Ⅲ. Defining Culture 跨文化交际 辽宁师范大学 选修课课件 外语学习
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uncertainty by providing stability, establishing more formal rules, not tolerating deviant ideas and behaviors, seeking consensus, and believing absolute truths.
3. Uncertainty Avoidance
• The extent to which a culture feels threatened
by or anxious about uncertain and ambiguous situations.
• High-uncertainty-avoidance cultures try to avoid
Differences in Perceiving the Self
I consciousness, self-image, self-esteem Personal goals Self-reliance Self-interest Individual decision making (self-determination) Private property, thoughts Individual initiative and achievement (selfactualization) part of a group, group’s goals
roles, achievement, the acquisition of money, signs of manliness (assertive, domineering)
• Femininity: caring, nurturing,
interdependence, benevolence, sexual equality
• The degree to which meaning comes from
settings or from the words being exchanged.
High: information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. Also through status (age, sex, education, family background)
Ⅲ. Defining Culture
• 1. Broad Definition:
Culture is a set of human-made objective and subjective elements that in the past have increased the probability of survival, resulted in satisfaction for people in an ecological place, and thus become shared among persons who communicate with each other through a common language and lived at the same time.
Differences in Group Perceptions
many groups vs. restricted group weak or strong attachment
Differences in Status Perceptions
status differences or equality
• Time orientation
Differences Βιβλιοθήκη Baidun Nonverbal Behavior
(2) Masculinity and Femininity
• The degree to which masculine or
feminine traits prevail.
• Masculinity: ambition, differentiated sex
(Everything created by human being including artifacts, sociofacts, mentifacts)
5. Cultural contrasts concerning values
(1) Individualism and Collectivism
Low: verbal message (direct and explict)
(7) Others
• Human nature orientation
Good or evil
• Relationship of Humankind to Nature
subject --- cooperate ---- subdue
• Low–uncertainty-avoidance cultures
• High
Portugal, Greece, Peru, Belgium Japan
Low Sweden Denmark Norway U.S.A. Finland
4. High-Power and Low-Power Distance
• The extent to which a society accepts that
power in relationships, institutions, and organizations is distributed unequally.
(5) High and Low Contact
• The space in physical relationships.
High-contact cultures: stand close, touch frequently, maintain eye contact.
Low-contact cultures
(6) High-Context and Low Context Cultures
3. Uncertainty Avoidance
• The extent to which a culture feels threatened
by or anxious about uncertain and ambiguous situations.
• High-uncertainty-avoidance cultures try to avoid
Differences in Perceiving the Self
I consciousness, self-image, self-esteem Personal goals Self-reliance Self-interest Individual decision making (self-determination) Private property, thoughts Individual initiative and achievement (selfactualization) part of a group, group’s goals
roles, achievement, the acquisition of money, signs of manliness (assertive, domineering)
• Femininity: caring, nurturing,
interdependence, benevolence, sexual equality
• The degree to which meaning comes from
settings or from the words being exchanged.
High: information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. Also through status (age, sex, education, family background)
Ⅲ. Defining Culture
• 1. Broad Definition:
Culture is a set of human-made objective and subjective elements that in the past have increased the probability of survival, resulted in satisfaction for people in an ecological place, and thus become shared among persons who communicate with each other through a common language and lived at the same time.
Differences in Group Perceptions
many groups vs. restricted group weak or strong attachment
Differences in Status Perceptions
status differences or equality
• Time orientation
Differences Βιβλιοθήκη Baidun Nonverbal Behavior
(2) Masculinity and Femininity
• The degree to which masculine or
feminine traits prevail.
• Masculinity: ambition, differentiated sex
(Everything created by human being including artifacts, sociofacts, mentifacts)
5. Cultural contrasts concerning values
(1) Individualism and Collectivism
Low: verbal message (direct and explict)
(7) Others
• Human nature orientation
Good or evil
• Relationship of Humankind to Nature
subject --- cooperate ---- subdue
• Low–uncertainty-avoidance cultures
• High
Portugal, Greece, Peru, Belgium Japan
Low Sweden Denmark Norway U.S.A. Finland
4. High-Power and Low-Power Distance
• The extent to which a society accepts that
power in relationships, institutions, and organizations is distributed unequally.
(5) High and Low Contact
• The space in physical relationships.
High-contact cultures: stand close, touch frequently, maintain eye contact.
Low-contact cultures
(6) High-Context and Low Context Cultures