心理语言学研究的三个主要方面

3 Aspects of Production
Can be defined in part by prosody, which is shown by a smooth intonation contour, and a number of other elements: control of speech rate, relative timing of stressed and unstressed syllables, changes in amplitude, and changes in fundamental frequency
These work in parallel and in series, with activation at each level. Interference and misactivation can occur at any of these stages. Production begins with concepts, and continues down from there. One might start with the concept of a cat: a four-legged, furry, domesticated mammal with wiskers
Sound goes from speaker's mouth to hearer's ear [auditory system] Speech is decoded into linguistic form Linguistic form is decoded into meaning
Models of Production
This conceptual set would attempt to find the corresponding word {cat}. This selected word would then select morphological and phonological data /k / at/. The distinction of this model is that during this process, other elements would also be primed; {rat} might somewhat primed, for example, as they are physically similar, and so can cause conceptual interference.
Research into production
There are two main types of research into speech production. One type focuses on using the analysis of speech errors. The other looks at reaction-time data from picture-naming latencies. Although originally disparate, these two methodologies are generally looking at the same underlying processes of speech production.
5 Speech errors
nalysis of speech errors has found that not all are random, but rather systematic and fall into several categories. Speech errors are relatively infrequent in occurrence (around 1 / 1000 words)[citation needed] and are categorised as follows:
2） lexical ambiguity词汇歧义的处理 词汇歧义的处理： 词汇歧义的处理 （1）所有的与此词有关的意义都被处理； （2）只有一个意义被最处理。
3） syntactical processing句法处理 句法处理 一旦词语的意义被确认，它就被用于构 建句法结构，有时这是相当直接的，但 有时也会无法决定句子所拥有的结构和 意义，特别是对歧义句的处理。 。
心理语言学研究的三个主要方 面
language comprehension语言理解 language production语言生成 language acquisition语言习得。
Language comprehension语言理解 ——人们如何运用语言、人们如何理解他们所 听到的或读到的内容。分两个方面：口语的 理解和书面语的理解——语法结构+意义+背 景知识（长期记忆中储存的相关信息）。人 们对以前的知识是如何应用于语篇和话语之 中的提出了不少解释。
Minimal Attachment theory（最小接触理 论）解释了人们为了提高效率，起初会 去构建最为简单（或最不复杂）的句子 结构。
Discourse/text interpretation话语/语篇理 解 话语或语篇作为一种语境，影响着句子与单词 层面的解释，并且暗示着在某个方向上对可 有的词或词组的解释。在试图理解句子时， 人们经常使用句子中本身并不直接包含的信 息——语境信息。——
一，language production
In linguistics, language production is the production of spoken or written language. It describes all of the stages between having a concept, and translating that concept into linguistic form
1）word recognition词语的识别 词语的识别 ） 词语的识别 是理解任何信息的第一步，句子的意义是由 句子内部的单词的意义所决定的。另外，词 语意义的识别也为决定句子内部其他部分的 句法结构提供了信息。如何识别词语的意义？ （1）缩小可能听到的词语的范围；（2）根 据词语出现的频率（word frequency）；（3） 根据语境(context)。
有两种类型的语境 一般语境（genenral context）和具体语境 （specific context）。一般语境效应一直出现， 因为语言理解的核心方面涉及到我们所拥有 的所有的知识。具体语境效应则涉及有话语 先前部分所获得的信息。
Language Production言语 的生成
人们对语言的理解了解比较多，而对语言的生成 的了解相对比较少，个中的原因可能是人们对 要理解的材料的控制比较容易，而对人是如何 生成语言的控制则要困难得多。语言的生成主 要分为言语的产生和书面语产生。 1） Speech production言语的生成 实验方法：谈话录音，然后对录音材料进行分析； 收集日常生活中的言语错误(speech errors)。
1。Stages of Production
the basic loop occurring in the creation of language consists of Message Encode Message into linguistic form Encode Linguistic Form into speech [motor system]
Addition: adding of linguistics material, resulting in words like implossible.
ubstitution: a whole word of related meaning is replacing another. These errors can be far apart from another, or target words, and are generally grammatically consistent and accurate. at low speed it's too light (instead of heavy) The pineapple of perfection. I have interceded another letter from the fellow.
Errors might also occur at the phoneme level, as many words are phonetically similar, e.g. mat. Substitutions of similar consonant sound sare more likely to occur, e.g. between plosive stop consonants such as d, p and b. Lower primed words are less likely to be chosen, but interference is thought to occur in cases of early selection, where the level of activation of the target and interference words is at the same level
Anticipation: The word is in the speaker's mind and ready to be spoken, but the speaker says it too quickly. This could be because the speaker is planning and holding words in their mind. Preservation: The word retains characteristics of a word said previously in a sentence: Taddle Tennis instead of Paddle Tennis
Blending: More than one word is being considered and the two intended items "blend" into a single item, perhaps implying the speaker is waffling between a few word options. The child is looking to be spaddled instead of spanked or paddled
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关于garden path sentence（“花园曲径” 句）：所谓的garden path sentence是指最初 用错误的句子结构加以理解，但后来发现错了， 回过头来从头开始加以理解，重新用另一个结 构加以理解，从而正确理解句子的意义，如同 迷路于花园小径。如何确定歧义句究竟有哪个 结构是阻击处理中的一个重要问题。同样，人 们要么考虑所有的可能性并确定哪个最佳，要 么运用某种策略来决定哪个结构应该优先考虑
Serial Model Connectionist Model Several researchers have proposed a connectionist model, one notable example being Dell[citation needed]. According to his connectionist model, there are four layers of processing and understanding: semantic, syntactic, morphological, and phonological., etc.