英美文学名词解释整理版 (1)

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❖American Transcendentalism A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. 超验主义:一种文学和哲学运动,与拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生和玛格丽特·富勒有关,宣称存在一种理想的精神实体,超越于经验和科学之处,通过直觉得以把握
❖English Romanticism was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe.
❖ode in ancient literature, is an elaborate lyrical poem composed for a chorus to chant and to dance to; in modern use, it is a rhymed lyric expressing noble feelings, often addressed to a person or celebrating an event.
❖conceit 奇喻A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning 。

A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit may be a brief metaphor, but it usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit.新奇的比喻:将两种截然不同的食物进行对比的一种隐喻。

它虽被视为是一种隐喻,但是它往往构建了整首诗的框架,最为奇特的应属玄学诗里面的。

❖heroic couplet 英雄双韵体,英雄对偶句It refers to two lines of iambic pentameter rhyming with each other(由两行互相押韵的含有五个抑扬音步的诗句组成的韵文单位)a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter and written in an elevated style.
❖Naturalism Naturalism is a theory in art and literature which states that people and things should be shown in a realistic way. 自然主义; 写实主义An extreme form of realism.
Naturalistic writers usually depict the sordid side of life and show characters who are severely, if not hopelessly, limited by their environment or heredity.自然主义:自然是现实主义的一种极端形式,自然主义作家往往反映社会生活的阴暗面,人物通常都受到环境遗传的严重限制。

❖Modernism Modernism was a movement in the arts in the first half of the twentieth century that rejected traditional values and techniques, and emphasized the importance of individual experience. 现代主义; 20世纪上半叶的艺术运动,特点为摒弃传统的价值观和表现手法,强调个人体验的重要性
❖Symbol In literary usage, a symbol is a specially evocative kind of image: that is, a word or phrase referring to a concrete object, scene, or action which also has some further significance associated with it.
❖Allusion .A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer
expects the reader to recognize and respond to. An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion.典故:文学作品中作家希望读者能够认识或做出反应的一个人物、地点、事件或文学作品。

典故或来自历史、地理、文学或宗教。

❖Pun A pun is a clever and amusing use of a word or phrase to suggest tow or more meaning at the same time. Puns are generally humorous.双关:使用一个词来同时指代两个或以上意义的一种幽默的方法,
❖Sonnet A lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of fourteen iambic pentameter lines linked by an intricate rhyme scheme. --A Glossary of Literary Terms
❖blank verse Blank verse is used throughout the epic and is characterized by its employment of long and involved sentences, which run on many lines with a variety of pauses, and achieving sometimes an oratorical and sometimes an elaborately logical effect.
(Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.素体诗:用五音步抑扬格写的无韵诗。


❖free verse A kind of poetry that does not conform to any regular metre: the length of its lines is irregular, as is its use of rhyme—if any. (Instead of a regular metrical pattern it uses more flexible cadences (节奏) or rhythmic groupings, sometimes supported by anaphora (首语/句重复法) and other devices of repetition. )Verse that has either no metrical pattern or an irregular pattern.
自由诗:按照语言的抑扬顿挫和意象模式,而不是按照固定韵律写出的诗。

它的韵律建立在音素、语词、短语、句子和段落等形式的基础上,而不是建立在音步传统格律单位上。



❖英国: 乔叟,莎士比亚,多恩,弥尔顿,拜伦,雪莱,狄更斯,哈代
❖1/Geoffrey Chaucer 乔叟
❖heroic couplet(英雄双韵体)
❖《公爵夫人之书》(Book of the Duchess)、
❖《声誉之宫》(The House of Fame)、《百鸟议会》(The Parliament of Fowles)❖《特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达》(Troilus and Criseyde)。

❖《坎特伯雷故事集》(The Canterbury Tales): 五步抑扬格、两两对仗
❖2/ John Donne 约翰.多恩
❖Metaphysical school of poetry 玄学派诗歌的先驱,常用奇喻(conceits)
❖Songs and Sonnets 歌谣与十四行诗(多恩最有名的诗集)
❖The Flea 跳蚤Death, be not proud (Holy Sonnets 圣十四行诗)
❖The Good-Morrow 早安Break of Day 破晓Elegies 挽歌
❖3/Thomas Hardy托马斯.哈代
❖Critical realism(19世纪末批判现实主义代表)
❖Tess of the D’Urbervilles 德伯家的苔丝
❖Jude the Obscure 无名的裘德The Return of the Native 还乡(确立了地位,向悲剧转变)
❖The Dynasts 列王(以拿破仑战争为题材)
❖4/ Charles Dickens查尔斯·狄更斯
❖Critical realism19世纪英国现实主义文学杰出代表Victorian 维多利亚时期❖社会的贫困和社会分级提出了尖锐的批判,对大众的同情和对社会上层人物的不信任
❖Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿
❖The Pickwick Papers 匹克威克外传The Old Curiosity Shop 老古玩店
❖The Old Curiosity Shop《董贝父子》David Copperfield《大卫·科波菲尔》
❖Bleak House《荒凉山庄》A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》
❖Great Expectations《远大前程》
❖5/ George Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦
❖Romantic poets 浪漫主义文学运动的杰出代表。

主题围绕自然、爱情、政治抱负。

❖作品创造了“拜伦式英雄”Byronic heroes
❖Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》
❖Don Juan 唐璜The Siege of Corinth《柯林斯的围攻》
❖The Giaour《异教徒》The Bride of Abydos《阿比道斯的新娘》
❖Cain 该隐Manfred 曼弗雷德
❖She Walks in Beauty 她在美中行
❖When a Man hath no freedom to fight for at home 当男人没有在家战斗的自由时
❖6/ Percy·Bysshe·Shelley珀西·比希·雪莱
❖著名浪漫主义诗人,对自然的热爱和对专制制度的憎恨
❖长诗:《麦布女王》(Queen Mab)《伊斯兰的反叛》(The Revolt of Islam)❖诗剧:《解放了的普罗米修斯》(Prometheus Unbound)《钦契》The Cenci ❖《阿多尼》Adonais(悼念济慈)《1891年的英国》England in1819(政治诗歌)
❖《诗辩》A defence of poetry(文论著作)
❖《西风颂》(Ode to the West Wind)

❖7/ John Milton约翰·弥尔顿
❖作品体现了欧洲做重要的文学传统:以荷马、维吉尔史诗为代表的古希腊罗马文学和文艺复兴文学
❖Lycidas 《利西达斯》Areopagitica 《论出版的自由》
❖长篇诗作(以圣经故事为题材):Paradise 失乐园(取材《旧约全书》)Paradise Regained 复乐园Samson Agonistes力士参孙(取材《旧约圣经》
中的《士师记》)

❖附
❖1、济慈Keats
❖夜莺颂ode to a nightingale 希腊古瓮颂ode on a Grecian urn
❖2/丹尼尔.笛福《鲁滨逊漂流记》
❖3/乔纳森.斯威夫特《格列弗游记》
❖4、威廉.布莱克Blake 浪漫主义
❖天真之歌song of innocence :the lamb 羔羊;扫烟囱的孩子
❖经验之歌song of experience:the tiger 老虎;伦敦
❖5、罗伯特.彭斯Burns 浪漫主义,苏格兰特色
❖一朵红红的玫瑰;友谊地久天长(auld lang syne)
❖6/威廉.华兹华斯Wordsworth 湖畔派诗人,桂冠诗人(1843)
❖《抒情歌谣集》lyrical ballads 《我好似一朵流云独自漫游》
❖7、柯勒律治Coleridge 湖畔派
❖《古舟子咏》The rime of the ancient mariner 《忽必烈汗》Kubla Khan
❖8/简.奥斯丁《傲慢与偏见》《爱玛》
❖夏洛蒂.勃朗特《简爱》
❖9、丁尼生Tennyson 《公主》《鹰》(The Eagle)《溅吧,溅吧,溅吧》(break,break,break,)
❖10/罗伯特.布朗宁Browning 《我已故的公爵夫人》
❖11、约瑟夫.康拉德Conrad 《黑暗之心》
❖12、T.S 艾略特1948获诺贝尔文学奖
❖《荒原》用“蒙太奇”手法
❖13、萧伯纳《皮格马利翁》《圣女贞德》
❖14、叶芝Yeats 《当你老了》《苇风》the wind among the reeds
❖15、詹姆斯.乔伊斯Joyce 爱尔兰作家《尤利西斯》(ulysses)《多柏林人》❖16、弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫Woolf 意识流《达洛维夫人》《自己的房间> ❖美国: 艾伦坡,爱默生,霍桑,惠特曼,迪金森, 庞德
❖1/Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡
❖Father of psychoanalytic criticism and detective story 精神分析批判和西方侦探小说的鼻祖
❖(1)诗集:Tamerlane 《帖木儿》Al Aaraaf阿尔阿拉夫Poems 《诗集》The Raven and Other Poems 《乌鸦及其他诗篇》
❖(2)哥特式小说和侦探小说,主要收入《述异集》(Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque)与《故事集》(Tales)
❖其中著名的有:厄舍府的倒塌The Fall of the House of Usher ;红死病的假面具The Masque of the Red Death;黑猫The Black Cat;丽姬娅Ligeia;莫格街谋杀案The Murders in the Rue Morgue;
❖被窃之信The Purloined Letter;金甲虫The Gold-Bug; 阿芒提拉多的酒桶The Cask of Amontillado
❖(3)文学理论方面,鼓吹“纯艺术”的文学价值观:《创作哲学》The Philosophy of Composition;
❖诗歌原理The Poetic Principle
❖2/ Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生
❖Leader of the Transcendentalism Movement 超验主义运动的领袖
❖《论自然》(Nature) 《论美国学者》The American Scholar 《神学院致辞》The Divinity School Address
❖《论文集》Essays 《人生的行为》The Conduct of Lfie
❖Self-Reliance 论自助
❖3/Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑
❖围绕人性的原罪Fanshawe 范肖
❖短篇小说集《古宅青苔》[Mosses from an Old Manse,1846]
❖长篇小说:《带有七个尖角阁的房子》(The House of the Seven Gables);
《福谷传奇》(The Blithedale Romance;《玉石人像》(The Marble Faun
❖The Scarlet Letter 红字
❖4/ Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼
❖Free verse创造了“自由体”的诗歌形式《草叶集》Leaves of Grass
❖One’s Self I Sing 我歌唱自我O Captain! My Captain!
❖5/ Emily Dickinson艾米莉·狄金森(又称狄更生)
❖跟惠特曼一样,诗歌远远超出了她所在的海带。

她的诗歌预示着20世纪诗歌的诞生
❖To make a prairie 要描绘一片草原success in counted sweetest 最美妙的胜利的感觉
❖I’m nobody! 我是无名之辈
❖6/Ezra Pound埃兹拉·庞德
❖Father of Modern American Poetry 美国现代诗歌之父imagism 意象派诗歌的杰出代表
❖Exultations 《狂喜》Personae 《人物》Des Imagistes 《意象派诗选》
❖Cantos 《诗章》(109首诗歌和8首未完成的草稿)
❖In a station of the metro 在一个地铁站(典型的意象派诗歌)
❖附:
❖4、马克·吐温Mark Twain (local color 乡土特色,口语体散文格式)
❖代表作品《百万英镑》、《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》、《汤姆·索亚历险记》、《镀金时代》
❖《加拉维拉县驰名的跳蛙》
❖5、威廉.福克纳Faulkner 《烧牲口棚》Barn Burning
❖主要作品:《押沙龙,押沙龙!》《八月之光》《喧嚣与躁动》the sound and the fury 《我弥留之际》
❖6、尤金.奥尼尔American Shakespeare 美国的莎士比亚
❖《榆树下的欲望》desire under the Elms 《长夜漫漫路迢迢》long day’s journey into nigt
❖7、艾伦.金斯堡Ginsberg 垮掉的一代的代表人物
❖《嚎叫》Howl
❖8、阿瑟.米勒Miller 美国新戏剧的代表人物
❖《推销员之死》。

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