lecture3语言学

2.2.1 Consonants
The categories of consonants are
established on several factors, the most important of which are: (1) Manner of articulation: the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract; (2) Place of articulation: where in the vocal tract there is approximation, narrowing or obstruction of air.
2. Arbitrariness of language was first
discussed by ______. A. Chomsky B. Halliday C. Firth D. Saussure 3. Which function is the major role of language? A. Informative B. Interpersonal C. Performative D. Emotive
(4) Nasal 鼻音
The soft palate is down so that the
airstream go out through the nasal cavity. The sound produced is a nasal. English: [m, n, ŋ ]
(5) Lateral 边音
(7) Trill 颤音
An articulator is set vibrating by the
airstream. [ r ]—red, rye in some forms of Scottish English
(8) Tap and Flap 触音和闪音
Tap: the tongue makes a single tap
(6) Approximant 近音
One articulator is close to another, but
without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced. English: [ w, j, ɹ ] [w, j] = semi-vowels
(1) Plosive / Stop 爆破音
Complete closure of the articulators is
a.
b. c.
involved so that the airstream cannot escape through the mouth. The closing phase The hold/compression phase The release phase English: [p, b, t, d, k, g]
Manner of Articulation
Refers to ways in which articulation can
be accomplished (1) Articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period; (2) Articulators may narrow the space; (3) Articulators may modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.
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2.2 Consonants and Vowels
Consonants: produced by a closure in
the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction. Vowels: produced without such stricture so that air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through mouth or nose. Distinction between C and V: Obstruction of airstream
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Phonology
Phonology is the study of the sound
patterns and sound systems of language. Analyzes individual language; Determines phonological structure (which sound units are used and how they are put together); Discovers rules that underlie the use of sounds.
6. Productivity is one of the _____ features
of languages. A. distinctive B. design C. Suprasegmental D. pragmatic 7. The function of the sentence “Lovely weather, isn’t it?” is _____. A. informative B. phatic C. performative D. recreational
Review
1. Which of the following statements about
language is NOT true?
A. Language is a system. B. Language is symbolic. C. Animals also have languages. D. Language is arbitrary.
(3) Affricate 塞擦音
Consist of a stop followed immediately
afterwards by a fricative at the same place of articulation. English: [ʧ, ʤ] Church, jet
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
—Phonetics and Phonology
Phonetics
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are
produced, transmitted, and perceived. Three main areas: Articulatory phonetics: studies the production of speech sounds; Acoustic phonetics: studies the physical properties of speech sounds; Auditory phonetics: studies the perception of speech sounds.
Nasal Cavity （鼻腔）
Three cavities of vocal tract
Oral Cavity （口腔）
Pharynx （咽腔）
Vocal folds (vocal cords) are
a pair of structure that lies horizontally with their front
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
8. Once the notion of ____ was taken into
consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics. A. meaning B. context C. form D. content 9. Which of the following is NOT the function of language? A. Metalingual function B. Interpersonal function C. Emotive function D. Cultural transmission
4. Which branch of study cannot be included
in the scope of linguistics? A. Syntax B. Pragmatics C. Phonetics D. Anthropology 5. What are the dual structures of language? A. Sounds and letters B. Sounds and meaning C. Letters and meaning D. Sounds and symbols
against the alveolar ridge to produce only one vibration. “city”, “letter” Flap: the tip of tongue is curled up and back in a retroflex gesture and then strikes the roof of the mouth in the postalveolar region as it returns to its position behind the lower front teeth. “dirty” ， sorting
10. ____ investigates the interrelation of
language and mind. A. Psycholinguistics B. Sociolinguistics C. Anthropological linguistics D. Computational linguistics
2.1 How Speech Sounds Are Made?
Speech Organs 发音器官
=Vocal organs: parts of human body involved in the production of speech— the lungs, the trachea/windpipe, the throat, the nose, and the mouth.
(2) Fricative 擦音
There is close approximation of two
articulators so that the airstream is partially obstructed and turbulent airflow is produced. [f, v, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, θ, ð, h ]
ends joined together at the
back of the Adam’s apple.
Vocal folds 声带
apart: voiceless sounds [p, s, t] Close together: voiced sounds [b, z, d] Totally closed：glottal stop 声门塞音
The obstruction of airstream is at a point
along the center of the oral tract, with incomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth. English: [ l ]