日本 2011年 地震 文献 翻译

The surge of great earthquakes from 2004 to 2014

During the decade from mid-2004 to mid-2014 18 great (Mw≥8.0) earthquakes occurred globally (∼1.8 per year), compared to 71 from 1900 to mid-2004 (∼0.68 per year), yielding a short-term rate increase of 265%. Six events had Mw≥8.5, larger than any prior event since the 1965 Rat Islands earthquake. The December 26, 2004 Mw9.2 Sumatra earthquake had the longest recorded rupture length of 1300+km and a rupture duration exceeding 450 s. The largest recorded strike-slip earthquake (Mw8.7) occurred in the Indo–Australian plate on April 11, 2012. The largest recorded deep focus earthquake (Mw8.3) occurred under the Sea of Okhotsk on May 24, 2013. While this overall surge of activity has not been demonstrated to be causally linked, regional spatio-temporal clustering is clearly evident for great events along the Sumatra, Kuril and Tonga subduction zones, and longer-range interactions have been established for global seismicity and seismic tremor at lower magnitudes following some of the events. This recent decade of intense great earthquake activity coincided with vastly expanded global networks of seismometers, GPS stations, tsunami gauges, and new satellite imaging capabilities such as InSAR and LandSAT interferometry and gravity measurements by GRACE and

GOCE, enabling unprecedented analyses of precursory, co-seismic and post-seismic processes around the subduction zone environments where most of the events occurred. Individual events such as the March 11, 2011, Tohoku, Japan Mw9.0 earthquake produced more ground motion and tsunami recordings than available for all great earthquakes of the last century collectively. Joint inversion and modeling of the diverse data sets exploit complementary sensitivity of the signals to different aspects of the earthquake processes. Major advances have been achieved in quantifying frictional locking and strain accumulation prior to some great events and in relating it to co-seismicslip heterogeneity. Many surprising aspects of these well-quantified great earthquakes have been manifested, associated with their rupture dimensions, tectonic location, compound faulting, triggering interactions, slow slip and foreshock migration precursors, aftershock complexity, and depth-varying seismic radiation characteristics. Regions with potential for near-future great ruptures include mature seismic gaps along the Mentawai Islands and northern Chile, as well as western North America and the Himalayan front, so more great earthquake activity can certainly be anticipated.

2004年-2014年大型地震的出现

在2004年中期到2014年中期的十年之间,全球共有18例震级大于8.0级的地震(平均每年1.8例)。而从1900年到2004年中期共71例(平均每年0.68例),短期发生率变为265%。6例超过8.5级的地震比1965年鼠岛地震之前的任何一例地震的震级都大。2004年12月26日发生于苏门答腊岛的9.2级地震具有超过1300km的最长破裂长度,持续时间长达450s；2012年4月11日发生于印尼-澳大利亚板块,由走滑断层引发的最大地震达到8.7级；2013年5月24日发生于鄂霍次克海的8.3级地震拥有最深的震源深度。并未证实这些大规模出现的地震存在相互联系,或许地区之间的出现能够解释沿着苏门答腊、库里页群岛和汤加俯冲带的大地震，但证实了全球地震活动和在这些大型地震之后产生的小型地震存在相互影响。最近10年的地震活动监测与全球网络版的地震仪、GPS基站、海啸监测以及最新的卫星影像，比如INSAR与LANDSAT影像技术、以及由GRACE 和GOCE相关的重力测量息息相关，这些技术的运用促进了对地震较多的俯冲区域的前震、同震和震后的分析。发生于2011年3月11日的东日本9.0级大地震产生的地表移动和海啸数量而获得的数据比上世纪所有的大地震收集的数据更有效。逆温变化和多样数据模型补充了地震过程之中不同参考基点。在地震之前以及同震破裂异质中的量化摩擦锁定和应力积累取得巨大的进展，许多方面都与大型地震一致，与之关系密切的还有破裂面、构造位置、复合断层作用以及深部地震放射特征。基于以上分析，将来有巨大破裂的潜在区域包括明打成群岛和智利北部的成熟地震带，还有北美洲西部以及喜马拉雅前缘地区，因此许多地区的大地震还是可以预测的。