation, but in context.
Pragmatics： the study of linguistic acts and the contexts in which they are performed
因此在研究语义时是否考虑语境便成了传统语 义学和语用学的根本区别所在。
如 It is cold in here 这个句子，对传统语义学 家来说，只是表达了“某一地点气温比较低” 这样的命题内容。而对语用学家来说，除了陈 述一个客观的气温情况外，说话人很可能是为 了请听话人做点什么，如关上窗户、打开暖气、 借件衣服御寒等。
Chapter six Pragmatics
6.1 some basic notions 6.1.1 definition 6.1.2 pragmatics & semantics 6.1.3 context 6.1.4 sentence meaning & utterance meaning
语用学是对语言行为以及实施这些行为的语 境所做的研究。
语用学就是语言实用学，研究在特定情景中的 特定话语，特别是研究在不同的语言交际环境the scope
Deixis: 指示语 Speech act theory: 言语行为理论 Conversational implicature: 会话含义 Politeness principle: 礼貌原则 Relevance theory: 关联理论 Linguistic adaptation theory: 语言顺应论 Cross-cultural communication: 跨文化交际 Conversation analysis: 会话分析
6.4 Cross-cultural pragmatic failure
6.1.1 Definition
pragmatics : the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.
语境是交际双方共有的知识，它包括双方具有 的语言知识以及有关客观世界的知识，而客观 世界的知识又包括有关世界的常识性知识以及 交际发生的实际情景知识。
6.2 speech act theory 6.2.1 Austin’s model of speech acts 6.2.2 Searle’s classification of speech acts 6.2.3 indirect speech acts
6.3 Principle of conversation 6.3.1 Cooperative Principle ( CP) 6.3.2 conversational implicature
Today is Sunday.
Semantics: 说话人说这句话的当天是一个星 期7天中第一天
Pragmatics: 表示劝告、命令、请求、建议等
6.1.3 Context
Context determines the speaker’s use of language and also the hearer’s interpretation of what is said to him.
Context consists of the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.
It includes the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, which can be subdivided into the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which communication is taking place.
传统语义学把语义看成是抽象的，内在的，是语言本 身的特性，不受语境的影响。因此传统语义学只研究 语义的内在特征，不把语义研究置于语境中来考察。
Pragmatics studies the meaning in communicative situations.
Pragmaticists hold that meaning can not be adequately described without the consideration given to context in which language is used.