通信工程专业英语课文翻译

Technology of Modern Communication
Text A: Bluetooth
Bluetooth wireless technology is a short-range communications technology intended to replace the cables connecting portable（轻便的）and fixed devices while maintaining high levels of security.The key features of Bluetooth technology are robustness（稳健）, low power, and low cost .The Bluetooth specification defines a uniform structure for a wide range of devices to connect and communicate with each other.
蓝牙无线技术是一种小范围无线通信技术，旨在保持高安全级的基础上，在便携式设备与固定设备之间实现无线连接。

蓝牙技术的主要特点是稳健，低功耗和低成本。

蓝牙规范定义了一个统一的结构，适用范围广的设备连接并相互沟通。

Bluetooth technology has achieved global acceptance such that any Bluetooth enable device, almost everywhere in the world, can connect to other Bluetooth enabled devices in proximity. Bluetooth enabled electronic devices connect and communicate wirelessly through short-range, ad hoc（特别）networks known as piconets Each device can simultaneously communicate with up to seven other devices within a single piconet. Each device can also belong to several piconets simultaneously. Piconets are established dynamically and automatically as Bluetooth enabled devices enter and leave radio proximity.
蓝牙技术已取得全球认可，使得任何支持蓝牙的设备，几乎在世界各地，可以连接到其他支持蓝牙的邻近装置。

蓝牙功能的电子设备连接并通过短距离无线通信，特别网络，被称为微微网。

每个设备可以同时在一个单一的微微网最多七个其他设备进行通信。

每个设备也可以同时属于几个微微网。

微网是动态和自动建立蓝牙功能的设备进入和离开无线电近炸。

A fundamental Bluetooth wireless technology strength is the ability to simultaneously handle both data and voice transmissions .This enables users to enjoy variety of innovative solutions such as a hands-free headset （耳机）for voice calls, printing and fax capabilities, and synchronizing PDA , laptop, and mobile phone applications to name a few.
一个基本的蓝牙无线技术的力量是同时处理数据和语音传输的能力，这使得用户可以享受各种创新的解决方案，如免提耳机进行语音通话，打印和传真功能，并同步PDA，笔记本电脑，以及手机应用仅举几例。

Core system
The Bluetooth core system, defined by Bluetooth specification, is a common service layer protocol which covers four lower layers in seven layer protocol. Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) and the overall profile requirements are defined by Generic Access Profile
(GAP) A complete Bluetooth application requires a number of additional services and higher layer protocols that are defined in the Bluetooth specification
核心系统
蓝牙核心系统，通过蓝牙规范中定义的，是一种常见的服务层协议，它包括在7层协议四个较低层。

服务发现协议（SDP）和整体轮廓的要求是由通用访问模式（GAP）定义一个完整的蓝牙应用程序需要的一定数量的在蓝牙规范中定义额外的服务和更高层协议。

The lowest three layers are sometimes grouped into a subsystem known as the Bluetooth controller（蓝牙控制器）. This is a common implementation involving a standard physical communications interface（通信接口）between the Bluetooth controller and remainder of the Bluetooth system including thdeL2CAP,service layers and higher layers （known as the Bluetooth host）. Although this interface is optional ,the architecture is designed to allow for its existence and characteristics .The Bluetooth specification enable interoperability between independent Bluetooth enabled systems by defining the protocol messages exchanged between equivalent layers ,and also interoperability between independent Bluetooth sub-systems by defining a common interface between Bluetooth controllers and Bluetooth hosts.
最低的3层有时被分为称为蓝牙控制器的子系统。

这是一个常见的实现涉及到蓝牙控制器和蓝牙系统，包括thdeL2CAP ，服务层和更高的层（被称为蓝牙主机）的其余部分之间的物理标准通信接口。

虽然这个接口是可选的，该架构的设计允许它的存在和特性。

蓝牙规范定义的协议报文交换的对等层之间实现互操作性（互用性，协同工作的能力）的独立蓝牙系统之间，也通过定义蓝牙控制器和蓝牙主机之间的通用接口独立的蓝牙子系统之间的互操作性。

A number of functional blocks are shown and the path of services and data between these. The functional blocks shown in the diagram are informative; in general the Bluetooth specification does not define the details of implementation except where this is required for interoperability.
若干功能模块被示出并在它们之间的服务和数据的路径。

在图中所示的功能块是信息;在一般的蓝牙规范没有定义实现的细节除非这是必需的互操作性。

Standard interactions are defined for all inter-device operation, where Bluetooth devices exchange protocol signaling according to the Bluetooth specification. The Bluetooth core system protocols are the radio (RF（射频) protocol , link control (LC) protocol, link manager (LM) protocol and logical link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP), all of which are fully defined in subsequent parts of the Bluetooth specification. In addition, the service discovery protocol (SDP) is a service layer protocol required by all Bluetooth applications.
标准的交互定义的所有设备间的操作，根据蓝牙规范，其中的蓝牙设备交换协议信令。

蓝牙核心系统协议是无线电（RF（射频））协议，链路控制（LC）协议，链路管理器（LM）协议和逻辑链路控制和适配协议（L2CAP），所有这些在以后的部分被完全定义蓝牙规范。

此
外，该服务发现协议（SDP）是由所有的蓝牙应用所需的服务层协议。

The Bluetooth core system offers services through a number of service access points that are shown in the diagram as ellipses（椭圆）. These services consist of the basic primitives that control the Bluetooth core system. The services can be split into three types. There are device control services that modify the behavior and modes of a Bluetooth device, transport control services that create, modify and release traffic bears（搬运者，载体）(channels and links), and data services that are used to submit data for transmission over traffic bearers.It is common to consider the first two as belong to the C-plane and the last as belong to the U-plane.
蓝牙核心系统提供服务通过一些被图中所示为椭圆形服务访问点。

这些服务包括用于控制蓝牙核心系统的基本原语。

该服务可以分为三种类型：修改蓝牙设备的行为和模式，设备控制服务，创造交通管制服务，修改和释放的搬运者（信道和链路），数据服务通过交通搬运者用于提交数据传输的.它是常见的首先要考虑的两成属于C面，最后为属于U平面。

A service interface to the Bluetooth controller sub-system is defined such that the Bluetooth controller may be considered a standard part. In this configuration the Bluetooth controller operates the lowest three layers and the L2CAP layer is contained with the rest of the Bluetooth application in a host system. The standard interface is called the host to controller interface (HCI). Implication of this standard service interface is optional.
服务接口到蓝牙控制器子系统被定义，使得所述蓝牙控制器可以被认为是标准的一部分。

在此配置蓝牙控制器运行的最低三层和L2CAP层包含与蓝牙应用程序的其余部分在一个主机系统。

标准的接口称为主机控制器接口（HCI）（主机控制接口）。

言下之意这个标准的服务接口是可选的。

As the Bluetooth architecture is defined with the possibility of a separate host and controller communicating through an HCI, a number of general assumptions are made. The Bluetooth controller is assumed to have limited data buffering capabilities in comparison with the host. Therefore the L2CAP layer is expected to carry out some simple resource management when submitting L2CAP PDUs（Protocol Data Unit to the controller for transport to a peer device. This includes segmentation of L2CAP SDUs into more manageable PDUs and then the fragmentation of PDUs into start and continuation packets of a size suitable for the controller buffers, and management of the use of controller buffers to ensure availability for channels with quality of service (QoS) commitments.
作为蓝牙架构中定义了一个单独的主机和控制器通过HCI通信的可能性，一些一般假定。

假定蓝牙控制器具有有限的数据缓冲能力与主机相比。

因此，预计L2CAP层进行一些简单的资源管理提交的L2CAP PDU（协议数据单元协议数据单元）的控制器传输到对端（对等的）设备时。

这包括分割L2CAP SDU的分成更容易管理的PDU和PDU的再破碎成适合的控制器缓冲区大小的开始和延续的数据包，并使用控制缓冲区的管理，以确保可用性通道，服务质量（QoS ）承诺。

The baseband layer provides the basic ARQ protocol（（Auto Repeat Request））in Bluetooth technology. The L2CAP layer can optionally provide a further error detection and retransmission to the L2CAP PDUs. This feature is recommended for applications with requirements for a low probability of undetected errors in the user data. A further optional feature of L2CAP is a window-based flow control that can be used to buffer allocation in the receiving device. Both of these optional features augment the QoS performance in certain scenarios.
基带层提供基本的ARQ协议（自动重传请求协议）蓝牙技术。

L2CAP层可以选择性地提供进一步的错误检测和重发来的L2CAP的PDU。

该功能被推荐用于对未检测到错误，在用户数据的概率低要求的应用程序。

L2CAP的又一可选特征在于，可用于在接收设备中缓冲区分配一个基于窗口的流量控制。

这两个可选功能增强在某些情况下的QoS性能
Although these assumptions may not be required for embedded Bluetooth technology implementations that combine all layers in a single system, the general architectural and QoS models are defined with these assumptions in mind, in effect a lowest common denominator
虽然可能不需要的嵌入式蓝牙技术实现，将所有图层在一个系统中这些假设，一般的建筑和QoS模型定义与这些假设一点，实际上是一个最小的共同特性
Automated conformance testing（符合性检测）of implementations of the Bluetooth core system is required. This is achieved by allowing the tester to control the implementation through the RF interface, which is common to all Bluetooth system, and through the test control interface (TCI)）, which is only required for conformance testing.
蓝牙核心系统实现自动化的一致性测试是必需的。

这是通过允许测试仪（试验者），通过RF 接口，这是通用于所有蓝牙系统，并通过测试控制接口，这是唯一需要的一致性测试，以控制方面取得。

The tester uses exchanges with the implementation under test (ITU) through the RF interface to ensure the correct responses to requests from remote devices. The tester controls the IUT through the TCI to cause the ITU to originate exchanges through the RF interface so that these can also be verified as conformant.
该测试仪采用交流下，通过RF接口测试（ITU）的实施，确保从远程设备的请求的正确响应。

测试仪控制IUT通过TCI使国际电联通过RF接口发起交换，使这些物质也可以作为符合性验证。

The TCI uses a different command-set (service interface) for the testing of each architectural layer and protocol. A subset of the HCI command-set issued（发行）as the TCI service interface for each of the layers and protocols within the Bluetooth controller subsystem. A separate service interface is used for testing the L2CAP layer and protocol.
As an L2CAP service interface is not defined in the Bluetooth core specification it is defined separately in the TCI specification. Implementation of the L2CAP service interface is only required for conformance testing.
TCI使用不同的命令集（服务接口）为每个架构层和协议的测试。

发出的HCI命令集作为TCI服务接口为每个蓝牙控制器子系统内的层和协议的一个子集。

一个单独的服务接口是用于测试的L2CAP层和协议。

作为一个L2CAP服务接口未在蓝牙核心规范中定义它是在TCI 规范分别定义的。

只需要进行一致性测试的L2CAP服务接口的实现。

Why choose Bluetooth wireless technology
Bluetooth wireless technology is the simple choice for convenient, wire free, and short-range communication between devices. It is a globally available standard that wirelessly connects mobile phones, portable computers, cars, stereo headsets, MP3 players, and more. Thanks to the unique concept of “profiles”, Bluetooth enabled products do not need to installed driver software. The technology is now available in its fourth version of the specification and continues to develop, building on its inherent strengths —small-form factor radio, low power, low cost, built-in security, robustness, ease-of-use, and ad hoc networking abilities. Bluetooth wireless technology is the leading and only proven short-range wireless technology on the market today shipping over five million units every week with an installed base of over 500 million units at the end of 2005.
为什么选择蓝牙无线技术
蓝牙无线技术是为方便简单的选择，线自由和设备之间的短距离通信。

这是一个全球可用的标准，可无线连接手机，便携式电脑，汽车，立体声耳机，MP3播放器等等。

多亏了“配置文件”的独特理念，蓝牙功能的产品不需要安装驱动程序软件。

该技术现已在规范的第四个版本，并不断发展，打造其固有的优势- 小外形收音机，低功耗，低成本，内置安全功能，耐用，易于使用和广告组网能力。

蓝牙无线技术是市场上领先的，只有成熟的短距离无线技术如今每星期出货超过500万台，装机容量超过500万台基地在2005年年底。

The Bluetooth wireless technology specification is available free-of-charge to our member companies around the globe. Manufacturers from many industries are busy implementing the technology in their products to reduce the clutter of wires, make seamless connections, stream stereo audio, transfer data or carry voice communications. Bluetooth technology operates in the 2.4 GHz, one of the unlicensed industrial, scientific, medical (ISM) radio bands. As such, there is no cost for the use of Bluetooth technology. While you must subscribe to a cellular provider or CDMA，with Bluetooth technology there is no cost associated with the use beyond the cost of your device.
蓝牙无线技术规范是免费提供的充电给我们全球的成员公司。

从许多行业的制造商正忙于实施这项技术在他们的产品，以减少导线的杂波，使无缝连接，流立体声音频，传输数据或进行语音通信。

蓝牙技术工作在2.4 GHz时，未授权的工业，科学，医疗（ISM）无线电频段之一。

因此，不存在成本为使用蓝牙技术。

而你必须订阅到蜂窝提供商或CDMA ，采用蓝牙技术的没有与超越您的设备的成本使用相关的成本。

Range of Devices
Bluetooth technology is available in an unprecedented range of applications from mobile phones to automobiles to medical devices for use by consumers, industrial markets, enterprises, and more. The low power consumption, small size and low cost of the chipset solution enables Bluetooth technology to be used in the tiniest of devices. Have a look at the wide range products made available by our members in the Bluetooth product directory and the component product listing.
设备的范围
蓝牙技术提供了前所未有的范围从移动电话应用到汽车，再到由消费者，工业市场，企业，以及更多使用的医疗器械。

低功耗，小尺寸和芯片组解决方案的成本低使在设备的最小的要使用蓝牙技术。

看看在蓝牙产品目录和组件产品上市提供我们的成员范围广泛的产品。

Ease of Use
Bluetooth technology is an ad hoc technology that requires no fixed infrastructure and is simple to install and set up. You don’t need wires to get connected. The process for a new user is easy –you get a Bluetooth branded product, check the profiles available and connect it to another Bluetooth device with the same profiles. The subsequent PIN code process is as easy as when you identify yourself at the ATM machine. When out-and-about,you carry your personal area network (PAN) with you and can even connect to others.
易于使用
蓝牙技术是一个特设技术，无需固定基础设施以及易于安装和设置。

你并不需要电线来进行连接。

过程中产生的新用户是很容易- 你得到一个蓝牙品牌产品，检查可用的配置文件，并使用相同的配置文件连接到另一个蓝牙设备。

随后的PIN码的过程是，当你确定自己在ATM机一样简单。

当彻头彻尾的了解，您携带您的个人区域网（PAN）与你甚至可以连接到其他人。

Globally Accepted Specification
Bluetooth wireless technology is the most widely supported, versatile, and secure wireless standard on the market today. The globally available quantification program tests member products as to their accordance with the standard. Since the first release of the Bluetooth specification in 1999, over 4000 companies have become members in the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG).Meanwhile, the number of Bluetooth products on the market is multiplying rapidly. Volumes have doubled for the fourth consecutive year and are likely to reach an installed base of 500 million units by the close of 2005.
全球公认的规范
蓝牙无线技术是使用最广泛的支持，多才多艺，并确保市场上的无线标准的今天。

该全球可用的量化程序测试员产品是否符合标准。

由于蓝牙规范于1999年首次发布，4000公司已经成为会员的蓝牙特别兴趣小组（SIG ），同时，蓝牙产品在市场上的数量正在迅速倍增。

量
连续第四年增加了一倍，并有可能由接近2005年达到装机容量为500万台基地。

Secure Connections
From the start, Bluetooth technology was designed with security needs in mind. Since it is globally available in the open 2.4 GHz ISM band, robustness was built in from the beginning. With adaptive frequency hopping (AFH)（自适应跳频）, the signal “hops” and thus limits interference from other signals. Further, Bluetooth technology has built-in security such as 128bit encryption（加密）and PIN code authentication（认证）. When Bluetooth products identify themselves, they use the PIN code the first time they connection. Once connected, always securely connected.
安全连接
从一开始，蓝牙技术是设计时考虑到安全需要。

因为它是在开放的2.4GHz ISM频带全局可用的，鲁棒从一开始就内置在。

具有自适应跳频（AFH），信号“跳跃”，因此从其他信号干扰的限制。

此外，蓝牙技术已经内置了安全功能，如128位加密和PIN码认证。

当蓝牙产品标识自己，他们所使用的PIN码，第一次他们连接。

一旦连接，总是连接牢固。

Text B : “Chinese standard ”aims at international market
In 2004, the TD-SCDMA standards for the 3-generation (3G) mobile communications network initiated by china and ratified by the international Telecommunication Union, has become a focus of the global telecom industry, reported People Daily.Both telecom operators and telecom equipment manufacturers have paid growing attentions to the “Chinese standard” for and telecom equipment manufacturers have paid growing attentions to the “Chinese standard” for 3G, Almost all-mobile communication equipment suppliers in the world are putting more investment and efforts in R&D（Research and Development）for the “Chinese standard”
《人民日报》报道，2004年，中国率先提出第三代移动通信网络标准——TD-SCDMA标准，并由国际电信协会批准通过，该标准也因此成为全球电信产业关注的焦点.无论电信运营商和电信设备制造商已支付日益关注的“中国标准”和电信设备制造商已支付日益关注的“中国标准”的3G ，几乎所有的移动通信设备供应商在世界上，把更多的投资和努力，R ＆D（研究与发展研究开发）的“中国标准”
The Chinese government has been making efforts to push forward the “Chinese standard” since the beginning of the year with the pace of R&D and industrialization becoming apparently quickened. The singing of supply contract for the field test of 3G and emergence of TD-SCDMA cellular phone are proof of such progresses.
鉴于研发速度与工业化节奏的明显加快，自年初以来，中国政府开始致力于推动“中国标准”的制定和完善.供应合约的3G外场测试（实地试验）和TD-SCDMA手机的出现是这样进步的证明。

Technical advantages of the Chinese standard gradually come to show
In response to the questions for the so-called leve l problems of the “Chinese standard”, Zhang Xinsheng, Vice Director of Science and Technology Department, Ministry of Information Industry is of opinion that the underlying reason for having drawn the world’s attention so far（迄今为止）lies in the technological advantages of the TD-SCDMA.
中国标准的技术优势逐渐显露
章新胜，科学技术部副主任回应“中国标准”所谓的水平问题的问题，信息产业部认为根本原因已绘制的世界注意迄今为止在于TD-SCDMA的技术优势。

The world mobile communication industry unanimously agrees that TD-SCDMA can serve as one of the standards for 3G after intensive research and discussions on it. The TD-SCDMA is more extensively recognized following the auction of 3G frequencies in Europe.
全球移动通信行业的一致同意，TD-SCDMA可以作为以后深入研究和讨论它的标准3G之一。

在TD-SCDMA被更广泛地认识到以下的3G频率在欧洲拍卖。

At present, the “Chinese standard” for 3G has become a highlight of the world. Japan, Europe and US are all paying attention to it. Each and every major telecom corporation in the world is doing research related to the “Chinese standard”. The TD-SCDMA has been recognized by the industry even though some problems still need further research. TD-SCDMA can be connected with the current telecom system, and with its features of intelligent antenna, high application rate of frequency, the TD-SCDMA’s technical advantages are coming to show gradually.
目前，“中国标准”3G已经成为世界的一大亮点。

日本，欧洲和美国都在关注它。

在世界上每一个主要的电信公司正在做相关研究的“中国标准”。

在TD-SCDMA已经被业界认可，尽管有些问题还需要进一步研究。

TD-SCDMA能够与当前的电信系统进行连接，并具有智能天线，频率高的应用速率的特点，TD-SCDMA的技术优势逐渐显露。

TD-SCDMA changes world’s orientation of research for 3G
Zhang holds that the TD-SCDMA standard has changed the world’s orientation of research for 3G in the following aspects.
1. The “Chinese standard” for 3G is the only 3G standard based on intelligent antenna China is leading the world in this field.
2. Development of TD-SCDMA pushes the world telecom industry to make further research and discussion for the software wireless（软件无线电）. The 3G will take on a new look if software wireless is enabled.
3. The development of TD-SCDMA makes people pay more attention to the development trend of IP
TD-SCDMA的改变研究3G世界的方向
张先生认为，TD-SCDMA标准已经改变的研究3G世界的方向在以下几个方面。

1.“中国标准” 3G是基于智能天线的唯一的3G标准。

中国正在引领世界在这个领域。

2. TD-SCDMA的发展推动了世界电信业作进一步的研究和讨论了软件无线电。

此外，3G将在一个新的面貌，如果软件无线电已启用。

3.TD-SCDMA的发展，使人们更加注重知识产权的发展趋势。

The “Chinese standard” makes the 3G research concentrate on the above three aspects, the biggest contribution of TD-SCDMA. If a breakthrough can be made in the above three aspects, the world wireless communication will take on a new look.
“中国标准”，使3G的研究集中在上述三个方面，TD-SCDMA的最大的贡献。

如果突破可以在以上三个方面进行，全球无线通信将呈现新的面貌。

China is capable of doing fundamental researches
According to Zhang, China’s economic growth as well as development of information industry have created conditions for the development of an innovative telecom system. Chinese enterprises have seen great improvements in terms of economic strength, personnel quality and ability of industry. Especially, the overall strength-improvement of the Chinese enterprises in the industrial chain has created conditions for the growth of TD-SCDMA. Aside from the development of core network, terminals and the most important cell site system（基站系统）, the development of a new telecom system still involves design of chip and components production. China has now acquired basic abilities for doing fundamental researches and development even though it is still backward in some areas as compared with foreign advanced level. This ability is a key factor that enables continuous advancement of TD-SCDMA. Chinese enterprises are competent in committing large-scale investment because they have strong R&D strength （研发能力）. Chin ese government has been offering strong support to the “Chinese standard”, but the major investment is put in（提供）by enterprises. Chinese enterprises, especially the Datang group, has put large amount of money into the development of the “Chinese standard”. Without such a long-term investment, rapid growth of the TD-SCDMA standard is unimaginable.
中国有能力做基础研究的
据张先生，中国的经济增长以及信息产业发展创造了创新的电信系统的发展的条件。

中国企
业已经看到了经济实力，职员的质量和行业的能力方面大大改善。

尤其是，中国企业在产业链的创造了条件对于TD -SCDMA的发展整体实力的提高。

除了核心网，终端，最重要的基站系统的发展，一个新的电信系统的发展还涉及芯片及组件的生产设计。

中国现在已经掌握了做基础研究和开发的基本的能力，尽管与国外先进水平相比，在某些地方它仍然是落后的。

这种能力是使TD-SCDMA的不断进步的一个关键因素。

中国企业有能力承诺大规模投资，因为他们拥有强大的研发能力。

中国政府一直以“中国标准”提供强有力的支持，而主要的投资是由企业提供。

中国企业，尤其是大唐集团，已经把大量的资金投入到“中国标准”的发展。

如果没有这样一个长期的投资，在TD-SCDMA标准的快速发展是难以想象的。

The “Chinese standard” targets at the world market
Chinese government will develop the “Chinese standard” as a strategic industry. It will actively call for the domestic enterprises（国内企业）participation in the industrialization of the TD-SCDMA standard. On the other band it welcomes foreign enterprises to take part in the development of the TD-SCDMA standard, said Zhang.
在世界市场上“中国标准”的目标
张说，中国政府将制定“中国标准”作为战略产业。

将积极呼吁国内企业对TD- SCDMA标准的产业化参与。

另一方面它欢迎外国企业参与TD-SCDMA标准的发展。

Our target is not limited to the domestic market. We shall go overseas into the world market. By fully exploiting the synergy（协同，配合）advantage in the manufacturing and operation fields（生产销售领域）, we will bend（专心于）on pushing the commercialization process of the 3G “Chinese standard” ahead.
我们的目标不仅限于国内市场。

我们将走向海外进入世界市场。

在全面发掘生产与销售领域的综合优势后，我们将致力于推动3G“中国标准”的商业化进程
overview of communication
Text A: A Short History of Communication
With all the exciting developments in the realm of communications technology over the last few years it would be easy to think that we are living in times of the most astounding transformations. However, the technologies that so many of us are addicted to today mobile phones, the internet, satellite TV are built on the achievements of our endeavors. The history of communication goes back thousands of years. Each new development has transformed the world we live in. An understanding of the journey we have taken to get where we are now shows that today’s techniques are refinements of what came before. Really big revolutions may be still to come.
随着通信技术在过去几年中所有令人兴奋的领域中的发展，这将是很容易认为我们正生活在一个最令人震惊的时代转换。

然而，我们许多人都沉迷于今天的移动电话技术，互联网，卫星电视，是建立在我们的努力所取得的成就。

通信的历史可以追溯到几千年。

每一个新的发展已经改变了我们生活的世界，在深入了解通信技术的发展历程之后，我们应该意识到现在的技术只是对过去技术的细化.真正的大的革命可能是还没有到。

Early technologies
Communication begins with the first conversations between people it is believed that language developed through gestures using the hands and bodies, and had evolved into spoken tongues by the time of the great migration of humans from Africa some 100,000 years ago.The first long distance communication must have arisen shortly after conversation, with the discovery that it was possible to make oneself heard from a distance by shouting, or banging（重击）objects together to make a sound that travels far. The fire and the smoke it produces may also have been used for simple communication between separated groups.
通信开始于人们相信通过使用双手和身体手势语言发展第一次谈话，并已被人类大约10万年前的从非洲大迁徙一次演变成方言.第一次长途通信在谈话后不久必须已经出现，与有可能使自己从远处喊，或敲打能听到远行者的声音。

火和烟雾的产生也可能被用于分离群体之间的简单沟通。

Writing and the storage of information
Communication techniques such as shouting and smoke signals allow people to make their mark over a wider area. The recording of information allowed human beings to communicate over great expanses of time. Cave paintings（壁画）up to 36,500 years old have been found people from that far back are communicating with us today (although it is hard to know what they were saying). 5,500 years ago, more systematized alphabets were developed by the Phoenicians（腓尼基人）. Sumerians（闪族人）and Egyptians. They
also developed new ways of storing their information, some of which have survived till today. Scholars have had some success in translating these alphabets and the languages they convey, giving us insight into（洞察…）societies long dead.
如呼喊和烟雾信号通信技术让人们作出自己的印记在更广阔的领域。

信息的记录让人类对时间极大的广阔通信。

洞穴绘画（壁画）高达36500岁已发现的，人们早都与我们今天的沟通（虽然它是很难知道他们在说什么）。

5500年前，更系统化的字母是由腓尼基人开发。

苏美尔人和埃及人，他们还开发了存储其信息的新方法，其中一些幸存下来直到今天。

学者们曾在翻译这些英文字母和它们所传达的语言了取得了一定的成功，让我们见识到社会早就死了。

The realisations that it is possible to communicate through space and time are the two most important communication leaps（跳跃，飞跃）in history. Everything that has come since has merely improved the efficiency of these two tasks.
这些实现可能通过空间和时间来沟通是历史上两个最重要的沟通飞跃。

一切已经到来自从已经仅仅改善了这两个任务的效率。

Early postal services
The next leap was the combination of writing and transmitting information. This begin with people or animals acting as couriers（信使）, delivering written messages. The first postal services were in China around 900BC. Human runners and birds were used to transport messages starting in at least 776BC, when the winner of the Olympic games was reported to the Athenians（雅典人）via homing pigeons（信鸽）–possible the first journalist reporting back to base from a remote location.
下一次飞跃是写作和传递信息的组合。

这首先充当信使人或动物，提供书面信息。

第一次邮政服务是在中国各地900BC 。

人类选手和鸟类被用来通过信鸽来传输消息开始在至少公元前776年，当通过信鸽向雅典报道奥运冠军的时候- 可能这就是第一次记者从远程位置报告给基地。

Long distance instant（即时的）transmission
Getting messages over long distances took time, and it wasn’t long before people were discovering new ways of reducing this time. The first communication at the speed of light was as far back as 37BC, when the Romans used large mirrors to flash（反射）messages from Emperor Tiberius（台比留，古罗马皇帝（前42-37））over long distance – a method known as the Heliograph（日光仪）.
远距离获取信息需要时间，而且没过多久人们发现减少这种时间的新方法。

以光的速度在第一通信是早在37BC ，当罗马人用大镜子从皇帝提庇留，长距离反射消息- 一个方法被称为日光仪。

Printing – mass reproduction – mass distribution。