第三章 国际私法的历史
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（三）荷兰的法则区别说 1 ． 历 史 背 景 (historic backgrounds) 2 ． 代 表 人 物 和 主 要 观 点 (persons and main views)
3.2 Huber's Three Axioms
Comity was defined as something between mere courtesy and a legal duty, as derived from the tacit consent of nation and based on mutual forbearance and enlightened selfinterest. In a ten page essay, the most famous of these authors, Ulricus Huber (1624-1694), postulated the following three axioms: (1) The laws of each state have force within the territory but not beyond. (2) These laws bind all those who are found within the territory, whether permanently or temporarily.
荷兰的法则区别说
3．影响及评价（Influence and comments
三、近代国际私法 (13cen-18cen)
（一）德国学派 1．历史背景(historic backgrounds) 2．代表人物和主要观点(persons and main views): Savigny. 3．影响及评价（Influence and comments） （二）意大利学派
（三）属地法时代的“极端属地主义”
二、法则区别说时代
法则区别说产生于 13世纪的意大利，于16世纪传入法国，后在荷兰得到新的发展。 由于这个时期的理论都是建立在法则区别说的基础之上，故称为法则区别说时代。
（一）意大利的法则区别说 1．历史背景(historic backgrounds) 2．代表人物和主要观点(persons and main views)
3.2 Huber's Three Axioms
(3) Out of comity, foreign laws may be applied so that rights acquired under them can retain the their force, provided that they do not prejudice the state's power or rights. The first two axioms elevate territorialism into the main operating principle of private international law, a position that remained unchallenged for many generations. The third axiom attempts to explain why the forum state will apply the law of another sovereign but not when. Neither the vague notion of comity nor the less vague but equally problematic notion of " acquired rights" provide any concrete guidance as to the circumstance in which the forum will or will not apply the law of another state.
法国的法则区别说
（二）法国的法则区别说 1 ． 历 史 背 景 (historic backgrounds) 2 ． 代 表 人 物 和 主 要 观 点 (persons and main views) 3 ． 影 响 及 评 价 （ Influence and comments）
荷兰的法则区别说
1．历史背景(historic backgrounds) 2 ．代表人物和主要观点 (persons and main views) 3．影响及评价（Influence and comments）
三、近代国际私法
（三）英国学派
1．历史条件
2．代表人物和主要观点
3．响和评价
（四）美国学派 1．历史条件 2．代表人物和主要观点 3．影响和评价
3．弗朗西斯卡基斯的“直接适用的法律”
（三）苏东国家
对外政策学派
五、中国国际私法的历史发展
（一）中国国际私法的立法史
1．古代中国国际私法立法的遗迹
2．近代中国国际私法的畸形发展
3．新中国国际私法立法概况
（二）中国国际私法学的发展
1．旧中国国际私法学
2．新中国的国际私法学。 《中华人民共和国国际私法示范法》
第ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ章
国际私法的历史
(Chapter Three History of Private International Law)
本章基本内容
一、国际私法的萌芽(sprouts) 二、法则区别说时代(statutists) 三、近代国际私法(modern private international law) 四、当代国际私法(contemporary private
international law )
五、中国国际私法的历史发展(historic
development)
一、国际私法的萌芽(before 13cen)
（一）罗马法时代的“万民法”(ius
gentium) （二）种族法时代的“极端属人主 义”(periods of racial laws or personal laws)
Bartolus and Statutists Bartolus's method of resolving conflicts was based on a simplistic classification of local laws (statute) into two categories: real or personal. Real statutes were those that operated only within the territory of the enacting state but not beyond. In contrast, personal statutes operated beyond the territory of the enacting state and bound all persons that owed allegiance to it. Bartolus thought that this classification could resolve all potential conflicts because all statutes, both domestic and foreign, belonged to either the one or the other category, leaving neither gaps and doubts.
四、当代国际私法
（一）英国和美国的主要新理论 1．库克的“本地法说” 2．卡弗斯的“优先选择原则” 3．柯里的“政府利益分析说” 4．莱弗拉尔的“法律选择五点考虑”
5．艾伦茨威格的“法院地法说”
6．里斯的“最密切联系说”
四、当代国际私法
（二）欧洲大陆国家的主要新理论
1．巴迪福的“协调论”
2．克格尔的“利益论”
3.2 Huber's Three Axioms
Comity was defined as something between mere courtesy and a legal duty, as derived from the tacit consent of nation and based on mutual forbearance and enlightened selfinterest. In a ten page essay, the most famous of these authors, Ulricus Huber (1624-1694), postulated the following three axioms: (1) The laws of each state have force within the territory but not beyond. (2) These laws bind all those who are found within the territory, whether permanently or temporarily.
荷兰的法则区别说
3．影响及评价（Influence and comments
三、近代国际私法 (13cen-18cen)
（一）德国学派 1．历史背景(historic backgrounds) 2．代表人物和主要观点(persons and main views): Savigny. 3．影响及评价（Influence and comments） （二）意大利学派
（三）属地法时代的“极端属地主义”
二、法则区别说时代
法则区别说产生于 13世纪的意大利，于16世纪传入法国，后在荷兰得到新的发展。 由于这个时期的理论都是建立在法则区别说的基础之上，故称为法则区别说时代。
（一）意大利的法则区别说 1．历史背景(historic backgrounds) 2．代表人物和主要观点(persons and main views)
3.2 Huber's Three Axioms
(3) Out of comity, foreign laws may be applied so that rights acquired under them can retain the their force, provided that they do not prejudice the state's power or rights. The first two axioms elevate territorialism into the main operating principle of private international law, a position that remained unchallenged for many generations. The third axiom attempts to explain why the forum state will apply the law of another sovereign but not when. Neither the vague notion of comity nor the less vague but equally problematic notion of " acquired rights" provide any concrete guidance as to the circumstance in which the forum will or will not apply the law of another state.
法国的法则区别说
（二）法国的法则区别说 1 ． 历 史 背 景 (historic backgrounds) 2 ． 代 表 人 物 和 主 要 观 点 (persons and main views) 3 ． 影 响 及 评 价 （ Influence and comments）
荷兰的法则区别说
1．历史背景(historic backgrounds) 2 ．代表人物和主要观点 (persons and main views) 3．影响及评价（Influence and comments）
三、近代国际私法
（三）英国学派
1．历史条件
2．代表人物和主要观点
3．响和评价
（四）美国学派 1．历史条件 2．代表人物和主要观点 3．影响和评价
3．弗朗西斯卡基斯的“直接适用的法律”
（三）苏东国家
对外政策学派
五、中国国际私法的历史发展
（一）中国国际私法的立法史
1．古代中国国际私法立法的遗迹
2．近代中国国际私法的畸形发展
3．新中国国际私法立法概况
（二）中国国际私法学的发展
1．旧中国国际私法学
2．新中国的国际私法学。 《中华人民共和国国际私法示范法》
第ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ章
国际私法的历史
(Chapter Three History of Private International Law)
本章基本内容
一、国际私法的萌芽(sprouts) 二、法则区别说时代(statutists) 三、近代国际私法(modern private international law) 四、当代国际私法(contemporary private
international law )
五、中国国际私法的历史发展(historic
development)
一、国际私法的萌芽(before 13cen)
（一）罗马法时代的“万民法”(ius
gentium) （二）种族法时代的“极端属人主 义”(periods of racial laws or personal laws)
Bartolus and Statutists Bartolus's method of resolving conflicts was based on a simplistic classification of local laws (statute) into two categories: real or personal. Real statutes were those that operated only within the territory of the enacting state but not beyond. In contrast, personal statutes operated beyond the territory of the enacting state and bound all persons that owed allegiance to it. Bartolus thought that this classification could resolve all potential conflicts because all statutes, both domestic and foreign, belonged to either the one or the other category, leaving neither gaps and doubts.
四、当代国际私法
（一）英国和美国的主要新理论 1．库克的“本地法说” 2．卡弗斯的“优先选择原则” 3．柯里的“政府利益分析说” 4．莱弗拉尔的“法律选择五点考虑”
5．艾伦茨威格的“法院地法说”
6．里斯的“最密切联系说”
四、当代国际私法
（二）欧洲大陆国家的主要新理论
1．巴迪福的“协调论”
2．克格尔的“利益论”