新西兰乳业生产概况

THE GRAZING DILEMMA 放牧的两难论
High daily pasture intake requires generous feeding. 每日高度的采食需要充足的草来喂养 But this leaves excessive amounts of ungrazed pasture pasture. 这会留下太多没利用的草 This results in future loss of pasture and low pasture quality. 影响到草以后的生产和质量 Good management is the art of balancing the needs of the cows and of the pastures in the present and for the future pastures, future. 最佳草场管理是能平衡的保持着,草与牛目前和将来的共同 需求
FACTORS AFFECTING PASTURE GROWTH 影响草生产的因素之一 - 土壤镇压 Soil C S il Compaction i

FACTORS AFFECTING PASTURE GROWTH 影响草生产的因素之一 - 土壤镇压 Soil Compaction
PASTURE GROWTH 草生产
FACTORS AFFECTING PASTURE GROWTH 影响草生产的因素之一 – 草品种 Pasture C l i P Cultivars 190 pasture cultivars available in New Zealand 新西兰有190品种的草 Little advance in ceiling yields over 50 years 五十年来最高产量没有进展
Cow Numbers 牛 (头 ) 1973-74 年 2007-08 2007 08 年 South Island 南岛 161,191 1,255,562 1 255 562 New Zealand 新西兰 2,190,125 4,012,867 4 012 867 % 7 31
350,000 ha in Canterbury irrigated 堪达部利(省)有350000公顷灌溉地 146,000 ha used for dairying 其中146000公顷是奶牛牧场 Implications for future water allocation 这对将来水的分配有问题 I li ti f f t t ll ti
EFFECT OF STOCKING RATE ON MILK PRODUCTION 载蓄量(X) 和奶生产之相关
公斤奶固体/牛
500 450 Kg MS/ /Cow 400 350 300 250 200 2.0 20 2.5 25 3.0 30 Stocking Rate (Cows/Ha)
Adapted from Macdonald et al (2001) al.
4 year trial under dairy grazing 四年在放牧情形下试验
.
1980's Ryegrasses黑麦草 1960's Clovers白三叶
1998 Ryegrasses黑麦草 1998 Clovers白三叶 16.8
tn DM/ha 吨干物/公斤
16.0
Crush t l C h et al. (2006)
FACTORS AFFECTING PASTURE GROWTH 影响草生产的因素之一 - 氮肥 Nitrogen F ili Ni Fertiliser

FACTORS AFFECTING PASTURE GROWTH 影响草生产的因素之一 - 氮肥 Nitrogen F ili Ni Fertiliser In 1970s N fertiliser applied tactically to fill feed gaps (< 1970s, 50 kg N/ha annually) 七十年代氮肥是用在补充草的不足(每公顷每年用<50公斤) N fertiliser use increased ~ 10 times since 1985 (> 100 kg N/ha annually) 从1985年开始氮肥施用增加了10倍 (每公顷每年用>100公斤) Strategic use of N to s pport high stocking rates se support 战略性的利用氮肥来支持高载蓄量
Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health
AN OVERVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND DAIRY PRODUCTION 新西兰乳业生产概况
Ian Brookes
COMPARISON OF NZ AND OVERSEAS DAIRY PRODUCTION 新西兰奶牛牧场系统和国外牧场系统的对比
KEY DRIVERS OF PROFITABLE MILK PRODUCTION ON NEW ZEALAND DAIRY FARMS
新西兰奶牛牧场高利润的主要动力
Pasture 草 (kg DM eaten/ha) (啃吃的草 公斤干物/公顷) P t Pasture quality 草质量(MJ ME/kg DM) ( lit ME/k 能量/公斤干物) Cow efficiency 奶牛效能 (kg MS/kg DM eaten) (公斤奶固体/公斤啃吃的草) )
Strengths 优势 L Lowest costs per kg milk solids 每公斤奶固体成本低 t t k ilk lid Healthy conditions for cows 奶牛有益键康的环境条件 Pastures and their soils - fix and store carbon 草场与 土壤 可以固炭和贮藏炭 Weaknesses劣势 劣势 Grazing limits daily intake & yield per cow 放牧牛因 采 吃草有限会影响生产 Shorter seasonal lactations 季节性挤奶所以产奶期较 短 S Seasonal variations i milk 奶生产量的变动跟随季节 l i ti in ilk Requires good fertility in cows 需要繁殖效能高的母牛 Leaching of P & N from excreta氮与磷从粪便滤出
FACTORS AFFECTING PASTURE GROWTH 影响草生产的因素之一 – 灌溉 Irrigation I i i

FACTORS AFFECTING PASTURE GROWTH 影响草生产的因素之一 – 灌溉 Irrigation I i i Rapid expansion of dairying in South Island p p y g 在南岛奶牧场有高速的发展
公斤奶固体/公顷
1200 1150 Kg MS S/Ha 1100 1050 1000
y = -234.02Ln(x) + 618.08 234.02Ln(x) R2 = 0.9888
y = 346.1Ln(x) + 697 R2 = 0.9964 0 9964
950 900
3.5 35
4.0 40
50%试验地中等镇压 10%试验地重镇压 处理引到奶固体下降16%
FACTORS AFFECTING PASTURE GROWTH 影响草生产的因素之一 - 土壤镇压 Soil Compaction
Feed PadING PASTURE GROWTH 影响草生产的因素之一 - 土壤镇压 Soil Compaction
STOCKING RATE AND FEED SUPPLY The most important management decision 载蓄量和饲料供给是最主要的关键决定
Herd Homes 舍内饲养

PASTURE UTILISATION 草地利用
STOCKING RATE AND FEED SUPPLY The most important management decision 载蓄量和饲料供给是最主要的关理决定
Too l T low a stocking rate 载蓄量太低 t ki t Cows fed well, but cannot eat all the pasture 牛喂饱但草没有好好利用 Pasture wasted 草浪费了
Dillon et al. (2008) ( )
PASTURE HARVESTED: A KEY DRIVER OF FARM PROFIT
每公顷被利用的草(公斤 - X)是牧场利润(Y)主要因素
Pasture Eaten & EFS Owners 2004/05
4000 3500
R = 0.3041
2
Payout Adjusted EFS
3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 -500 -1000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
Pasture Eaten kg DM/ha
GRAZING SYSTEMS 放牧系统
Milksolids Processed 加工奶固体产量
注:每月 从六 注 每 从六月开始 三年比较 始 年比较
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOTAL COSTS OF PRODUCTION AND PROPORTION OF GRASS IN COW'S DIET
不同国家 总生产成本(Y) 与牛饲料中含草成分(X) 的相关
MAXIMUM PRODUCTION PER HECTARE 每公顷最佳生产量
Grow as much pasture/ha as possible 每公顷达到最高草产量 Utilise as much pasture as possible 最大限度的利用草 Feed each animal as much as possible 最大限度的喂牛
New Z l d 新西兰 N Zealand Grazed pasture 放牧人工草场 Outdoors 舍外 365 calving interval 产犊间隔365天 Large herds (~350 cows) 大牛群(350头) Low labour use 低劳动力 Low capital investment 低成本 Export focus – world prices E tf ld i 针对出口- 全球价格 USA/EU美/欧 Conserved forage/grains 保存饲草作物或谷粒 Housed 舍内 All year calving 全年产犊 Small herds (~100 cows) 小牛群(100头) 小牛群 头 High labour use 高劳动力 High capital investment 高成本 Domestic market – price support 国内市场-价格支持
处理
对照 公斤/公顷 总产量 黑麦草 白三叶 杂草 白三叶比率
Menneer et al. (2001)
轻踩踏
重踩踏
Moderate pugging on 50% and severe pugging on 10% of the farm calculated to reduce milksolids production by 16%